Esta dissertação analisa a viabilidade técnico-econômica de pequenas centrais de cogeração a gás natural no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo, os estudos de cogeração foram baseados em casos reais de estabelecimentos comerciais dos principais segmentos do setor terciário com demanda elétrica e térmica compatível ao balanço energético para a configuração de cogeração. A análise dos resultados inclui o fator de utilização de energia (FUE), investimentos iniciais, economia operacional (fluxo de caixa), retorno dos investimentos (Payback), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e valor presente líquido (VPL). As tecnologias empregadas nos estudos foram gerador do tipo Motor a Combustão Interna (MCI) e Microturbina (TG), resfriador de líquido por absorção (ABS) e resfriador de líquido elétrico convencional. Foi realizada análise do potencial de mercado para aplicação de cogeração através do mapeamento dos principais segmentos do setor terciário e realizado o levantamento do estado da arte. Foram estudadas as legislações brasileiras tanto no que se refere à cogeração qualificada como geração distribuída, realizado análise de emissões com destaque ao comparativo entre emissão de CO2 das centrais de cogeração e a emissão de CO2 das termelétricas a gás natural. Foi realizado estudo do cenário energético brasileiro do ponto de vista geração e distribuição de energia elétrica, cenário da oferta de gás natural no Brasil e a sua estrutura de distribuição no estado de São Paulo e, por fim, foram destacados os benefícios e barreiras da cogeração no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados apontam para um revés na viabilidade financeira da cogeração devido aos consecutivos aumentos no preço da tarifa de gás natural, apesar de bastante racional e com benefícios diretos ao meio ambiente e ao país, fazem-se necessários incentivos específicos relacionados à tarifa do gás natural para o crescimento da aplicação de cogeração no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo. / This dissertation examines the technical and economic feasibility of small cogeneration plants powered by natural gas in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo. Cogeneration studies were based on real cases of commercial facilities of the main segments of the tertiary sector with electrical and thermal demands compatible for energy usage in cogeneration configuration. The analysis results include energy utilization factor (EUF), initial investments, operational savings (cash flow), return on investment (payback), internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). The technologies investigated in the study were Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Microturbine (TG) generator, absorption chiller (ABS) and conventional electrical chiller. It was carried out an analysis of the potential market for application of cogeneration by mapping the main segments of the tertiary sector and conducted a survey of the state of the art. Brazilian laws were studied both with regard to qualified cogeneration and distributed generation, performed emissions analysis with emphasis on the comparative between CO2 emission from cogeneration plant and CO2 emission from power plants by natural gas. It was made a study of Brazilian energy scenario from the viewpoint of generating and distributing of electricity, scenario of supply of natural gas in Brazil and its distribution structure in the São Paulo state and, finally, it was appointed the benefits and barriers of cogeneration in Brazil. The results indicate a setback on the financial viability of cogeneration due to consecutive increases in the price of natural gas, although quite rational and with direct benefits to the environment and the country, it\'s necessary specific incentives related to the natural gas price for the growth of the application of cogeneration in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Alves Gomes.pdf: 1962663 bytes, checksum: da328d9c43896e5d408dd6fa504c037f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The production activities in the agricultural sector are major dependent of several energetic forms and is necessary the development and implementation of technological alternatives with views to the self-supply at reduced costs and lower environmental and social impacts. The significant potencial of the use of biomass for energy generation is self-evident, since it provides the racional use of the available resources, reduces the income transfer to other agents and decreases the dependence upon external sources of energy. The exposure of animal waste in the environment generates several negative externalities, such as: water, land and air pollution; eutrophication of waters; GHG emissions; among others. There is a possibility of generating electricity, thermal and vehicular energy through the biogas generation, providing energetic self-supply of the producing unities and the creation of agroenergy condominiums to enhance small farmers. