Orientadores: Ranulfo Monte Alegre, Lucielen Oliveira dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:34:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anschau_Andreia_M.pdf: 29652981 bytes, checksum: e582c54f37db71e9fc13826b3422cc07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do processo fermentativo de produção de retamicina, em biorreatores de bancada, utilizando-se a linhagem mutante Streptomyces olindensis So20, visando a obtenção de elevadas quantidades deste antibiótico, em processo descontínuo alimentado (fed-batch) e contínuo, bem como a implementação de técnicas de análise de imagens para a caracterização morfológica do microrganismo durante os cultivos. Os ensaios descontínuos alimentados visaram o controle da velocidade específica de crescimento durante a alimentação em três valores distintos (0,03 1/h, 0,10 1/h e 0,17 1/h), por meio do emprego de vazões exponenciais de alimentação. Foram realizados três conjuntos de ensaios descontínuos alimentados. No primeiro conjunto, foi verificada a influência da concentração de nutrientes utilizada na alimentação, mantendo-se a velocidade específica de crescimento em 0,03 1/h, durante a alimentação. De uma maneira geral, o aumento da concentração de nutrientes na alimentação, levou a um aumento na produção do antibiótico. No segundo conjunto de ensaios, foi estudada a influência da velocidade específica de crescimento sobre a produção de retamicina, empregando-se como alimentação o meio R5 modificado com apenas a concentração de glicose quadruplicada. Nesse conjunto de ensaios, ocorreu limitação de outros nutrientes, o que prejudicou o controle da velocidade específica de crescimento durante a alimentação. No entanto, essa limitação nutricional mostrou-se importante para a produção do antibiótico. No terceiro conjunto de ensaios, foi novamente estudada a influência da velocidade específica de crescimento sobre a produção de retamicina, empregando-se como alimentação o meio R5 modificado, agora com as concentrações de todos os nutrientes quadruplicadas, o que evitou limitações nutricionais e permitiu o controle da velocidade específica de crescimento durante a alimentação. Estes ensaios mostraram que o processo de produção de retamicina é favorecido pela manutenção de baixas velocidades específicas de crescimento, por ser este um metabólito secundário. A maior produção de retamicina ocorreu quando a velocidade específica de crescimento foi fixada em 0,03 1/h, durante a alimentação. Nos ensaios contínuos realizados, foi estudada a influência da vazão específica de alimentação (D) e, conseqüentemente, da velocidade específica de crescimento (µx) sobre a produção do antibiótico retamicina. Foram, realizados quatro ensaios contínuos, variando-se D entre 0,03 1/h e 0,30 1/h. A máxima produção de retamicina (tanto em termos de concentração, como em termos de produtividade e produção específica em retamicina total) ocorreu para D = 0,05 1/h. O aumento de D levou a uma diminuição da produção do antibiótico, a qual cessou para D = 0,30 1/h, mostrando um comportamento típico de um metabólito secundário. Foram utilizadas técnicas de análise de imagens na caracterização morfológica do microrganismo. O cisalhamento mostrou-se um importante fator no rompimento de pellets e na formação de clumps e hifas livres, principalmente nos ensaios contínuos. Em geral, a maior produção do antibiótico esteve associada a altas porcentagens de clumps no meio de cultivo. / The objective of the present work was to study retamycin production in fed-batch and continuous cultivations of Streptomyces olindensis So20, a mutant strain, in order to obtain high antibiotic concentrations and analyse microorganism morphology employing image analysis techniques. The fed-batch runs were performed in order to control the specific growth rate in three different values, during feed (0.03 1/h, 0.10 1/h, and 0.17 1/h), employing exponential feed rates. Three sets of fed-batch runs were carried-out. The first set, feed composition was varied, controlling the specific growth rate in a low value (0.03 1/h) during feed. In general, higher nutrient concentrations in the feed led to higher antibiotic production. In the second set of fed-batch runs, the control of the specific growth rate in three different values during feed was studied. The feed was composed by R5 Modified medium, with four-fold the glucose concentration only, which led to nutrient limitation during runs. This nutrient limitation prejudiced the specific growth rate control, but led to high antibiotic production. This fact showed that nutrient limitation is an important factor in retamycin production. In the third set of fed-batch runs, the control of the specific growth rate in three different values during feed was