In arid landscapes limited resources are concentrated into fertile patches that allow greater productivity than would otherwise be expected. Fertile patches are created and maintained by processes that modify soil topography and interrupt the flow of resources across the landscape. These processes may be abiotic or biotic in origin. Species that modify, maintain or create habitat have been termed ecosystem engineers. One group of soil disturbing ecosystem engineers creates fertile patches by modifying soil microtopography through foraging for food and creating habitat. This thesis examines the effects of soil foraging animals on resource concentration in arid environments and how effects are moderated by species and landscape. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the importance of fertile patches in arid systems and describes previous research on the effects of ecosystem engineers in arid environments. Chapter 2 examines how fertile patch creation by a well-studied arid zone engineer, the ant, varies between ant species and landforms, demonstrating that while we can generalise about the effects of ant nests on water flow and nutrient levels, differences in soil type, nest density and ant species across sites are likely to moderate these effects. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 compare the engineering effects of reintroduced native species, the Greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) and Burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) with the Sand goanna (Varanus gouldii) and the invasive European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) across three Australian landforms, revealing differences between reintroduced and invasive engineers at the both patch and landscape scales. At the landscape scale, differences in pit densities and resource concentration in foraging pits between landforms suggest that fertile patch development is not uniform. Chapter 6 examines whether the structure of the pit or the presence of litter per se explains observed increases in plant germination in foraging pits, and compares temperature and soil moisture conditions in bilby and bettong pits to the soil surface. Chapter 7 is a review that builds upon previous chapters, published and unpublished literature of the potential for reintroductions of ecosystem engineers to restore ecosystem function in degraded environments. Chapter 8 summarises the research presented in this thesis and its implications, and suggests directions for future work.

Total agriculture area has during the last decades been reduced because of urbanization, land deterioration, and inputs of chemicals. Today many farmers produce monocultures and the agricultural production system has been reaching far away from a natural system. Attention is now needed to establish and minimize environmental impacts through changes towards a more environmentally friendly agriculture, worldwide. The aim of this thesis has been to examine an agroforestry system in Babati to see if and how this agricultural system is a sustainable agricultural production system. Through the theoretical framework of this thesis the agroforestry system is compared to what current research frontier present as needed for a more environmentally friendly agriculture, with the main importance to obtain fertile soils.The case study were made through semi-structural interviews and observation between February and March 2016 and showed that the agroforestry system examined met many of the needs presented for a sustainable agriculture, through no tillage, low-input of pesticides and no fertilizers, and by having a diverse system with crops and trees supporting healthy soils.

L'improvisation a une place importante dans la danse contemporaine, soit pour permettre au chorégraphe d'inventer de la matière gestuelle et de composer, soit en tant qu'oeuvre qui se construit dans l'instant, l'improvisation spectacle. Cette thèse s'intéresse à comprendre comment le danseur improvisateur procède pour créer dans l'immédiat, et fait la supposition de la nécessité d'une conscience affinée de son propre corps et de son environnement scénique. Trois artistes improvisateurs (Michel Raji, Loïc Touzé et Pascal Quéneau) se sont produits sur scène dans le cadre de cette étude et ont répondu à différents entretiens afin d'expliquer et d'analyser leur travail. Le cadre théorique que propose la Gestalt-thérapie permet, grâce à des concepts comme la théorie du self, le cycle de contact-retrait, l'awareness, le vide fertile, d'analyser l'interaction d'un individu avec son environnement dans un contexte précis et sa manière de répondre à des besoins. En utilisant ce cadre, il a été mis en évidence cinq spécificités qui pourraient caractériser l'improvisation en danse. Lorsqu'il improvise, l'artiste raconte sur scène sa propre histoire à travers son style personnel. Il adapte son travail en fonction du contexte dans lequel il se produit. Il s'appuie sur une structure compositionnelle qu'il a pensée antérieurement. La relation au moment présent est essentielle aussi bien dans la dimension immédiate du geste que dans la dimension contemporaine, historique et esthétique. Enfin, l'invention de mouvements dans l'instant, la vigilance et l'engagement dont font preuve les improvisateurs, caractérisent leur facilité à être dans l'awareness