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the economic feasibility of projects implementation for electrical, thermal and vehicular energy generation from animal waste in the watershed area of Lajeado Grande, in the city of Toledo, Paraná, by checking the alternative that provides the largest economic gain. To achieve the objectives proposed in this work, it was carried out field and bibliographical research and 39 questionnaires were applied in each of the properties that work with livestock in Lajeado Grande watershed. The choice of the sample was made based on the "Sustainable Environmental Development Program of Toledo" City Hall, where it was identified a high pollution potential in the study area and it was suggested the establishment of a agroenergy condominium for biogas derived from animal waste with the intent to reverse this situation. The properties' breeding stock of animals was 285 484 heads (pigs, cattle and poultry), with a waste production potential of 85.024,07 m³/year and a biogas production potencial of 1,569,608.39 m³/year . Accordingly, it was analyzed some of the possible uses of the biogas produced in the Lajeado Grande agroenergy condominium (replacing conventional electricity, wood and natural gas - biomethane) and it was concluded that the best arrangement is to apply for vehicular use, based on the characteristics of the community, in the demanders of energy and in economic outcomes, considering also that the capital returned in less time compared to the other scenarios. It is expected that further works may arise from the present study, with the aim to analyze the valuation of biofertilizer; the biogas production by use of poultry manure; the possibility of multiple energy generation; the possibility of inclusion of new (and / or others) consumers of energy generated by the condominium; the social improvements achieved; and, not least, to quantify the environmental benefits gained by the treatment of animal waste from the condominium. / As atividades produtivas do setor agropecuário são grandes dependentes de diversas formas energéticas, sendo necessários o desenvolvimento e a implementação de alternativas tecnológicas com vistas ao autoabastecimento a custos reduzidos e com menores impactos socioambientais. Vê-se no aproveitamento da biomassa para geração de energia um importante potencial, uma vez que propicia uso racional dos recursos disponíveis, reduz a transferência de renda para outros agentes e diminui a dependência de fontes externas de energia. A exposição dos dejetos dos animais no meio ambiente gera inúmeras externalidades negativas, tais como: poluição hídrica, terrestre e atmosférica; eutrofização das águas; emissões de GEE; entre outras. Através da geração do biogás, pode-se gerar energias elétrica, térmica e veicular, proporcionando o autoabastecimento energético das unidades produtoras e permitindo a criação de condomínios de agroenergia, potencializando os pequenos produtores. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a viabilidade econômica da implantação de projetos para geração de energia elétrica, térmica e veicular a partir de dejetos animais na região da microbacia do Lajeado Grande, do município de Toledo, Paraná, verificando a alternativa que possibilite o maior ganho econômico. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos neste trabalho foram realizadas pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica, aplicando-se 39 questionários em cada uma das propriedades que trabalham com produção animal na microbacia do Lajeado Grande. A escolha da amostra se deu baseada no Programa de Desenvolvimento Ambiental Sustentável de Toledo da Prefeitura Municipal, em que identificou-se na região de estudo alto potencial poluidor, propondo a implantação de um condomínio de agroenergia para produção de biogás oriundo de dejetos animais com a intenção de reverter esse quadro. O plantel de animais das propriedades foi de 285.484 cabeças (suínos, bovinos e aves), com potencial de produção de dejetos na ordem de 85.024,07m³/ano e de biogás em 1.569.608,39 m³/ano. Dessa forma, analisaram-se algumas das possibilidades de uso do biogás produzido no Condomínio de Agroenergia do Lajeado Grande (em substituição à energia elétrica convencional, à lenha e ao gás natural biometano) e concluiu-se que o melhor arranjo é a aplicação para uso veicular, visto as características da comunidade, dos demandantes de energias e dos resultados econômicos, sendo o capital deste último retornado no menor tempo se comparado aos demais cenários. Espera-se que novos trabalhos possam surgir a partir deste, analisando a valoração do biofertilizante; a produção de biogás pelo aproveitamento dos dejetos avícolas; a possibilidade de geração múltipla de energias; a possibilidade de inserção de novos (e/ou outros) consumidores das energias geradas pelo condomínio; as melhorias sociais alcançadas; e, não menos importante, a quantificação dos benefícios ambientais auferidos pelo tratamento dos dejetos animais do condomínio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Among the fundamental rights we have the right to education, a constitutional right extended to all, pursuant to provisions of Article 205 of the Federal Constitution [of Brazil]. It ranks as one of the most significant among the social rights, being conceived of within the notion of second dimension rights. They are the result of the process of constitutionalization of human rights, seeking to bring assertion and effectiveness into the principle of human dignity. Such rights impose upon the Public Power the enforcement of the duty of positive performance, consisting of a mandate to do or facere on the part of the State. This work had the general scope of analyzing the possibility of the State to exempt itself