studied. In these runs, the feed was composed by R5 Modified medium, with four-fold all the nutrient concentrations, which avoided nutrient limitation, during runs. In these runs, the control of the specific growth rate during feed was possible. Results showed that retamycin production is favored by the maintenance of low specific growth rates, since it is a secondary metabolite. Higher antibiotic production was achieved controlling the specific growth rate in 0.03 1/h, during feed. In the continuous runs, the influence of the dilution rate (D), and consequently, of the specific growth rate (µx) on the retamycin production was studied. Four continuous runs were performed, varying D in the range from 0.03 1/h to 0.30 1/h. The highest antibiotic production (in terms of retamycin concentration, retamycin productivity and retamycin specific production) was obtained at D = 0.05 1/h. The increase in the dilution rate led to lower antibiotic production, which ceased at D = 0.30 1/h, showing a typical behavior of a secondary metabolite. Image analysis was used to assess the morphological characteristics of the microorganism. Shear showed to be an important factor in pellet disruption and in clump and free filaments formation, mainly in the continuous runs. In general, higher antibiotic production was obtained with the growth mainly in the form of clumps.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da intensidade de agitação e tipo de impelidor, bem como a estratégia de alimentação, em reator anaeróbio operado em batelada seqüencial, escala piloto (\'da ordem de\' 1 \'M POT.3\'), com agitação mecânica e em duas configurações: uma com biomassa granulada (ASBR) e outra com biomassa imobilizada em suporte inerte de espuma de poliuretano (ASBBR), aplicadas ao tratamento de esgoto doméstico. No estudo da intensidade de agitação e tipo de impelidor, para cada reator foram avaliadas três tipos de impelidores (turbina de pás planas, turbina de pás inclinadas 45º e hélice) associados a duas intensidades de agitação (40 e 80 rpm), obtendo uma combinação de 6 (seis) condições experimentais. A combinação da intensidade de agitação e tipo de impelidor que apresentou melhor desempenho no processo foi utilizado no estudo da estratégia de alimentação, na qual foi avaliada as seguintes condições: batelada alimentada durante 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% do ciclo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: no ASBBR o aumento da intensidade de agitação de 40 rpm para 80 rpm permitiu uma melhoria nos fluxos de transferência de massa e, portanto, aumentou a velocidade de consumo de substrato; no ASBR o aumento da intensidade de agitação de 40 rpm para 80 rpm proporcinou uma desestabilização do sistema, provavelmente por causa da ruptura dos grânulos provocada pela maior agitação; os sistemas operados com impelidor do tipo hélice apresentaram vantagens, tais como: melhor eficiência de remoção de sólidos, maior valor da constante cinética de primeira ordem (melhor fluxo de transferência de massa e conseqüentemente maior consumo de substrato) e maior produção de alcalinidade, ou seja, maior estabilidade para o sistema; tanto o sistema ASBR como o ASBBR quando operados nas condições de batelada típica, batelada alimentada durante 50% e 75% do ciclo apresentaram melhores desempenhos no processo de tratamento, mostrando a flexibilidade operacional dos reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas seqüenciais; e comparando os sistemas ASBBR e ASBR verificou-se que estes apresentaram comportamentos similares em todas as condições de operação de batelada alimentada avaliadas, não sendo possível, estatisticamente apontar um sistema com melhor desempenho. / The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the stirring speed, the type of impeller and the feed strategy in a mechanically stirred pilot-scale (\'da ordem de\' 1 \'M POT.3\') anaerobic sequencing batch reactor to two configurations: a containing granulated biomass (ASBR) and the other containing immobilized biomass (AnSBBR). Domestic wastewater was treated in 8-h cycles. Three impeller types (turbine with six-flat blades, turbine with six 45º-inclined blades and helix with three blades) were assessed at two different stirring speeds (40 and 80 rpm), totaling six experimental conditions. The stirring speed and the impeller that resulted in the best combination was used in work of the feed strategy . The reactors were operated at room temperature at four different feed strategies (fed batch during 25%, 50% and 75% of the cycle, and conventional fed-batch). The results allowed conclude that: in the AnSBBR increasing the stirring speed from 40 rpm to 80 rpm showed to improve mass transfer, with consequent increase in substrate consumption; in