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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Análise do comportamento experimental e numérico de prismas de alvenaria estrutural utilizando o elemento finito prismático regular parabólico /

Albertini, Maicon Marino. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Rogério de Oliveira Rodrigues / Banca: Jefferson Sidney Camacho / Banca: Marcio Roberto Silva Correa / Resumo: Com a expansão da Engenharia de Estruturas e os diferentes sistemas construtivos que vêm ao longo dos anos surgindo na indústria da construção civil, o Engenheiro Estrutural necessita incorporar a análise numérica como uma ferramenta de trabalho usual, de modo a manter a qualidade e a competitividade de seu trabalho, ainda que a análise dos projetos em alvenaria estrutural tenha sua modelagem bastante simples. A princípio, as ferramentas computacionais que buscam traduzir a realidade do comportamento deste método construtivo devem ser incorporadas como parte essencial ao auxílio no desenvolvimento destes projetos. Embasando-se neste princípio, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a simulação numérica do comportamento não-linear físico de prismas, vazios e cheios com graute, de alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações verticais. A discretização estrutural é feita por meio do Método dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando elementos prismáticos regulares parabólicos com vinte nós, simulando as partes do bloco de concreto (14 x 19 x 29 cm), as aberturas que receberão o graute e as juntas de argamassa, permitindo assim a modulação tridimensional dos prismas, bem como a introdução separada do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, do graute e da argamassa. Como parte integrante deste trabalho está a dedução do elemento finito a ser utilizado na discretização do prisma e para a consideração da não-linearidade física dos materiais utiliza-se o critério de Mohr-Coulomb, permitindo representar a diminuição da rigidez em função da ruptura do material. O programa desenvolvido foi utilizado para a simulação de vários ensaios realizados no NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, cujos resultados apresentados são bastante satisfatórios. / Abstract: With the expansion of the structures engineering and the different constructive systems that have been appearing as the years pass by in the industry of the building site, the structural engineer needs to incorporate the numeric analysis as an usual tool of work in a way to keep the quality and the competitiveness of his work, although the analysis of the projects in structural masonry is quite simple as modeling. At first, the computational tools that try to translate the reality of the behavior of this constructive method should be incorporate as an essential part to the aid in the development of these projects. Based on this idea, the present work main goal is the numeric simulation of the nonlinear physicist behavior of prisms, empty and full of concrete, of structural masonry submitted to vertical actions. The structural discretization is made by the Finite Elements Method, using prismatic elements with twenty joints, simulating the parts of the concrete block (14 x 19 x 29 cm), the openings that will receive the graute and the mortar joints, which allows the three-dimensional modulation of the prisms, as well as the separated introduction of the module of elasticity of the concrete block, of the concrete and of the mortar. A part of this work is the deduction of the finite element that will be used in the discretization of the prism. For the consideration of the nonlinear physics of the materials, the criterion of Mohr-coulomb will be used, permitting to represent the decrease of the rigidity in function of the rupture of the material. The developed program was used for the simulation of several rehearsals accomplished in NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, whose presented results are quite satisfactory. / Mestre
72

Méthode des éléments naturels appliquée aux problèmes électromagnétiques : développement d’un outil de modélisation et de conception des dispositifs électriques / Natural elements method applied to electromagnetic problems : development of a modeling tool for electric devices conception

Botelho, Diego Pereira 18 December 2015 (has links)
Afin de surmonter les difficultés de la méthode des éléments finis (MEF) liées à la forte dépendance de la solution au maillage, des méthodes sans maillage ont été développées durant les 20 dernières années. Ces techniques ont l’avantage de procurer des approximations très régulières, capables de répondre de manière plus satisfaisante aux exigences croissantes des applications. Cependant, certaines caractéristiques intrinsèques à la plupart de ces approches rendent leur mise en œuvre difficile : souvent des techniques supplémentaires spécifiques doivent être mises en place pour imposer les conditions aux limites et traiter les discontinuités physiques. Récemment, la méthode des éléments naturels (MEN) est apparue, se basant sur les concepts de diagramme de Voronoï et de voisins naturels. C’est une approche capable d’associer les avantages d’une approximation très régulière propre aux méthodes sans maillage et une mise en œuvre quasiment identique à la MEF. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude et le développement de la MEN dédiée aux applications du génie électrique. Le but principal de ce travail exploratoire est l’étude des limitations ainsi que des avantages et du potentiel de la MEN et ses concepts sous-jacents. Les analyses de performances de la méthode sont présentées. Sur les points ouverts tels que l’intégration numérique, la montée en ordre et l’interpolation vectorielle, des développements originaux sont proposés. / In order to overcome the limitations related to the finite element method’s (FEM) narrow dependency of the solution on the mesh, meshless or meshfree methods were developed over the last 20 years. These techniques present the advantage of yielding very smooth approximations, being able to respond more adequately to the increasing demands of applications. However, some intrinsic features of most of these approaches make the implementation difficult, often requiring additional specific techniques for the imposition of the boundary conditions and the treatment of physical discontinuities. Recently, the natural element method (NEM) was developed. This approach, based on the Voronoi diagram and the “natural neighbors” concepts, combines the advantages of very smooth approximations and a FEM-like implementation. This thesis focuses on the study and development of the NEM, dedicated to electrical engineering applications. The main purpose of this exploratory work is the study of the limitations, benefits and the potential of the NEM and its underlying concepts. Several analyses of NEM’s performance are presented. As far as the numerical integration, higher order approximations and the vector interpolation are concerned, original developments are proposed.
73