from the constitutional must of delivering and guaranteeing basic education with grounds on allegation of the theory of reservation based on feasibility. Given the objectives of the research, the approach utilized was a qualitative one. Thus, the right to a basic, mandatory and free-ofcharge education was analyzed, as erected to the category of a public, subjective right pursuant to the terms of Article 208, Paragraph 1, of the Federal Constitution/88, which provides that "access to mandatory and free teaching is a public, subjective right", following recent modification brought in by Constitutional Amendment No. 59, dated November 11, 2009. It has been concluded that the State may not exempt itself from its constitutional duty as to delivering and guaranteeing basic education, a fundamental right of social nature belonging to the human person, as it resorts to clause of "reservation based on feasibility", even within a limited scale of choices over public policies and a universe bound by scarce financial resources and restrained by public budget. / Entre os direitos fundamentais, temos o direito à educação, direito constitucional deferido a todos, nos termos do art. 205 da Constituição Federal de 1988. Qualificase como um dos direitos sociais mais expressivos, subsumindo-se à noção dos direitos de segunda dimensão. Trata-se de resultado do processo de constitucionalização dos direitos humanos, com vistas à positivação e efetividade do princípio da dignidade humana. Referidos direitos impõem ao Poder Público a satisfação do dever de prestação positiva, consistente em um facere do Estado.Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar a possibilidade de o Estado exonerar-se do dever constitucional de oferecer e garantir a educação básica com fundamento na alegação da teoria da reserva do possível. Tendo em vista os objetivos da pesquisa, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa. Assim, analisamos o direito ao ensino obrigatório e gratuito, erigido à categoria de direito público subjetivo, nos termos do artigo 208, parágrafo 1º., da CF/88, que dispõe que o acesso ao ensino obrigatório e gratuito é direito público subjetivo , após recente alteração feita pela Emenda Constitucional nº. 59, de 11 de novembro de 2009. Verificou-se que o Estado não pode se eximir de seu dever constitucional quanto ao oferecimento e à garantia do ensino obrigatório e gratuito, direito fundamental de natureza social da pessoa humana, ao invocar a cláusula da "reserva do possível", que consiste no fenômeno econômico da limitação de recursos financeiros pelo Estado, mesmo dentro de uma cartela limitada de escolhas por políticas públicas e de um universo de recursos financeiros escassos e limitados pelo orçamento público.

Encontrar soluções para a problemática dos resíduos e, em virtude da crescente demanda por energia, diminuir a dependência dos combustíveis fósseis têm constituído grandes desafios para os pesquisadores. O setor hospitalar é um potencial gerador dos chamados Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) que também apresenta um alto consumo de energia em decorrência do seu período de funcionamento e de equipamentos que necessitam de infraestrutura adequada. Apesar de representarem uma pequena parcela perante o montante dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), no Brasil, nem todos os geradores se preocupam com seu tratamento e destinação final. O emprego de tecnologias desenvolvidas para o tratamento desses resíduos com a possibilidade de recuperação energética deve ser avaliado. O Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP-USP) gera cerca de 1,9 ton/dia de RSS. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade legal, ambiental e econômico-financeira da implantação de um sistema próprio de tratamento de RSS no HCFMRP- USP para geração de energia. A metodologia foi estruturada em pesquisa exploratória, coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com responsáveis pelo setor dos RSS no hospital, com pesquisadores da área da saúde, de escolas de engenharia, órgãos técnicos e indústrias fabricantes dos equipamentos; levantamento bibliográfico e análise de conteúdo. Para a avaliação econômico-financeira, foi empregada a avaliação custoefetividade. Estudos comparativos sobre os tipos de tratamento disponíveis e utilizados nacionalmente foram considerados. Assim, o processo que melhor se adequou ao sistema proposto foi o da incineração com tecnologia de gaseificação e combustão combinadas (GCC). Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema proposto está sob a égide da lei contemplando, inclusive, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), desde que mediante anuência do Conselho Gestor do campus da USP e de sua Comissão de Meio Ambiente, além do devido processo de licenciamento ambiental junto à CETESB e pré-análise dos RSS. Contudo, sob o aspecto ambiental há questões públicas e políticas sobre a aceitação de sua implantação no complexo hospitalar. Embora haja o emprego de avançada tecnologia, o equipamento avaliado necessita de instalação, manutenção e monitoramento adequados por profissionais capacitados para operá-los, a fim de se evitar possíveis danos às pessoas e ao meio-ambiente, para isso, os envolvidos devem agir com responsabilidade. Por fim, sob o aspecto econômico-financeiro houve um empate técnico entre os custos do tratamento realizado atualmente