the ASBR increasing the stirring speed from 40 rpm to 80 rpm showed desestabilization in system, because of the disruption caused in the granules witth greater agitation; operation with the helix impeller showed some advantages over the turbine impellers, such as: improved efficiency in solids removal, higher value of the first order kinetic constant and higher alkalinity production; both for the ASBR as for the ASBBR the best performance in wastewater treatment was obtained when the reactors were operated at conventional batch, fed-batch during 50% and 75% of the cycle; no significant difference in performance was observed among these three conditions. Despite poor performance of the conventional fed-batch and fed-batch during 25% of the cycle compared to the other conditions, both these conditions presented operational stability. Hence, the anaerobic sequencing batch reactors presented operational flexibility as far as feed strategy is concerned.

O reator em batelada seqüencial com biomassa em suspensão foi submetido a concentrações de N-amoniacal de 125, 250 e 500 mg N/L e em condições de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) no reator de 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L, em ciclos de 2h/2h de anóxico/aeróbio. Em todas as fases, o reator foi operado como batelada alimentada. Na condição de 125 mg N/L obteve-se eficiência de remoção de 87% de N, tendo o nitrato sido o principal produto da nitrificação. Na condição de 250 mg N/L, obteve-se eficiência de remoção de N de 84%, com predominância de nitrito como principal produto da nitrificação e com ocorrência de nitrificação e desnitrificação simultânea durante os dois primeiros ciclos aeróbios. Na condição de 500 mg N/L, as condições de concentração de OD de 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L e aeração intermitente a cada 2h não foram suficientes para promover a remoção total de nitrogênio amoniacal. Foram feitas alterações: ciclos de 2h anóxico e 9h aeróbios, com concentração média de 2,8 mg 'O IND.2'/L, que resultaram em eficiências de remoção de N de 94%, com predominância de nitrito. Foram isoladas cepas desnitrificantes com similaridade de 97% para Thauera mechernichensis e Thauera sp. 27 nas condições operacionais de 125 e 250 mg N/L e de 99% para Ochrobactrum anthropi e Ochrobactrum tritici, na condição operacional de 500 mg N/L. O longo tempo de operação resultou na diminuição da população de bactérias oxidantes de nitrito, podendo ter sido uma das causas que contribuiu para que se criassem condições que levariam à nitrificação via nitrito na concentração de 500 mg N/L. O sucesso na prevenção da inibição do processo por amônia livre foi atribuído à adoção das condições operacionais do reator, que foi operado sob aeração intermitente e batelada alimentada. / The sequential batch reactor with suspended bioma was subjected to ammonium concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mg N/L, oxygen dissolved (OD) concentrations of 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L, 2h/2h of anoxic/aerobic steps. The reactor was operated under fed-batch feeding. At the operational condition of 125 mg N/L, the mean nitrogen removal efficiency of 87% was obtained and nitrate was the main nitrification product. At operational condition of 250 mg N/L, was gotten nitrogen removal efficiencies of 84% and nitrite was the predominant form of nitrogen and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred during the two first aerobic steps of the cycle. At 500 mg N/L, the operating conditions imposed to the reactor (OD concentrations of 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L and intermittent aeration of 2h) did not lead to complete nitrification during the aerated steps, thus affecting nitrogen removal. The conditions were altered increasing the aerated steps to 9 hours, with OD concentration of 2,8 mg 'O IND.2'/L, and keeping the duration of the anoxic steps in 2 hours. Under such conditions, the mean nitrogen removal efficiency attained 94% and nitrite was the predominant oxidized nitrogen specie. It was isolated denitrifiers with similarity of 97% for Thauera mechernichensis and Thauera sp. 27 at the operational conditions of 125 and 250 mg N/L and of 99% for Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum tritici, at operational condition of 500 mg N/L. The long term operation resulted in the decrease of nitrite oxidizers populations and this was probably the main factor contributing for the creation of conditions for the partial nitrification via nitrite to prevail during the operation at ammonium concentration of 500 mg N/L. The success in preventing free ammonia inhibition was attributed to the adoption of intermittent aeration and fed batch operation.

