Magister Legum - LLM / That South African municipalities, in vast majority, are experiencing serious financial problems is well-known to anyone with an interest in local government sector. Given that, the study considers the role of the Auditor-General (AG) in promoting sound financial management in municipalities. The disciplinary perspectives from which the inquiry is considered are law and public administration. The context for this consideration is the North West, a province which is inundated by poorly performing municipalities that are literally on the brink of financial and operational collapse. The study proceeds from the premise that efficient financial management practices are essential to the long-term sustainability of municipalities. The role of the AG is key in this regard in that the latter is a watchdog over state coffers and the pivot of the oversight mechanism over the management of public finances. Furthermore, the AG strives to institutionalise and promote a culture of good governance, accountability and transparency in municipalities. It achieves this through routine auditing and provision of audit recommendations that seek to improve municipalities’ internal controls. However, this purpose gets undermined, and eventually defeated, in the instance where audit recommendations are being ignored. Of concern is that the non-implementation of audit recommendations has become a norm in most municipalities in the North West. The study has considerable breadth in its analysis of this problem by looking closely into three municipalities: Mahikeng, Ditsobotla and Tswaing. It is not immediately clear why this trend is emerging or has emerged. In that note, a resolve to embark on this study was impelled by a sense of commitment to try to understand the real issue behind this trend and to see how best it can be countered. This brings the study to then ask: How can the AG’s recommendations be better and adequately given effect in the North West municipalities? In response, it will be argued that this issue cannot be solved by the AG alone. What is needed, instead, is the development of an action plan, policy and institutional framework that will guide and facilitate the multi-agency approach and inter-institutional collaborations towards addressing the problem. Further argument will be advanced to say that the efforts undertaken to reconstitute and strengthen the legal framework governing the AG through the 2018 amendments to the Public Audit Act do not constitute a magic bullet solution to the dismal downward trajectory across the North West municipalities, as contemporary narratives seek to suggest.

O presente trabalho aborda os principais conceitos relacionados com as redes neurais artificiais, que são modelos baseados no comportamento do cérebro. As redes neurais artificiais assemelham-se ao cérebro quanto à obtenção do conhecimento através de um processo de aprendizado, e quanto ao uso da força de conexão interneurônio para armazenar o conhecimento, conhecida como peso sináptico. Existem vários modelos de redes neurais artificiais; os principais modelos são abordados neste trabalho. Estes modelos diferem-se quanto à arquitetura e processo de aprendizado. A escolha do processo de aprendizado é influenciada pela tarefa a ser realizada pela rede neural. Cada modelo de rede neural artificial é mais adequado para resolver um determinado tipo de problema. Sugerem-se alguns problemas na área de administração financeira para serem resolvidos pelo uso desta tecnologia, com a especificação de um determinado modelo, e ainda se propõe uma contribuição para um assunto específico na área de administração financeira: o processo de previsão de insolvência das organizações. / The present work addresses the main concepts related to artificial neural networks, which are models based on brain behavior. Artificial neural networks resemble the brain regarding acquisition of knowledge through a learning process, and regarding the use of interneuron connection strength to storing the knowledge, known as synaptic weight. There are various artificial neural network models, the main models are addressed in this work. These models differ regarding the architecture and learning process. The choice of learning process is influenced by task to be carried out by the neural network. Each artificial neural network model is suitable for solving a determined type of problem. Some problems in the area of financial administration are suggested for resolution by the use of this technology, specifying a determinated model, and yet intend a contribution to a specific subject in the area of financial administration: the process of forecasting of insolvency of organizations.

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This thesis seeks to examine the political and administrative organisations of al-Andalus during the period of the Almohads. It employs close analysis of the sources in order to explore how the Almohad government system worked and to identify the extent of the development and the efficiency of its structures during the period. Each chapter focuses on a specific part of this system. Chapter I examines the founding of the political organs established by the founder of the Almohad movement, Ibn Tūmart, and the reforms made by his successor, the founder of the empire, ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Chapter II discusses the administrative political system of al-Andalus, especially the administrative divisions of the provinces, and the political structure of the government, represented by the governors and the kuṭṭāb. Chapter III examines the financial institutions and its structures, such as the ʿāmil, the mushrif, and the ṣāḥib al-aʿmāl, in addition to the Almohad sikka and its development. Chapter IV, the final chapter, studies the judicial system and highlights its religious functions.

This diploma thesis is aimed at Electronic register (records) of sales especially evaluation of the process of implementation and realization of the EET in a selected region of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is dedicated to the study of theoretical knowledge. There is described a trade, trading systems, wholesale, retail, hospitality, tourism, sales, electronic register (records) of sales and marketing research. The practical part is concentrated on the research by questionnaire research, which are fill by entrepreneurs from the South Bohemian Region, controlled depth interviews with entrepreneurs from the South Bohemian Region and with representatives from the Financial and Customs Administration, who oversee the EET control. Finally, suggestions for improvement are made on the basis of questionnaires and depth interviews.

