Thermal insulation materials made from natural fibrous materials, such as cellulose fibers, have advantages over others from a sustainability point of view. However, cellulosic materials are generally prone to mold and absorb moisture, and these have negative effects on the insulation properties, the durability of insulation materials, and interior air quality. In this thesis, cellulose-fiber-based insulation foams were prepared from bleached chemithermomechanical softwood pulp, and these foams showed promising thermal insulation properties and fungal resistance. Hydrophobic extractives were isolated from birch (Betula verrucosa) outer bark and used to improve the water resistance of the foams, which were impregnated in solutions of extractives and then dried. The modified foams showed greater water resistance, and the modification had no negative effects on the thermal insulation, fungal resistance, and compressive strength of the foams. Another potential problem with low density cellulosic thermal insulation materials is their poor reaction-to-fire properties. Cellulose-fiber-based insulation foams were prepared from formulations containing bleached chemithermomechanical softwood pulp and commercial fire retardants to improve the reaction of the foams to fire. Single-flame source test results showed that the foams containing 20% expandable graphite (20% EG) or 25% synergetic (25% SY) fire retardant had significantly improved reaction-to-fire properties and passed class E, which reflected that they can resist a small flame attack without substantial flame spreading for a short period according to EN 13501-1. Compared with the reference without any fire retardant, the peak heat release rate (Peak-HRR) of the 20% EG and 25% SY decreased by 62% and 39% respectively when the samples were subjected to a radiance heat flow of 25 kW m-2 in a Cone Calorimeter. The thesis demonstrates that it is possible to produce cellulose-fiber-based insulation materials with improved properties in terms of fungal, improved water resistance and reaction-to-fire properties. / <p>QC 20170428</p> / Energy-efficient cellulosic insulation products/panels for green building solutions

Paper making today is, to some extent, based on empirical knowledge. It is wellknown that fines, pH, charge and ion strength affect the manufacture of paper. One way of extending knowledge of the mechanisms of paper chemistry is to follow the trajectories of fines and additives in the paper suspension to gather information as to the manner in which they react. Four tracking algorithms adapted to the needs of this particular problem were implemented in order to track particles effciently. The tracking algorithms include two variants of the well-known "Lucas-Kanade algorithm" and template matching techniques based on cross-correlation and least squares matching. Although these techniques are similar in principle, the actual tracking can nevertheless differ; the Lucas-Kanade algorithms were found to be more invariant to noise, whereas the cross-correlation and least squares methods are more rapid to execute in Matlab. The tracking methods have been evaluated using a simulator to generate image sequences of synthetic particles moving according to Brownian motion. Tracking has also been evaluated on microscope images of real latex particles where the results have been compared to manual tracking. Tracking of both the simulated particles and the latex particles resulted in similar results when compared to known position and manual tracking, respectively. / Tillverkning av papper är till en viss del baserad på empirisk kunskap. Välkänt är att finmaterial, pH värde, laddning och jonstyrka påverkar de papperskemiska mekanismerna och därmed flertalet pappersegenskaper vid tillverkning av papper. En möjlighet att utveckla kunskaperna inom papperskemiska mekanismerar att studera finmaterial och additiv i en pappers suspension for att samla in informationom reaktionsmekanismer. Fyra trackningalgoritmer ar vidareutvecklade i syftet att möjliggöra studier kring papperskemiska mekanismer. Trackningalgoritmerna inkluderar två varianter av den välkända "Lucas-Kanade" algoritm och två template-baserade metoder: korskorrelation och minsta kvadratmetoden. Samtliga metoder bygger på samma princip, men trots detta kan resultaten från trackningen skilja mellan metoderna. Lucas-Kanade algoritmerna är mer oberoende av brus medan korskorrelationen och minsta kvadratmetoden exekveras snabbare i Matlab. Trackning metoderna utvärderades med hjälp av en simulator som genererar bildsekvenser av syntetiska partiklar med en Brownsk rörelse. Trackningen har även använts på mikroskopibilder av rörelsebanor på verkliga suspenderade latex partiklar, varvid trackningresultatet har jämförts med manuell trackning. De genererade bildsekvensernapa de simulerade partiklarna har kända rörelsebanor som är jämförbara med rörelsebanor for latex partiklarna.