e os da proposta do investimento. Assim, esse último aspecto avaliado incidiu sobre o benefício implícito da decisão de se implantar ou não o processo. Portanto, considera-se a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema próprio para tratamento de RSS no HCFMRP-USP para geração de energia sob os três aspectos: legal, ambiental e econômicofinanceiro. / Finding solutions to the waste problem and reducing dependence on fossil fuels due to the growing demand for energy have become big challenges for researchers to deal with. Hospitals are large producers of Medical waste (MW) and also big energy consumers due to their long running hours and the running of equipment that demands adequate infrastructure. Despite accounting for a small share of all the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) not all producers, in Brazil, are concerned about waste treatment and its final destination. The use of technologies developed with the aim of treating such waste in order to generate energy has to be assessed. The Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP) generates around 1.9 tons of waste per day. In this context, the general aim of this research program was to assess the legal, environmental and economic-financial feasibility of the implementation of a private system of biomedical waste treatment at HCFMRP-USP in order to generate energy. The method was structured in exploratory research, data gathering by means of semi-structured interviews with MW department staff at the hospital, with Health researchers, with Engineering College researchers, technical organizations and equipment manufacturers, besides bibliographic referencing and content analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used for the economic-financial analysis. Comparative studies of the types of treatment available and used nationwide were taken into consideration. Thus, the process which best suited the proposed system was that of incineration by means of Gasification Combined Cycle (GCC). Results showed that the proposed system is under the support of Law and it also takes into consideration the National Policy for Solid Waste (NPSW), provided that it has the approval of the Director Council of the Administration of the campus of USP and of its Environment Committee as well as appropriate environmental licenses granted by CETESB and pre-analysis of MW. However, under the environmental aspect, there are public and political issues regarding the acceptance of this implementation in the hospital premises. Although there is the use of advanced technology, the equipment which was assessed needs to be installed, maintained and monitored adequately by professionals trained to operate it so as to avoid possible damage to humans and the environment. Staff involved must be responsible. Finally, under the economic-financial aspect there was a draw between the costs of the treatment conducted at present and those of the proposed investment. Therefore, this last aspect assessed prevailed over the implicit benefit of the decision on whether to implement the process or not. However, the feasibility of the implementation of a private MW treatment system at HC-FMRP-USP in order to generate energy is to be considered under the legal, environmental and economicfinancial aspects.

Submitted by LUIZ CUNALI DEFILIPPI FILHO (luizfelippe10@yahoo.com) on 2013-07-04T10:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-04T11:23:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-04T11:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-18 / O setor sucroenergético brasileiro vem se destacando como uma nova opção para a geração de energia elétrica do país de forma renovável e sustentável. Torna-se cada vez mais frequente o uso do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar como fonte adicional de biomassa combustível além do uso tradicional do bagaço. As usinas com centrais termelétricas que comercializam os excedentes de bioeletricidade normalmente operam durante a safra da cana-de-açúcar e ficam paradas durante a entressafra. Este estudo analisa a viabilidade econômica de aproveitar a capacidade ociosa de uma unidade de geração de energia elétrica durante a entressafra, através do estudo de caso de uma usina de cana-de-açúcar na cidade de Iacanga no interior do estado de São Paulo. O trabalho tem como premissa utilizar o palhiço como combustível na safra adicional ao bagaço e armazenar o bagaço para a geração de bioeletricidade na entressafra. Os investimentos necessários para o processamento do palhiço na safra, armazenagem e movimentação do bagaço e custos de operação e manutenção do sistema de geração de energia são apresentados. As análises econômicas do estudo são feitas utilizando os métodos do Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e da Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). São feitas também análises de sensibilidade com os dois principais fatores de impacto à rentabilidade, que são o custo do palhiço posto na usina e o valor da energia elétrica vendida. As análises são apresentadas em três cenários variando o total de dias efetivos de geração na entressafra, sendo de 30, 60 e 90 dias. Os resultados indicam que a geração adicional de energia na entressafra, aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da planta na entressafra, tem um VPL de R$-1,136 milhão, R$ 0,698 milhão e R$ 2,511 