This thesis deals with the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information between the Czech Republic and the United States of America for tax purposes commonly known as FATCA - Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. At first, the Thesis describes the basics of international information exchange and then Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information FATCA in relation to the impact on Czech Republic. More detailed is discussed legislation - Dohoda FATCA and Lex FATCA, which became part of Czech Legal System in 2014. Aim of the Thesis is the analysis of the implementation process of Dohoda FATCA and the following legislative documents in first years of its validity, and therefore is in the next part the organizational integration of FATCA in Financial Administration of the Czech Republic discussed. Last part analyses the identified issues of implementation and proposes its solution. In context of current development in area of international information exchange of financial accounts, there is also connection to common standard, OECD - Common reporting standard, mentioned.

The thesis explains the need for a high level of transparency in the state administration on a concrete example of administrative practice - using of hedge commands by the financial administration. For explanation, the hedge command is is the ultima ratio tool in the area of the tax administration. The topic was widely publicized and, in particular, the cases of liquidation effects of the hedge commands on some entrepreneurs and cases where the courts decided against financial administration. The mistrust that has arisen in using of this tool is considered a public-political problem in the text. The thesis examines the trustworthiness of the state institution in connection with the degree of transparency. It deals with the influence of the bureaucracy on the state administration, with the accountability of the state officials and with the concept of good governance, on which the need for transparency proves. The multiple case study in the empirical part of the thesis presents five selected critical cases of the use of the hedge command, when the courts decided in favor of the companies. A document analysis was used to describe the cases, especially court judgments, also news and reports. The expert survey then offers a view of experts on the given issue. The primary data was obtained through eight...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Nenhuma / A Lei nº 9.249/95, simultaneamente, extinguiu o processo de correção monetária dos balanços e, como forma de compensar, permitiu que as empresas procedessem à remuneração dos investimentos dos sócios ou acionistas, através de pagamento ou crédito de juros calculados sobre o valor do patrimônio líquido. Os juros sobre o capital próprio trazem benefícios às empresas, pois podem ser considerados como despesa financeira e são dedutíveis para fins de tributação da pessoa jurídica. A partir dessa alteração na legislação criaram-se novas oportunidades para estudos na área de estrutura de capital. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal verificar a influência dos juros sobre o capital próprio nas decisões de estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras listadas na Bovespa. Para tanto, identificaram-se os principais determinantes da estrutura de capital e analisou-se a relação dos juros sobre o capital próprio, além dos demais determinantes da estrutura de capital (tamanho, rentabilidade, oportunidade de inves / The Law 9.249/95 has abolished the process of monetary correction of balances sheets. As a way of compensating, it has simultaneously allowed the companies to reward their shareholders by paying or crediting interests calculated on the value of equity. The interests on own capital bring benefits to the companies, since they can be considered as a financial expense and are tax-deductible for corporate entities. This change in legislation has created new opportunities for studies in the field of capital structure. This study aims at investigating which influence the interests on own capital exert on the capital structure decisions of Brazilian companies listed on Bovespa. Therefore, the main determinants of the capital structure were identified. Then, the relation between the interests on own capital as well as the other determinants of the capital structure (size, profitability, investment opportunity, risk, sales growth, real interest rate and real exchange rate) on the one hand and the firms’ indebtedness o