Yes / The need for the development of clean but still profitable processes and the study of low environmental impact and economically convenient management policies for them are two challenges for the years to come. This paper tries to give a first answer to the second of these needs, limited to the area of discontinuous productions. It deals with the development of a robust methodology for the profitable and clean management of (fed-)batch units under uncertainty, which can be referred to as a robust sustainability-oriented model-based optimization & control strategy. This procedure is specifically designed to ensure elevated process performances along with low-cost utilities usage reduction in real-time, simultaneously allowing for the effect of any external perturbation. In this way, conventional offline methods for process sustainable optimization can be easily overcome since the most suitable management policy, aimed at process sustainability, can be dynamically determined and applied in any operating condition. This leads to a significant step forward with respect to the nowadays options in terms of sustainable process management, that drives towards a cleaner and more energy-efficient future. The proposed theoretical framework is validated and tested on a case study based on the well-known fed-batch version of the Williams-Otto process to demonstrate its tangible benefits. The results achieved in this case study are promising and show that the framework is very effective in case of typical process operation while it is partially effective in case of unusual/unlikely critical process disturbances. Future works will go towards the removal of this weakness and further improvement in the algorithm robustness.

There is a considerable scope for improving the temperature control of exothermic processes. In this thesis, a sub-optimal control strategy is developed through utilizing the dynamic, simulation tool. This scheme is built around easily obtained knowledge of the system and still retains flexibility. It can be applied to both exothermic batch and fed-batch processes. It consists of servo and regulatory modes, where a Generalized Predictive Controller (GPC) was used to provide self-tuning facilities. The methods outlined allow for limited thermal runaway whilst keeping some spare cooling capacity to ensure that operation at constraints are not violated. A special feature of the method proposed is that switching temperatures and temperature profiles can be readily found from plant trials whilst the addition rate profile Is capable of fairly straightforward computation. The work shows that It is unnecessary to demand stability for the whole of the exothermic reaction cycle, permitting a small runaway has resulted in a fast temperature response within the given safety margin. The Idea was employed for an exothermic single Irreversible reaction and also to a set of complex reactions. Both are carried out in a vessel with a heating/cooling coil. Two constraints are Imposed; (1) limited heat transfer area, and (11) a maximum allowable reaction temperature Tmax. The non-minimum phase problem can be considered as one of the difficulties in managing exothermic fed-batch process when cold reactant Is added to vessel at the maximum operating temperature. The control system coped with this within limits, a not unexpected result. In all cases, the new strategy out-performed the conventional controller and produced smoother variations in the manipulated variable. The simulation results showed that batch to batch variations and disturbances In cooling were successfully handled. GPC worked well but can be susceptible to measurement noise. / Higher Education Ministry and Scientific Research