milhões e uma TIR de 5,47% a.a., 16,98% a.a. e 25,88% a.a., respectivamente. Esses resultados consideraram o custo do palhiço a R$ 70,00.t-1 e a venda da energia a R$170,00.MWh-1. Conclui-se, assim, que o aproveitamento da capacidade ociosa do parque de geração de energia a partir da biomassa da cana-de-açúcar na entressafra tem potencial e viabilidade econômica conforme: o aumento do seu uso; a disponibilidade de biomassa residual (palhiço) a custos competitivos; e preço de venda da bioeletricidade. / The sugar ethanol industry has emerged as a renewable and sustainable option for electricity generation in Brazil. Besides the more traditional use of bagasse, sugarcane trash has become increasingly frequent as an additional source of biomass fuel. The mills with power plants, which sell surplus bioelectricity, normally operate during harvest season and are idle during the off crop. This study examines the economic feasibility of using the idle capacity of electricity generation units during the off crop, through the case study of a sugarcane mill in Iacanga, São Paulo. The analysis assumes the use of sugarcane trash as additional fuel to bagasse and the storage of the excess of bagasse to generate bioelectriciy in the off crop season. The study presents the necessary investments for processing the trash during the harvest season, for storage and handling of bagasse, and the operation and maintenance costs of the power generation system. The economic analysis are performed using the methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Also, sensitivity analysis is made using the two main factors that impact the profitability: the cost of trash at the plant and the amount of electricity sold. The analysis considers three scenarios varying the total days of effective bioelectricity generation during off crop: 30, 60 and 90 days. The results indicate that the additional power generation during the off crop, taking advantage of the mill’s idle capacity, provide a NPV of R$ -1.14 million, R$ 0.70 million and R$ 2.51 million, respectively, and an IRR of 5.5%, 17.0% and 25.9% per year, considering the cost of trash as R$ 70,00 / ton and the sale of energy as R$ 170.00 MW/h. As conclusion, the study shows thatthe use of the mill’s idle capacity for power generation from the biomass of sugarcane in the off crop season has a good potential and presents economic viability, as its increased use generates competitive biomass waste (trash) and if there is competitive prices in the sale of bioelectricity.

Le procédé de thermo-estampage est une voie intéressante pour la production en grande série de pièces composites. Cependant ce procédé est complexe à maitriser et simuler, en raison des phénomènes multi-physiques mis en jeu (déformation textiles, choc thermique, frottements...) ce qui engendre des campagnes par essai-erreurs qui peuvent être très coûteuses. Cette étude s'intéresse à la mesure et à la caractérisation du procédé d'estampage et des matériaux utilisés afin de simuler le refroidissement de la matrice et la mise en forme du textile. Des défauts récurrents sont évoqués ainsi que des solutions industrielles afin de les résoudre. La simulation thermique permet de déterminer le temps de consolidation nécessaire afin d'optimiser les temps de production en fonction des matériaux et de leur épaisseur. La simulation de la mise en forme textile permet de prédire la faisabilité d'une pièce et l'orientation des fibres afin de définir au mieux les pièces suivant les cas de charges statiques et dynamiques. Les apports de ce travail sont les suivants : la réalisation de mesures thermiques du flan durant un estampage et du choc thermique en surface du stratifié, la réalisation d'une méthodologie efficiente pour analyser la faisabilité d'une pièce complexe dans un contexte industriel grâce à des simulations de mise en forme couplées à des essais expérimentaux. Enfin une méthode d'analyse du comportement en cisaillement plan, pour des renforts dont les fils de chaîne et de trames ne sont pas orthogonaux est proposée. / The thermo-stamping process is a promising way for the mass production of the composite parts. However this process is complex to master and simulate due to the multi-physics background (textile deformation, thermal shock, rubbing...) and trial and error tests campaigns can be expensive. This study focuses on the measurement and assessment of the process and materials behaviour, to simulate the cooling down of the matrix and the forming of the woven. Typical defects are mentioned as well as associated industrial solutions to solve them. The simulation makes it possible to determine the consolidation time necessary in order to optimize the manufacturing time as a function of the material used and of its thickness. Furthermore the forming simulation shows the feasibility of the part and the fibre orientation to design the product for the static and crash cases. The contributions of this work are the following: thermal measurements of the pre-consolidated plate during the stamping phase and the thermal chock at the surface of the composites, an efficient method to analyse the feasibility of a complex shape in an industrial context is proposed through forming simulations compared to the experiment. Finally, a methodology for the analysis of the in-plane shearing behaviour of a woven fabric with non-orthogonal warp and weft yarn is proposed.