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer utgör idag den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor i Sverige och resterande världen. När kvinnor i fertil ålder insjuknar i bröstcancer är det viktigt för vårdgivaren att försöka finna förståelse för det komplexa skede i livet hon befinner sig i. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva fertila kvinnors erfarenheter i mötet med sjukvården efter en bröstcancerdiagnos. Metod: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har genomförts, baserad på sex bloggar. Den insamlade datan bestod av bloggar författade av fertila kvinnor med bröstcancer. Den huvudsakliga meningen med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys är att genom personliga texter erhålla medkänsla för en människas livsvärld. Resultat: Totalt hittades fyra kategorier; Integritet, Vill bli sedd, Bristande förtroende och Engagemang. Två av kategorierna delades in i subkategorier. Slutsats: Kvinnorna utmålade specifikt läkare gällande bemötanden som rörde en sårad integritet och känslan av att vara utlämnad. Alla kvinnorna ville ta del av ett möte som byggde på tillit och förtroende för vårdgivaren. Genom att vårdgivaren bekräftade kvinnan och visade förståelse för hennes upplevelser uppnåddes detta. Klinisk betydelse: Hur bröstcancer kan upplevas ur ett patientperspektiv är viktigt för vårdgivare att ta del av. Kunskap om kvinnornas erfarenheter kan fås genom bloggar vilket förhoppningsvis leder till ökad förståelse för vad patienten genomgår och förbättrad omvårdnad i framtiden. / Background: Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer among women in both Sweden and the rest of the world. When fertile women suffer from breast cancer, it is of utmost importance for the caregiver to seek understanding of the stage of life where she appears. Aim: This study aims to describe fertile women's experiences in the encounter with health care after a breast cancer diagnosis. Method: A qualitative content analysis based on six blogs. The collected data consisted of blogs written by reproductive women with breast cancer. The main purpose of a qualitative content analysis is to gain understanding of a person's inner thoughts and feelings through personal texts. Results: Four categories were found: Integrity, Want to be seen, Lack of trust and Commitment. Two of the categories were divided into subcategories. Conclusion: When the women described the negative aspects of the meeting with health care particularly doctors accounted for responses that were considered inadequate. All the women wanted to be a part of an encounter based on trust and faith in the caregiver. When the caregiver confirmed the woman and showed understanding of her experiences, this was achieved. Clinical significance: How breast cancer can be experienced from a patient perspective is important for caregivers to be aware of. The knowledge about their experiences, by using blogs, can hopefully lead to greater understanding of what the patient undergoes and hence an improved nursing in the future.