The aim of this work was to develop a production process for the enzyme xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase from Populus tremula x tremuloides (PttXET16-34). The natural transglycosylating activity of this enzyme has previously been employed in a XET-Technology. This chemo enzymatic method is useful for biomimetic modification of cellulose surfaces and holds great potential for industrial applications. Thus, it requires that the XET-enzyme can be produced in larger scale. This work also shows how the wildtype PttXET16-34 was modified into a glycosynthase. By mutation of the catalytic nucleophile into an alanine, glycine or serine residue, enzymes capable of synthesising defined xyloglucan fragments were obtained. These defined compounds are very valuable for further detailed studies of xyloglucan active-enzymes, but are also useful in molecular studies of the structurally important xyloglucan-cellulose interaction. A heterologous production system for PttXET16-34 was previously developed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. A methanol-limited fed-batch process was also previously established, but the yield of active XET was low due to proteolysis problems and low productivity. Therefore, two alternative fed-batch techniques were investigated for the production of PttXET16-34: a temperature-limited fed-batch (TLFB) and an oxygen-limited high-pressure fed-batch (OLHPFB). For the initial recovery of XET after the fermentation process, two different downstream processes were investigated: expanded bed adsorption (EBA) and cross-flow filtration (CFF). / <p>QC 20101108</p>

Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently, improved technologies have been developed for the biobutanol fermentation process: higher butanol concentrations and productivities are achieved during fermentation, and separation and purification techniques are less energy intensive. This may result in an economically viable process when compared to the petrochemical pathway for butanol production. The objective of this study is to develop process models to compare different possible process designs for biobutanol production from sugarcane molasses. Some of the best improved strains, which include Clostridium acetobutylicum PCSIR-10 and Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, produce total solvent concentrations of up to 24 g/L. Among the novel technologies for fermentation and downstream processing, fedbatch fermentation with in situ product recovery by gas-stripping, followed by either liquid-liquid extraction or adsorption, appears to be the most promising techniques for current industrial application. Incorporating these technologies into a biorefinery concept will contribute toward the development of an economically viable process. In this study three process routes are developed. The first two process routes incorporate well established industrial technologies: Process Route 1 consist of batch fermentation and steam stripping distillation, while in Process Route 2, some of the distillation columns is replaced with a liquid-liquid extraction column. The third process route incorporates fed-batch fermentation and gas-stripping, an unproven technology on industrial scale. Process modelling in ASPEN PLUS® and economic analyses in ASPEN Icarus® are performed to determine the economic feasibility of these biobutanol production process designs. Process Route 3 proved to be the only profitable design in current economic conditions. For the latter process, the first order estimate of the total project capital cost is $187 345 000.00 (IRR: 35.96%). Improved fermentation strains currently available are not sufficient to attain a profitable process design without implementation of advanced processing techniques. Gas stripping is shown to be the single most effective process step (of those evaluated in this study) which can be employed on an industrial scale to improve process economics of biobutanol production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangse verbeteringe in die tegnologie vir die vervaardiging van butanol via die fermentasie roete het tot gevolg dat: hoër butanol konsentrasies en produktiwiteit verkry kan word tydens die fermentasie proses, en energie verbruik tydens skeiding-en suiweringsprosesse laer is. Hierdie verbeteringe kan daartoe lei dat biobutanol op ʼn ekonomiese vlak kan kompeteer met die petrochemiese vervaardigings proses vir butanol. Die doelwit van die studie is om proses modelle te ontwikkel waarmee verskillende proses ontwerpe vir die vervaardiging van biobutanol vanaf suikerriet melasse vergelyk kan word. Verbeterde fermentasie organismes, wat insluit Clostridium acetobutylicum PCSIR-10 en Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, het die vermoë om ABE konsentrasies so hoog as 24 g/L te produseer. Wat nuwe tegnologie vir fermentasie en skeidingprosesse behels, wil