Significant technological advances of the last years have been possible by developments in Optofluidics, which is a field that deals with the integration of optics and microfluidics into single devices. The work described in this thesis is based on five scientific publications related to the use of fiber optic technology to build integrated optofluidic devices. The first three publications are within the field of life-science and point towards in-vivo and point-of-care applications, whereas the last two publications cover the study and the use of plasmonic nanoparticles for electrical modulation of light. Aiming at developing useful tools for in-vivo biological applications, the first publication consists of designing and testing a functional optical fiber for real-time monitoring and selective collection of fluorescent microparticles. This probe relies on a microstructured optical fiber with a hole along its cladding, which is used to selectively aspirate individual particles of interest once their fluorescence signal is detected. On the same line of research, the second publication contemplates the fabrication of a fiber probe that traps single microparticles and allows for remote detection of their optical properties. This probe is also based on a microstructured fiber that enables particle trapping by fluidic forces. The third publication addresses the development of an all-fiber miniaturized flow cytometer for point-of-care applications. This system can analyze, with excellent accuracy and sensitivity, up to 2500 cells per second by measuring their fluorescence and scattering signal. A novel microfluidic technique, called Elasto-inertial microfluidics, is employed for aligning the cells into a single-stream to optimize detection and throughput. The fourth publication involves the experimental and theoretical study of the electrical-induced alignment of plasmonic gold nanorods in suspension and its applicability to control light transmission. This study is done by using an all-fiber optofluidic device, based on a liquid-core fiber, which facilitates the interaction of light, electric fields, and liquid suspensions. Results show that nanorods can be aligned in microseconds, providing a much better performance than liquid-crystal devices. Finally, the fifth publication consists of an upgrade of the previous device by integrating four electrodes in the cladding of the liquid-core fiber. This improvement enables nanosecond response time and the possibility of digitally switching nanorods between two orthogonal aligned states, overcoming the limitation of slow thermal relaxation. The work presented here shows that optofluidics based on optical fibers is a robust and convenient platform, as well as a promising direction for the developing of novel instruments in fields such as life-science, non-linear optics, plasmonic, and sensing. / <p>QC 20171018</p>

One of the main interests in commercial methane production is to maximize the gas yield, and it is thus appealing to use material with relative high methane potential. However, such material often results in process instability whereas ammonia inhibition is common. Removal of ammonia through adsorption is a fairly unexplored method in the field of biogas production, and could prove to be cost-effective.The adsorption capacity of pulp fibres from the paper making industry were investigated through batch adsorption experiments. Additionally, the fibres effect on small scale batch digesters in terms of methane production and cellulase activity was explored. Overall, the adsorption capacity of the pulp fibres was low, whereas Kraft hardwood had the highest adsorption capacity in both an aqueous ammonium solution and digester fluid at 11±3 and 60±20 mg g-1, respectively. The initial total ammonium nitrogen concentration had the highest effect on the adsorption capacity with a positive correlation. The pulp fibres seemingly had no effect on the ammonia inhibited anaerobic digestion systems. However, the cellulase activity was higher after day 5 in the anaerobic digestion systems with a high ammonia concentration.In essence, the overall results showed that the adsorption of the fibres was relatively low and most likely not suitable as a material to prevent ammonia inhibition in an AD.