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Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-19T10:48:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samantha Verdi Figueira - 2014.pdf: 1208888 bytes, checksum: 9e0b3cc451a0348f01e26e1d1e9fabf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-26T14:34:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samantha Verdi Figueira - 2014.pdf: 1208888 bytes, checksum: 9e0b3cc451a0348f01e26e1d1e9fabf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T14:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samantha Verdi Figueira - 2014.pdf: 1208888 bytes, checksum: 9e0b3cc451a0348f01e26e1d1e9fabf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-07 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study was developted with the main object to evaluate the invasive ability, persitence and behavior of Salmonella Schwarzengrund in embryos and broiler chicks with one day of birth. Initially, 260 fertile eggs from broiler chicken were incubated e randomly distributed onto three different incubators. In the nineteenth day post incubation, the eggs were submited to candling and at the time 40 eggs were eliminated. The remaining eggs were distrubuted and 50 eggs were inoculated with 0,2 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% trough the air chamber and 50 eggs were inoculated with 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL of Salmonella Schwarzengrund trough the air chamber, 100 were incubated without treatment. After the eclosion, the one day-old chicks were equally distributed in four treatments, discriminated well below: T1 – feed control – 30 chicks from incubator number 1, and received 0,1 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% per g of feed; T2 – feed inoculated - 30 chicks from incubator number 1, received feed with 5,3 x 10 4/0,1mL/g of Salmonella Schwarzengrund in buffered saline 0,85% per g de of feed until the seventh day-old; T3- inoculated control trough air chamber -30 chicks from inoculated embryos with 0,2 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% trough the air chamber; T4- inoculated trough air chamber - 30 chicks from inoculated embryos with 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund in the air chamber. Salmonella Schwarzengrund was able to cause embryo mortality, enteric colonization, negatively influenced the weight gain, septicemic and enteric signs, with no correlation between the inoculation way. The bidrs shown clinical signs seen as feces adered to cloaca,diarrhea, prostration, decreased appetite, growth retardation and sleepness. The contamination determined higher weight and length of intestinal and liver with 25 days.Therefore is conclude that Salmonella Schwarzengrund is able to invade and persist in organs of inoculated air chamber embryo and one day old chicks contaminated feed. / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar a capacidade invasiva e a persistência da Salmonella Schwarzengrund em embriões e pintos de corte de um dia. Foram incubados, inteiramente ao acaso, 260 ovos férteis de frangos de corte em três incubadoras distintas. Com 19 dias de incubação fez-se a ovoscopia e, 40 ovos foram eliminados. O restante dos ovos foram distribuídos da seguinte maneira: 50 ovos foram inoculados com 0,2 mL de solução salina tamponada esterilizada 0,85% via câmara de ar, 50 ovos foram inoculados com 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund na câmara de ar e 100 foram incubados sem nenhum inóculo, para posterior inoculação nos pintos de um dia. Após a eclosão, os pintos de um dia foram distribuídos igualmente em quatro tratamentos, assim discriminados: T1 - controle da ração - constituído de 30 pintos livres de Salmonella, e receberam ração inoculada com 0,1 mL solução salina tamponada a 0, 85% por g de ração; T2 – inoculado ração - constituído de 30 pintos oriundos da incubadora 1, receberam ração com 5,3 x 10 4/0,1mL/g de Salmonella Schwarzengrund em solução salina tamponada 0, 85% por grama de ração até o sétimo dia de vida; T3- pintos controle oriundos da inoculação via câmara de ar ainda embriões -30 pintos oriundos de embriões inoculados com 0,2 mL de solução salina 0,85% tamponada, esterilizada na câmara de ar; T4- pintos contaminados câmara de ar ainda embriões- 30 pintos oriundos de embriões inoculados com 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund na câmara de ar. Salmonella Schwarzengrund foi capaz de causar a mortalidade embrionária, colonizar o intestino, influenciar negativamente o ganho de peso, determinar quadro septicêmico e entérico independente da via de inoculação. As aves apresentaram sinais clínicos como fezes aderidas à cloaca, diarreia, prostração, apetite diminuído, retardo no crescimento e sonolência. A contaminação determinou maior peso e comprimento do intestino e fígado com 25 dias. Conclui-se que Salmonella Schwarzengrund possui a capacidade invasiva e de persistência em aves oriundas da inoculação da câmera de ar e em pintos de um dia por ração contaminada.

The diploma thesis revises ten selected species of sphenopterid ferns of Carboniferous age deposited in the National Museum in Prague, the West-Bohemian Museum in Pilsen and the British Geological Survey in Keyworth, England. Sphenopterid ferns were studied based on reproductive organs aquired by maceration of coalified plant remains preserved as compressions. Sporangia and their annulus are important diagnostic features for individual genera and species of sphenopterid ferns and for selected species have not been described yet. Following species were studied: Boweria schatzlarensis, Myriotheca anglica, Renaultia crépini, Sturia amoena, Oligocarpia gutbiery, Zeilleria hymenophylloides, Zeilleria avoldensis, Discopteris sp. ("doubravensis"), Scolecopteris elegans a Waldenburgia corynepteroides. With the exception of Waldenburgia corynepteroides, Scolecopteris elegans, Zeilleria hymenophylloides and Zeilleria avoldensis species type material was studied. Maceration of sporangia of Boweria schatzlarensis showed presence of lateral annulus while in case of Myriotheca anglica the annulus is lateral or more likely of a special type, placed on both sides of the sporangia. Annulus type determination of Renaultia crépini also made possible to assign this species within the range of the genus Tenchovia and...