dit voorkom of wisselvoer fermentasie met gelyktydige verwydering van produkte deur gasstroping, gevolg deur of vloeistof-vloeistof ekstraksie of adsorpsie, van die mees belowende tegnieke is om tans in die nywerheid te implementeer. Deur hierdie tegnologie in ʼn bioraffinadery konsep te inkorporeer sal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van ʼn ekonomies lewensvatbare proses. Drie prosesserings roetes word in die studie ontwikkel. Die eerste twee maak gebruik van goed gevestigde industriële tegnologie: Proses Roete 1 implementeer enkellading fermentasie en stoom stroping distillasie, terwyl in Proses Roete 2 van die distilasiekolomme vervang word met ʼn vloeistof-vloeistof ekstraksiekolom. Die derde proses roete maak gebruik van wisselvoer fermentasie met gelyktydige verwydering van produkte deur gas stroping. Die tegnologie is nog nie in die nywerheid bewys of gevestig nie. Om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die proses ontwerpe te bepaal word proses modellering uitgevoer in ASPEN PLUS® en ekonomiese analises in ASPEN Icarus® gedoen. Proses Roete 3 is die enigste ontwerp wat winsgewend is in huidige ekonomiese toestande. Die eerste orde koste beraming van die laasgenoemde projek se totale kapitale koste is $187 345 000.00 (opbrengskoers: 35.96%). Die verbeterde fermentasie organismes wat tans beskikbaar is, is nie voldoende om ʼn proses winsgewend te maak nie; gevorderde proses tegnologie moet geïmplementeer word. Gasstroping is bewys as die mees effektiewe proses stap (getoets in die studie) wat op industriële skaal geïmplementeer kan word om die winsgewendheid van die biobutanol proses te verbeter. / Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies

Les approches thérapeutiques à base d’anticorps monoclonaux font partie des avenues les plus encourageantes pour le traitement de nombreux cancers. Les cellules ovariennes de hamster chinois (CHO) demeurent la plateforme d’expression d’anticorps la plus couramment utilisée dans l’industrie et est actuellement la plus efficace pour la production à grande échelle. Ces cellules sont capables de produire des anticorps présentant un patron de glycosylation très proche du profil humain et d’atteindre des niveaux de production généralement plus élevés que ceux obtenus avec les autres lignées cellulaires continues existantes. Ces dernières années, les progrès accomplis dans le développement de procédés en cuvée alimentée (fed-batch) ont permis d’augmenter significativement les rendements de production. Néanmoins, les performances des procédés de culture demeurent limitées par les caractéristiques métaboliques des cellules utilisées. Celles-ci présentent en effet une glycolyse et une glutaminolyse dérégulées associées à une forte production de métabolites toxiques tels que le lactate et les ions ammonium. Seule une fraction minime du pyruvate issu de la métabolisation du glucose est incorporée dans le cycle des acides tricarboxyliques (ATC), ce qui explique en partie le métabolisme peu efficace des cellules CHO. Une des enzymes responsables de la connexion entre la glycolyse et le cycle des ATC est la pyruvate carboxylase qui catalyse la conversion du pyruvate en oxaloacétate. Dans les cellules CHO, seulement 5 à 10 % du pyruvate est métabolisé par cette enzyme. Ce projet de recherche s’appuie sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle contrer la déficience de l’activité de la pyruvate carboxylase dans les cellules CHO pourrait pallier en partie au phénomène de dérégulation de la glycolyse, ce qui permettrait d’améliorer la productivité d’anticorps des cellules tout en maintenant une glycosylation adéquate du produit final. Au cours de ces travaux, une lignée cellulaire exprimant de façon stable l’enzyme pyruvate carboxylase de levure, au niveau cytosolique (PYC2) a été générée. Cultivées en mode cuvée alimentée, ces cellules ont montré une croissance et une production d’anticorps améliorées par rapport à la lignée parentale non modifiée. L’analyse des flux métaboliques par marquage isotopique a permis de caractériser en détail le métabolisme de ces cellules. Des différences majeures dans la distribution des flux métaboliques intracellulaires notamment au niveau des flux associés à la lactate déshydrogénase et au cycle de Krebs ont été mises en évidence. L’analyse