Polysaccharides constitute an important source of raw materials for the packaging industry today. Polysaccharides have good natural barrier properties which are necessary for packaging films. Cellulose is the forerunner among renewable polymers for such applications. Hemicelluloses represent a new interesting breed of barrier materials. We have chosen to work with the hemicellulose O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (AcGGM). The high water solubility of this particular hemicellulose extracted from process waters is both an advantage and a limiting factor. However, through the right modification, the water sensitivity of AcGGM can be regulated. This thesis presents four ways to modify AcGGM: (i) benzylation, (ii) plasma surface treatment followed by styrene addition, (iii) vapor-phase (VP) surface grafting with styrene, and (iv) lamination of an unmodified film with a benzylated material. The most important methods of analysis of the films produced include contact angle measurement, dynamic mechanical analysis under moisture scan, and oxygen gas permeability measurement. It was found that unmodified AcGGM films have low oxygen permeability at intermediate relative humidity (50 % RH) and good dynamic mechanical properties over a wider humidity range. Films of benzylated material (BnGGM) exhibited a decrease in oxygen permeability at lower humidity but showed better tolerance to higher humidities and indicated better dynamic mechanical behavior than AcGGM films. Lamination proved to be the most promising technique of modification, combining the good gas barrier properties of AcGGM films with the moisture-insensitivity of the BnGGM films. / QC 20101117

The knowledge of kinetics of pyrolysis is important. It is also challenging to find parameters for kinetic which can be applied at different sizes of biomass. Many researchers have been investigating the pyrolysis behavior of wood powders due to heat and mass transfer limitations. They have also been focusing on determining the effects of feedstock characterization, residence time, gas environment, heating rate and the final temperature as well as the arrangement of the pyrolysis reactor and modeling of the kinetics. This project presents a qualitative understanding of the pyrolysis process based on data from slow heating rates. Samples of spruce chips at different masses, namely 4 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg and 800 mg and also 4 mg powder have been used in experiments with thermogravimetric analysis to understand the mass loss behavior. Furthermore, kinetic parameters for biomass are taken from literature and have been used in modeling to understand to which extent these parameters are different for different particle sizes. The kinetic model that is chosen to investigate in this project is where each component of biomass shows different characteristics during the thermal decomposition. The experimental results on wood chips at different sample masses show same behavior for all of them and there is no heat and mass transfer limitations. The results from experiments on powders shows different behavior than for chips at the end of the mass loss curve only. This means less char is produced for powders than it is for the chips. The results from modeling show that kinetic parameters such as activation energy and the prefactor are the same for both powders and chips. The only parameter that is different is the pre-determined char yield for hemicellulose second reaction. The kinetic model and the kinetic parameters used in this report are in good agreement to the experimental results. The model used, where each component show different behavior during its thermal decomposition and the final products are volatiles and char is a reliable model to describe the mass loss behavior of biomass. The difference in the experimental results between powders and chips can be explained by the modeling. It can be stated that the difference is in the char yield from thermal decomposition of hemicellulose. / Kunskap om kinetiken för pyrolysprocessen är viktig. Det är även en utmaning att finna parametrar för kinetiken som kan tillämpas till olika massor och storlekar av biomassa. Många forskare har undersökt pyrolys beteenden på bara träpulver på grund av värme- och massöverföring begränsningar. De har också fokuserat på att undersöka effekterna av råvara karakterisering, uppehållstid, gasmiljö, uppvärmningshastighet och den slutliga temperaturen samt arrangemanget av pyrolysreaktorn och modellering av kinetiken. I detta projekt presenteras en kvalitativ förståelse av pyrolysprocessen baserad på data från långsamma uppvärmningshastigheter. Prover av granflis vid olika massor; 4 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg och 800 mg och även 4 mg pulver har använts i experimenten med thermogravimetric analys för att förstå massförlust uppträdandet. Dessutom har kinetiska parametrar för biomassa tagits från litteratur och har använts i modelleringen för att förstå i vilken utsträckning dessa parametrar skiljer sig åt för pulver och flis. Den kinetiska modellen som har valts att undersökas i detta projekt är den där varje komponent av biomassa visar separata och olika egenskaper under termisk nedbrytning. De experimentella resultat på flis vid olika provmassorna uppvisar samma beteende för dem alla och det finns ingen värme- och massöverföringsbegränsningar. Resultaten från experiment på pulver visar annorluna beteende än för träflis endast i slutet av massförlust kurvan. Detta innebär att mindre kol produceras för pulver än vad det gör för flis. Resultaten från modelleringen visar att kinetiska parametrar såsom aktiveringsenergin och prefactor är densamma för båda pulver och flis. Den enda parameter som skiljer sig är den förutbestämda utbytet av kol för hemicellulosa’s andra reaktion. Den kinetiska modellen och kinetiska parametrar som används i denna rapport är i god överensstämmelse med de experimentella resultaten. Denna modell som används, där varje komponent visar enskilt beteende under dess termisk nedbrytning och slutprodukterna är bara gaser och kol, är en pålitlig modell för att beskriva beteendet för massförlust av biomassa. Skillnaden i de experimentella resultaten mellan pulver och flis kan förklaras av modelleringen. Det kan konstateras att skillnaden är i kol utbytet från sönderdelningen av hemicellulosa.