Este trabalho teve como propósito apresentar e analisar a relação entre liquidez e rentabilidade das empresas sob a ótica do modelo dinâmico. Para tanto, recorreu-se à revisão bibliográfica do modelo dinâmico que foi introduzido no Brasil pelo professor francês Michel Fleuriet que atuou na década de 70 na Fundação Dom Cabral. Este modelo que tem como objetivo analisar o investimento em capital de giro e sua administração, além de retomar o tema da liquidez permitiu avaliar a tomada de decisões das empresas, bem como revelar diretrizes para o futuro a partir da reclassificação do balanço patrimonial e isolamento de três variáveis chaves - a necessidade de capital de giro (NCG), o capital de giro (CDG) e o saldo de tesouraria (ST) - cuja combinação culminou na identificação de seis tipos de estruturas financeiras. Deste modo o modelo dinâmico, mudou o enfoque da análise tradicional voltada para o aspecto de solvência e descontinuidade dos negócios, para uma análise dinâmica voltada para a real situação de liquidez da empresa e integrada a sua dinâmica operacional. Assim, para fins de avaliação da liquidez, esta pesquisa optou pela utilização do modelo dinâmico e para a avaliação da rentabilidade foram utilizados os indicadores tradicionais de rentabilidade: margem líquida (ML), retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido (ROE) e retorno sobre o ativo total (ROA). Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram utilizados dados secundários através de pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta dos demonstrativos contábeis consolidados de final de ano de 16 empresas do subsetor econômico tecidos, vestuário e calçados atuando no Brasil no período entre janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2006 e que tinham suas ações listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa). A partir da reclassificação desses demonstrativos e cálculo das variáveis chaves do modelo dinâmico foi possível constatar o predomínio do tipo 3 de estrutura financeira para a maioria das empresas analisadas, ou seja, aquele que indica o uso de empréstimos de curto prazo como complemento dos recursos de longo prazo no financiamento das necessidades de capital de giro. Com relação à análise da rentabilidade, verificou-se que metade das empresas analisadas não apresentou um bom desempenho, considerando a freqüência de indicadores negativos na média do período analisado. Por fim, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o pressuposto teórico entre liquidez e rentabilidade não pode ser confirmado na prática da maioria das empresas analisadas, isto porque não foi possível observar uma relação direta entre a rentabilidade expressa pelos indicadores tradicionais propostos e a participação de capital de terceiros expressa pelo saldo de tesouraria negativo. Neste caso, a rentabilidade variou mais estritamente em função do desempenho em gerar vendas e administrar os custos e despesas do que do risco de maior ou menor liquidez assumido pelas empresas analisadas. / This work had as purpose to present and to analyze the relationship between liquidity and profitability of the companies under the dynamic model\'s optic. For so much, it was used the bibliographical revision of the dynamic model that it was introduced in Brazil by the french teacher Michel Fleuriet that worked in the 70s in the Fundação Dom Cabral. This model that has as objective analyzes the investment in working capital and its administration, besides retaking the liquidity theme it allowed to evaluate the companies\' decision taking, as well as to reveal guidelines for the future starting from the reclassification of the balance sheet and isolation of three keys variables - the working capital requirement, the working capital and the treasury balance - whose combination culminated in the identification of six types of financial structures. This way the dynamic model, changed the focus of the traditional analysis returned for the solvency aspect and discontinuity of the businesses, for a dynamic analysis returned for to real situation of company liquidity and integrated its operational dynamics. Like this, for ends of liquidity evaluation, this research opted for the use of the dynamic model and for the profitability evaluation the traditional profitability indicators were used: liquid margin, return on equity (ROE) and return on total assets (ROA). For the development of this research secondary data were used through bibliographical research and collection of the demonstrative accounting consolidated of year end of 16 companies of the economical subsector woven, clothing and shoes acting in Brazil in the period of January from 1997 to December of 2006 and that they had their stocks listed in the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa). Starting from the re-classification of those demonstrative and calculation of the key variables of the dynamic model was possible to verify the prevalence of the type 3 of financial structure for most of the analyzed companies, that is, which indicates the use of short-term debt as complement of the resources of long-term in the financing of the working capital requirements. Regarding profitability analysis, it was verified that the companies didn\'t present a good performance, considering the frequency of negative indicators in the average of the analyzed period. Finally, the obtained results demonstrated that the trade-off between liquidity and profitability cannot be confirmed in practice of most of the analyzed companies, this because it wasn\'t possible to observe a direct relationship among the expressed profitability for the proposed traditional indicators and the participation of capital of the others expressed by negative treasury balance. In this case, the profitability varied more strictly in function of the performance in to generate sales and to manage the costs and expenses than of the larger risk or smaller liquidity assumed by the analyzed companies.

政府預算是政府施政的參考，民主國家的民意機關無不以控制預算，做為 監督行政機關的重 要手段。政府預算對納稅義務人而言，具有最直接的 影響；行政機關是否以人民的福祉作為最高目標，總決算可以將一切透明 化。因此，研究政府歷年預決算，以了解政府預算執行效能，遂成為本文 撰寫的動機。本文首先探討我國、美國（總統制）、日本（內閣制）的財 務機關，比較其預算籌編的權限；並且研析先進國家如何統一事權，以增 進財務行政效能，同時提供我國主計處作為改革的參考。繼之，分析我國 、美國（總統制）、日本（內閣制）的預算週期，預算週期是預算籌編、 審議、執行、決算等步驟的總和，預算週期中可以明瞭行政、立法兩部門 權力的消長；透過研究外國預算週期的長處，可以提供我國增進預算執行 效能的參考。最後，實際探討我國各級政府（中央政府、各級地方政府） ，民國７６∼８０年預算執行效能，並分析各級政府預算效能低落的原因 ，同時建議政府未來改革參考。本文的研究發現：各級政府因為行政資源 豐沛程度不一，所以，財務行政效能也有相當差異，中央政府因為擁有完 整的行政資源，其預算執行效能，較各級地方政府為優；資本支出的運用 效率，也是以中央政府與較高層級之地方政府為優，除了近年重大公共建 設陸續推動外，中央政府也因具有較完備的法令，而在資本支出的運用較 其他各級政府為優。層級越高的政府則對預算經費的估列，有較佳的預估 能力，以致於經資門的差異能較合理。資本門的保留狀況，地方政府有逐 年遞增的趨勢，使得資本支出的運用有惡化的現象，地方建設的延遲發包 及工程進度的落後，都使得地方民眾的權益受損；多數地方政府並未確實 辦理歲出應付款，省政府與各縣市政府的權責發生轉入數及未結清數，正 逐年增加中。 ~i;