Hysterektomi är det vanligaste gynekologiska ingreppet som utförs på kvinnor världen över. Att operera bort det reproduktiva organet kan ha en stor påverkan på välbefinnandet hos kvinnor som genomgår ingreppet i fertil ålder. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av att genomgå en hysterektomi i fertil ålder. En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa artiklar genomfördes. Resultatet redovisas genom fem teman: Bristande information och kunskap, Att fatta beslutet, Nytt perspektiv på sexualitet och kvinnlighet, Förlust av fertilitet samt Stöd från partner efter ingreppet. I resultatet framkom kvinnors okunskap kring hysterektomi samt upplevelsen av vårdens bristfälliga informationsöverföring. Inför beslutet var det många av kvinnorna som led av så svåra symtom innan operationen att hysterektomi var en självklar utväg för en bättre livskvalitet. Upplevelsen av sexualitet och kvinnlighet var en subjektiv och individuell påföljd av operationen där kvinnor påverkades antingen negativt eller positivt. Förlusten av livmodern påverkade kvinnorna på olika sätt beroende på inställning till reproduktion. Partnerns stöd visade sig vara betydelsefullt för både kvinnans psykologiska välbefinnande och postoperativ återhämtning. Litteraturstudien bidrar till en ökad förståelse om de hysterektomerade kvinnornas erfarenheter i fertil ålder. För att optimera omvårdnaden av dessa patienter krävs förbättringar kring informationsöverföring samt uppföljning av kvinnans välbefinnande. / Hysterectomy is the most common gynecological surgery performed on women worldwide. Removing the reproductive organ while in a fertile age, can have a great influence on women’s wellbeing. The aim of this study was to illustrate women’s experiences of undergoing a hysterectomy while in a fertile age. A general literature study was conducted based on eight qualitative articles. The result is presented by five themes: Lack of information and knowledge, Decision-making, Sexuality and femininity in a new perspective, Loss of fertility and Support from partner after surgery. The result showed women’s ignorance about hysterectomy and the experience of inadequate information transfer within health care. Many women suffered from severe symptoms which made hysterectomy an obvious choice for a better quality of life. The experience of sexuality and femininity had a subjective and individual outcome after the surgery where all women were affected either negatively or positively. The experience of losing the uterus varied among the women, depending on attitude towards reproduction. This literature study contributes to an increased comprehension of the hysterectomized women’s experiences while in a fertile age. Information transfer and follow-ups regarding women’s well-being is in need to be improved to optimize the care of these patients.

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2013. / Lolu cwaningo luveza ingonyuluka ngelingafelwa nkonyane kwaMhlabuyalingana, umnotho kanye namasiko ale ndawo. Kubuye kubhekwe nemfuyo nokudla okuchuma kule ndawo. = This research demonstrates the core idea of the fertile land of abundance of KwaMhlabuyalingana, economy, culture and values of this area. Furthermore it also looks at how livestock and crops flourish in this area. Chapter one introduces the entire research and its aims. It also introduces the motive behind the research itself. It also gives the research methods used to accomplish the aims of the research and its scope of study generally. It also looks at who is going to benefit out of the research. It also displays the division of chapters and the conclusion of the first chapter. Chapter two widely displays heritage and values found in this area: mountain ranges, indigenous forests and rivers that beautify the area. In addition, it also gives types of grass that easily adapt in the area which assist in curing ailments in people and help them creating jobs through hand crafts. It also tells more about the types of crops that are cultivated in the area of Makhathini like cotton, maize, beans, cane and vegetables etcetera. Chapter three explains more about indigenous fruits which are found in this place. Where and when are found? What are they used for and how people benefit out of these plants. Chapter four deals with livestock. It looks at which livestock that can survive and flourish in this area. How can it be used and its breeding and methods to care for so that it can increase more. How to prevent them from different diseases during winter. Farmers need to be advised and workshop as to how to take care of their livestock. Chapter five deals with the analysis, recommendations and conclusion of the entire research and winding up of the whole work done and recommendations to be taken into consideration.