Paper materials have a long history of use in packaging products, although traditional paper-based packaging is limited in its shape and design. In order to enable more advanced paper-based packaging, various 3-D forming processes for paper materials have been studied. Since 3-D forming processes typically include the application of moisture and/or temperature, the effects of moisture and temperature on the mechanical response of paper have also been investigated. In Paper A, an experimental study of the combined effects of moisture and temperature on the uniaxial mechanical properties of paper was conducted. These experiments provided new insights into how moisture and temperature affect both the elastic and plastic properties of paper materials. These experiments also provided the framework from which the effects of moisture and temperature were modelled in Paper C. In Paper B, an explicit finite element model of the paperboard deep-drawing process was developed. An orthotropic material model with in-plane quadrant hardening was developed and verified for paper. The simulation results matched the trends from experimental deep-drawing up to when micro-scale wrinkling occured. Since most experimental failures occur prior to wrinkling, this model provided quantitative understanding of failure in the paperboard deep-drawing process. In Paper C, an explicit finite element model of paper hydroforming, utilizing the same material model for paper materials as in Paper B, was developed and verified. The simulation results matched well with experimental results, and a parametric study with the finite element model produced quantitative understanding of the hydroforming process for paper materials. Additionally, drying was identified as an important phenomenon for determining the extent of formability of paper materials. / Papper har länge använts som förpackningsmaterial men traditionella pappers- och kartongförpackningar är begränsade i form och design. Olika 3-D formnings processor har studerats för att möjliggöra mer avancerade pappersbaserade förpackningar. Effekterna av fukt och temperatur på pappers mekaniska egenskaper har också undersökts eftersom fukt och temperatur har stor betydelse för slutresultatet i 3-D formningsprocesser. I Artikel A har den kombinerade effekten av fukt och temperatur på de uniaxiella mekaniska egenskaperna av papper undersökts experimentellt. Dessa experiment visar hur fukt och temperatur påverkar både elastiska och plastiska egenskaper hos papper samt ligger till grund för modelleringen av inverkan av fukt och temperatur i Artikel C. I Artikel B har en explicit finita element modell för djupdragning av kartong utvecklas. En ortotropisk materialmodell baserad på en rektangulär flytyta har utvecklats och verifierats för kartong. Simuleringen följde trenderna i experimenten fram till den punkt där mikroskopiska rynkor bildas. Resultaten från analyserna med modellen ger kvantitativ förståelse för materialbrott i djupdragningsprocessen eftersom de flesta experimentella materialbrott inträffar innan mikroskopiska rynkor bildas. I Artikel C har ett explicit finita element modell av hydroformning av papper baserad på materialmodellen från Paper B utvecklats och verifierats mot experimentell hydroformning av papper. En parameterstudie med finitaelement-modellen producerade kvantitativ förståelse för hydroformningsprocessen för papper. Dessutom identifieras torkning som ett viktigt fenomen för att fastställa graden av formbarheten för pappersmaterial. / <p>QC 20150907</p>

In this report, the washing efficiency of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) from Norway spruce (Picea abies) was investigated when adjusting the temperature and pH during washing as well as implementing different number of wash steps. Concurrent effects of having a high pH and temperature were also examined. CTMP pulp has many uses, one of which is for the manufacturing of packaging board. Lately, this end product has seen a precipitous increase due to the increasing demand of an environmentally friendly alternative within the food packaging sector. A notorious problem associated with all mechanical pulps is how extractives are to a large extent still present after the pulping process, especially unsaturated lipids which are subject to oxidation. This results in the formation of odorous aldehydes that can be easily transferred into the food product, thus contaminating it by altering the perception of taste and odor. This is a frequent problem faced by the status quo liquid board industry. Washing is thus employed late downstream to lower the final wood resin content. Here, available literature has been collated for some basic introductory subjects such as softwood anatomy, wood resin and structures. All of this is described with a focus on softwood, leading up to a thorough breakdown of P. abies. Mechanical pulping and relevant deresination methods for CTMP production are also described, including washing. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the trends of the final resin concentration as the chosen parameters are altered during washing. The pulp was provided by Rottneros Mill and their industrial process was simulated by using a Büchner funnel for washing. A Soxhlet extractor was used for determining the final extractive contents. It was found that the implementation of additional wash steps reduced the final resin content (1–4 wash steps). The same was found with increasing temperature (60, 70, 80 and 90 °C). The implementation of a fourth wash step seemed to be more efficient at higher temperatures. No conclusions could be drawn from altering the pH due to scattered data points with high uncertainties (pH 7, 8 and 9). The results are limited in terms of significance and are also subject to bias. / I denna rapport undersöktes tvätteffektiviteten av kemitermomekanisk massa (CTMP, chemi-thermomechanical pulp) tillverkad från gran (Picea abies) och hur den påverkas vid justeringar av temperatur, pH och antal tvättsteg. Ytterligare undersöktes förekomsten av eventuella samverkande effekter vid högre temperatur och pH. CTMP-massa har många användningsområden, däribland vid produktion av vätskekartong. På sistone har efterfrågan av vätskekartong ökat markant som ett svar på en allt större strävan efter ett mer miljövänligt alternativ inom matförpackningssektorn. Ett välkänt problem associerat med mekanisk massatillverkning är den stora mängden exktraktivämnen som kvarhålls i den färdiga massan. En viss del av dessa extraktivämnen utgörs av fleromättade fetter vilket är benägna att genomgå oxidation. Detta leder i sin tur till bildandet av flyktiga aldehyder som kan föras vidare till matprodukten och ge dem förändrad smak och lukt; ett problem som dagens vätskekartongproducenter står inför. Tillgänglig litteratur har sammanställts, där en inledande teoridel beskriver koncept såsom anatomi, strukturer och extraktivämnen hos barrved. Teoridelen övergår därefter till att ge en mer detaljerad beskrivning av P. abies och dess extraktivinnehåll. Ytterligare beskrivs mekanisk massatillverkning över lag och metoder för att eliminera extraktivämnen under produktionen av CTMP-massa (inklusive tvättning). Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera de trender i den slutliga extraktivhalten då de valda parametrarna justeras under tvättning. Massan tillhandahölls av Rottneros Bruk och deras tvättningsprocess simulerades med hjälp av en Büchner-tratt. En Soxhlet-extraktor användes för att utvärdera den slutliga extraktivhalten. Det visade sig att vid varje insättning av ett ytterligare tvättsteg (1–4 tvättsteg) gav en lägre extraktivhalt hos CTMP-massan. Desamma gällde vid ökande temperatur (60, 70, 80 and 90 °C). Implementering av ett fjärde tvättsteg tycks vara mer effektivt vid högre temperaturer. Det kunde dock inte dras några slutsatser huruvida pH påverkade tvättningen då dessa mätvärden fick stor spridning med höga osäkerheter (pH 7, 8 och 9). Resultaten besitter begränsad signifikans och kan även ha blivit utsatta för bias.

Carbon fibers (CF) are a material with a composition of over 90% carbon, which has high mechanical properties and low density. This unique combination of properties makes it requirable in applications such as vehicles, aerospace, wind power, and space industries. Commercially made CF are made using the fossil raw material polyacrylonitrile (PAN). In order to make a more sustainable precursor fiber (PF), this project has focused on other raw materials; cellulose and lignin. The PFs were produced with a cellulose and lignin mixture (70:30 wt%). In order to make a more green production of PF, cold alkali system was used as the solution in conjunction with wet spinning with an acid:salt coagulation bath. The acid:salt baths used was the P system with phosphoric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADHP), and the S system with sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate with varying concentrations of both acid and salt. The objectives for this thesis was to evaluate the effect of the acid:salt coagulation bath composition, as well as the spin finish. This was done using tensile tests where Young’s modulus, strain to failure, and tensile strength (TS) were determined. The spin finish was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the P system had a significantly higher Youngs modulus and tensile strength compared to the S system, whilst the S system had a higher strain to failure. For the different concentrations of the S system, the tensile tests showed no significant difference between the concentrations. The fibers contained more phosphorus when ADHP was added to the spin finish, making them more flame retardant.