de la glycosylation a révélé pour sa part, que l’augmentation de la production d’anticorps associée à la modification du métabolisme n’avait pas altéré significativement la qualité du produit final. De façon générale, ce projet de recherche semble corroborer l’existence d’un lien entre la productivité d’anticorps et le métabolisme cellulaire. La caractérisation du métabolisme des cellules CHO et plus précisément du métabolisme du lactate participe à améliorer notre compréhension du métabolisme des cellules CHO et pourrait permettre une amélioration plus rationnelle des fonctions cellulaires d’une part, et des conditions de culture d’autre part. / Antibody-based therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells represents the most common and efficient antibody expression platform for large scale production. Their abilities to perform human-like glycosylation and produce high antibody titer make them the most suitable system compared to other continuous cell lines. In the past few years, advances in fed-batch process development led to significantly increase production yields. Nevertheless, the metabolic features of continuous cell lines constitute a hurdle to the improvement of process performances. Continuous cell lines typically exhibit a deregulated glycolysis and glutaminolysis causing the accumulation of toxic metabolites such as lactate and ammonia. Thus, only a small percentage of pyruvate, derived from glucose, is incorporated into the tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycle explaining at least, in part the inefficient CHO cell metabolism. The mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate, is one of the key enzymes at the junction of the glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In CHO cells, only 5-10 % of the pyruvate pool is metabolized via this pathway. In this project, we hypothesized that counteracting the pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in CHO cells could alleviate in part, the deregulated glycolysis and consequently improve antibody production yield while maintaining satisfactory antibody glycosylation. In this work, a recombinant CHO cell line producing an antibody was further genetically modified with the insertion of a cytoplasmic yeast pyruvate carboxylase (PYC2) gene. Cultivated in fed-batch mode, PYC2 cells exhibited enhanced cell growth and antibody production yield compared to the parental cell line. Metabolic flux analysis using isotopic tracer led to a detailed characterisation of both cell line metabolism. The metabolic flux distribution obtained highlighted major differences in lactate and TCA fluxes. Comparative glycosylation analysis revealed that the metabolism alteration associated with the increase in antibody production did not significantly alter the product quality. This work seems to corroborate the presumed existence of a link between metabolism and antibody productivity. The cell metabolism characterization and more precisely, lactate production contribute to gain knowledge in CHO cell metabolism and led to rationally improve cellular functions and culture conditions.

Microalgas são organismos unicelulares, eucariontes, fotossintetizantes e eficientes fixadores de gás carbônico que apresentam grande potencial para produção de ácidos graxos além de pigmentos, como os carotenóides e a clorofila, de interesse nas indústrias de alimentos, química, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. Dentre as microalgas, o microrganismo Ankistrodesmus braunii vem sendo citado como capaz de produzir grandes quantidades de lipídios, podendo corresponder a até 73% de sua massa seca, com produção de ácidos graxos insaturados, como o ácido linolênico. Esse microrganismo se destaca do ponto de vista industrial por poder ser conduzido em reatores e em meios de cultivo complexos. As fontes de nitrogênio, as concentrações empregadas destes nutrientes, bem como o tipo de processo de cultivo interferem na composição de biomassas fotossintetizantes. O uso de reatores tubulares tem sido estudado e tem se apresentado interessante por permitir a obtenção de altas concentrações celulares. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve a finalidade de estudar o crescimento de Ankistrodesmus braunii em reator tubular com uso de diferentes quantidades de nitrato de sódio por processos descontínuo, descontínuo alimentado e semi-contínuo. Nos cultivos descontínuos, a máxima concentração celular (Xm) encontrada foi de 1588 ± 11 mg.L-1 com uso de 20 mM de NaNO3. O uso do processo descontínuo alimentado, o qual teve adição de 20 mM de NaNO3 feito num intervalo a cada 48 horas sendo iniciada a adição no primeiro dia, permitiu a obtenção de Xm = 2753 ± 7 mg.L-1; porém não foi possível eliminar a fase lag do cultivo, levando a uma produtividade em células (Px) de 351 ± 1 mg.L-1.dia-1. O processo semi-contínuo foi eficiente para eliminar a fase lag do cultivo, permitindo a obtenção de Xm = 2399 ± 5 mg.L-1 e um aumento de até 50% em Px, que chegou a valores de 525 ± 1 mg.L-1.dia-1 em cultivos com uso de 20 mM de NaNO3. Nesta condição os teores de proteínas e lipídios nas biomassas foram de 34,8 ± 0,2% e 38,6 ± 0,2%, respectivamente. Foi observado que, independentemente do tipo de processo empregado, há um decréscimo do valor do fator de conversão de nitrogênio em células (YX/N) com o aumento da adição de NaNO3. O maior valor de YX/N foi obtido no experimento com processo semi-contínuo e uso de 2 mM de NaNO3 no meio de cultivo, com valor médio de 29,1 ± 0,1 mg mg-1 ao final do segundo ciclo. Porém, nesta condição, o teor de proteínas da biomassa foi de 17,3 ± 0,4%. Já os maiores valores de YX/N encontrados nos processos descontínuo e descontínuo alimentado foram, respectivamente, de 22,5 ± 1,6 e 7,1 ± 0,1 mg mg-1. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho evidenciam o potencial de Ankistrodesmus braunii como fonte de proteínas e lipídios para uso industrial. / Microalgae are unicellular organisms, photosynthetic eukaryotes and which have great potential for the production of fatty acids as well as pigments such as carotenoids and chlorophyll, of interest in the food industry, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Among the microalgae, the microorganism Ankistrodemsus braunii has been cited as capable of producing large amounts of lipids, which may correspond to up to 73% of its dry mass, producing unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid. This microorganism stands out from the industrial point of view because it can be carried out in reactors and in complex culture media. Nitrogen sources and concentrations employed of these nutrients interfere the composition of photosynthetic biomass and type of process employed also clearly exerts its influence both the growth and the composition of the biomass obtained. The use of tubular reactors has been studied and shown to be interesting because it allows the achievement of high cell concentrations. In this sense, this work aims to study the growth of Ankistrodemsus braunii tubular reactor using different amounts of nitrogen and under different forms of cultivation. In batch cultures, the maximum cell concentration (Xm) was found to be 1588 ± 11 mg.L-1, using 20 mM NaNO3. The use of the fed batch process, which had the addition of 20 mM NaNO3 in a range of 48 to 48 hours from the first to the sixth day, afforded Xm = 2753 ± 7 mg.L-1;ever it was not possible to eliminate the lag phase cultivation, leading to a productivity of cells (Px) of 351 ± 1 mg.L-1.day-1. The semi-continuous process was effective to eliminate the lag phase of the culture, allowing to obtain Xm = 2399 ± 5 mg.L-1 and increased up to 50% the Px value, which reached values of 525 ± 1 mg.L-1.day-1 in cultures with the use of 20 mM of NaNO3. In this condition the protein levels and lipid in the biomass were 34,8 ± 0,2% and 38,6 ± 0,2%, respectively. In all culture processes, it was observed that regardless of the type of process used, there is a decrease in the amount of nitrogen conversion factor into cells (YX/N) with increasing addition of NaNO3. The highest value of YX/N was obtained in the experiment with semi-continuous process with the use of 2 mM of NaNO3 in the culture medium, with an average of 29.1 ± 0.1 mg mg-1 at the end of the second cycle. However, in this condition, the protein content of the biomass was 17.3 ± 0.4%. The best values of YX/N found in the batch and fed-batch processes were, respectively, 22.5 ± 1.6 and 7.1 ± 0.1 mg mg-1. The results of this study shows the potential of Ankistrodemsus braunii as a source of protein and lipids for industrial use.