This diploma thesis describes possible options of dealing with bankruptcy of chosen company with wider focus on economic aspects. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with possibilities how to resolve bankruptcy, course of insolvency proceedings, activities of insolvency trustee, status of creditors and registration of creditor’s receivables. The practical part deals with evaluation of economical situation of chosen company with recommendations for creditors, whether it is more advantageous to maintain the company operating, according to financial results (reorganization) or whether it is better to sell all of company’s assets (bankruptcy), and to cease its activities.

L’objectif général de ce travail est d’étudier certains problèmes d’éthique et de philosophie politique soulevés par le changement climatique et de proposer des politiques susceptibles de réduire les injustices climatiques. La première partie vise à justifier les devoirs majeurs de justice climatique à partir d’une approche centrée sur les droits humains menacés par le changement climatique. Les données des sciences du climat et des œuvres de fiction littéraires et cinématographiques servent comme fondement de la réflexion philosophique. La deuxième partie explore certaines pistes de réformes institutionnelles à même de réaliser ces devoirs de justice globale et intergénérationnelle. Il s’agit d’exclure certaines réponses proposées au changement climatique, comme la géoingénierie et la compensation, mais aussi et surtout de développer des politiques justes, efficaces et faisables de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, comme un cadre normatif pour évaluer les engagements des pays, un mécanisme de marché hybride et un rôle politique accru accordé à la société civile. Si ce travail s’inspire des recherches des scientifiques, des écrivains, des économistes et des spécialistes des relations internationales, il dialogue principalement avec les auteurs les plus influents en justice et en éthique climatiques. Au final, bien que les défis moraux et politiques posés par le changement climatique soient sans précédent, l’approche non idéale de la justice climatique développée ici montre qu’il est encore temps d’agir pour éviter les scénarios les plus nuisibles pour les pauvres du monde et les générations futures. / The main objective of this work is to highlight key philosophical problems raised by climate change and to propose policies that could reduce climate injustices. In the first part, I justify major duties of climate justice by constructing a normative approach focusing on basic human rights threatened by climate change. My philosophical reflections draw on data provided by climate sciences as well as works of literary and cinematographic fiction. In the second part, I explore possible institutional reforms that could realize these duties of global and intergenerational justice. My point is to reject false solutions such as geoengineering and offsetting, but also and mostly to develop just, efficient and feasible policies such as a normative framework to assess the equity of countries’ pledges, a hybrid market mechanism and an increased political role given to civil society. While this work draws on researches made by scientists, writers, economists and international relations scholars, it also critically engages with the theories of the most influent authors in climate justice and climate ethics. The non-ideal approach of climate justice I develop explains that even if the moral and political challenges raised by climate change are unprecedented, it is not too late to prevent the realization of the most harmful scenarios for the global poor and future generations.

Although the opportunistic feeding habits of leopards were evident in this study, scat analysis showed that ungulates were by far the predominant food, with impala being the most frequent item. The fact that cattle calves were only taken up to ± 100 days old, emphasize the relevance of a proper stock management program to prevent stock losses. In addition, where such measures were impractical, temporary physical barriers such as electric fencing showed potential for application. Modification on different capture techniques were investigated not only to capture leopards for radio collaring but also for the elimination of problem leopards. The effective home range size of a resident male and female leopard in the Naboomspruit area were calculated at 303 km2 and 157 km2 respectively. A density of one leopard per 53 km2 are suggested for the Naboosmpruit study area. Both leopards were predominantly nocturnal with some crepuscular activity. Translocation experiments revealed different results. The conducting of translocations in farming areas, where problem leopards are involved are however not suggested. Leopard density and distribution patterns showed that numbers are relative safe, and that populations are currently to a large extent linked, which makes natural gene flow a possibility. Although suitable areas for leopards thus exist, these may not be available as homogenous units in the future, due to increasing human pressure. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

The thesis aims to assess the feasibility of the business plan of pre-paid model of tasting of Moravian wine and judge whether it pays off to invest into this business plan. The feasibility study serves to confirm the execution of the business plan. The study describes the establishment of limited liability company and activities that are related to its establishment. It analyzes the environment through PEST analysis and Porter's five forces model. Market research is conducted via a survey, which serves as a basis for determination of an estimate of potential customers. Marketing mix allows to describe the product, pricing, distribution, promotion plan and marketing communications. The final price is determined using the calculation formula. The opening balance sheet of the company is prepared within this thesis. The amount of capital, the costs and sources of funding are determined. The financial plan includes estimated revenue, profit, return on equity and cash flow plan for the first two years of the life of the company.