We are provided countless products from the forest industry and has been through many years. Paper, paper board, packaging materials and furniture to mention a few. A special type of paper used in food packaging for example, is greaseproof paper. Many producers of greaseproof papers use the toxic and harmful group of chemicals called per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in coating since they possess grease resistance. Nordic Paper is a manufacturer of iamKraft® kraft paper and greaseproof paper with over a hundred years of experience without the use of PFAS. Without PFAS, they instead rely on excess refining to form a very dense paper. Nordic Paper has decided to introduce the addition of eucalyptus fibers to the softwood sulfate pulp to enhance the formation of the paper. This study aims to investigate the effects of ~20% addition of eucalyptus fibers to softwood sulfate pulp in regard to refiner energy expended, air permeance (as a measure of grease resistance) and formation. Laboratory work has been done on hand made sheets with a vacuum suction box in laboratory scale. Eight different pulps (four with addition of eucalyptus), provided from Nordic Paper Seffle AB, Säffle, with different refining degree was used in this study. The vacuum pressure used was 20 kPa through all tests, with dwell times 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ms on sheets with a grammage of 50 g/m2. The study has shown that the pulp with ~20% addition of eucalyptus achieved 86°SR with only 82% expended energy relative to the softwood pulp, which had a refining degree of 87°SR. This small difference in refining degree led to a similar development in dewatering after 20 ms dwell time and 20 kPa, where the softwood pulp achieved a dryness of 9.2% and the pulp with addition of eucalyptus achieved 9.0% dryness. The formation of the softwood pulp was worse, which was the reason for the implementation of addition of eucalyptus. The air permeance on the other hand was not improved by the eucalyptus, but more data is needed to confirm since it is based on only one occasion. So, if the air permeance (grease resistance) allows, Nordic Paper Seffle AB may be able to save 20% in expended energy for refining of softwood sulfate pulp with addition of eucalyptus. / Vi tillhandahåller otaliga produkter från skogsindustrin och har gjort i många år. Papper, kartong, förpackningsmaterial och möbler för att nämna några. En speciell typ av papper som används i till exempel livsmedelsförpackningar är fettresistent papper. Många tillverkare av dessa papper använder den giftiga och skadliga gruppen av kemikalier som kallas per- och polyfluorerade alkylämnen (PFAS) i beläggning eftersom de har fettbeständiga egenskaper. Nordic Paper är en tillverkare av iamKraft® kraftpapper och ”greaseproofpapper” med över hundra års erfarenhet utan användning av PFAS. Utan PFAS förlitar de sig istället på extra malning av fibrer för att bilda ett mycket tätt papper. Nordic Paper har beslutat att införa tillsats av eukalyptusfibrer till sulfatmassa av barrved för att förbättra formationen på papperet. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka effekterna av ~20 % tillsats av eukalyptusfibrer till barrsvedssulfatmassan med avseende på förbrukad malningsenergi, luftpermeans (som ett mått på fettbeständighet) och formation. Laborationer har utförts på handgjorda ark med vakuumsuglåda i laboratorieskala. Åtta olika massor (fyra med tillsats av eukalyptus), tillhandahållna från Nordic Paper Seffle AB, Säffle, med olika malningsgrad användes i denna studie. Vakuumtrycket som användes var 20 kPa genom alla tester, med uppehållstider 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 och 20 ms på ark med en ytvikt på 50 g/m2. Studien har visat att massan med ~20% tillsats av eukalyptus uppnådde 86°SR med endast 82% förbrukad energi i förhållande till sulfatmassan, som hade en malningsgrad på 87°SR. Denna lilla skillnad i malningsgrad ledde till en liknande utveckling i avvattning efter 20 ms uppehållstid och 20 kPa, där sulfatmassan uppnådde en torrhalt på 9.2% och massan med tillsats av eukalyptus uppnådde 9.0% torrhalt. Formationen på sulfatmassan var sämre, vilket var anledningen till genomförandet av tillsats av eukalyptus. Luftpermeansen å andra sidan förbättrades inte av eukalyptusen, men mer data behövs för att bekräfta detta eftersom den enbart är baserad på ett enda tillfälle. Så om luftpermeansen (fettbeständigheten) tillåter kan Nordic Paper Seffle AB spara 20% i förbrukad energi för malning av barrvedssulfatmassa med tillsats av eukalyptus.