Modélisation multiéchelle du comportement mécano-biologique de l’os humain : de l’ultrastructure au remodelage osseux / Multiscale modeling of mechano-biological behavior of human bone : form ultrastructure to bone remodeling

Barkaoui, Abdelwahed 14 December 2012 (has links)
L’os est un matériau vivant avec une structure hiérarchique complexe qui lui confère des propriétés mécaniques remarquables. L’os subit perpétuellement des contraintes mécaniques et physiologiques, ainsi sa qualité et sa résistance à la fracture évoluent constamment au cours du temps à travers le processus de remodelage osseux. La qualité osseuse est non seulement définie par la densité minérale osseuse mais également par les propriétés mécaniques ainsi que la microarchitecture. Dans le cadre de la présente thèse, on a développé une modélisation multiéchelle unifiée couplant à la fois les activités cellulaires au comportement mécanique de l'os tenant compte des différents niveaux hiérarchiques de l'os: de l’ultrastructure au remodelage osseux. Ce modèle permet d’étudier le comportement mécano-bibliologique de l’os et de prédire ses propriétés mécaniques apparentes à différentes échelles allant du nanoscopique au macroscopique en fonction des constituants élémentaires de l'os. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une démarche en quatre phases a été adoptée. La première phase consiste à décrire les constituants élémentaires de l’os. La deuxième phase avait pour objectif la modélisation multiéchelle de l'ultrastructure osseuse constituée de trois échelles nanoscopiques (microfibrille, fibrille et fibre) par la méthode des éléments finis et des réseaux de neurones. La troisième phase correspond à la modélisation des échelles micro-macroscopiques de l’os cortical (lamelle, ostéon, os cortical) en utilisant comme paramètres d’entrée les propriétés de la fibre déterminées dans la deuxième phase. Enfin, dans la dernière phase, on a développé un modèle mécano-biologique du remodelage osseux permettant de simuler le processus d'adaptation osseuse tenant compte explicitement des activités biologiques des cellules osseuses. Les propriétés mécaniques prédites par nos algorithmes multiéchelles ont servi pour alimenter le modèle de remodelage. Ce modèle a été implémenté au code de calcul d’éléments finis ABAQUS/Standard à travers sa routine utilisateur UMAT. Finalement, le modèle EF mécano-biologique multiéchelle du remodelage osseux a été appliqué pour simuler différents scénarii de remodelage sur des fémurs humains (2D et 3D). Différents facteurs ont été ainsi analysés tels que l'âge, le genre, l'amplitude des activités physiques, etc. Les résultats obtenus sont conformes (qualitativement) avec les observations cliniques et cohérents avec les différentes études expérimentales. En conclusion: (i) Les modèles unifiés ainsi développés (modèle multiéchelle, modèle mécano-biologique de remodelage osseux) contribuent à l'analyse fine du comportement de l'os humain. (ii) L'application des algorithmes a permis d'effectuer des essais virtuels pour analyser les effets combinés de nombreux facteurs caractérisant la qualité osseuse. / Bone is a living material with a complex hierarchical structure which entails exceptional mechanical properties. Bone undergoes permanent mechanical and physiological stresses, thus its quality and fracture toughness are constantly evolving over time through the process of bone remodeling. Bone quality is not only defined by bone mineral density but also by the mechanical properties and microarchitecture. The current thesis offers a multiscale modeling approach unifying the cell activity to the mechanical behavior, taking into consideration the hierarchical levels of bone, from the ultrastructure to bone remodeling. This model permits to study the mechanobiological behavior and to predict the mechanical properties of the bone at different scales from nano to macro depending on the elementary constituents of bone. To achieve the objective of the current work, an approach of four phases was adopted. The first phase is to describe the basic components of the bone. The second phase concerns the multiscale modeling of the three nanoscopic levels of bone ultrastructure (microfibril, fibril and fiber) by the finite element method and neural networks. The third phase aims to model the micro-macroscopic structures of cortical bone (lamella, osteon, cortical bone) using the fiber properties predicted from the second phase as input parameters. In the last phase, a mechano-biological model of bone remodeling was achieved to simulate the process of bone adaptation explicitly considering the biological activities of bone cells. Mechanical properties predicted by our multiscale algorithms were used to feed the remodeling model. This model has been implemented into the ABAQUS/Standard finite elements code as a user subroutine. Finally, the finite element mechano-biological multiscale model of bone remodeling was applied to simulate different scenarios on human femurs (2D and 3D). Hence, different factors such as: age, gender, physical activities, etc were analyzed. The obtained results are conformed (qualitatively) to clinical observations and consistent with the various experimental studies. In summary, (i) the models portrayed here (multiscale model, mechanical-biological model of bone remodeling) contribute by their unified approach to the realistic modeling of the response of human bone. (ii) The application of the algorithms permits to perform virtual experiments to scrutinize the combined effects of numerous factors dictating the bone quality.
74

Contribution au prototypage virtuel 3D par éléments finis de composants magnétiques utilisés en électronique de puissance / Contribution to the 3D virtual prototyping by finite elements method of magnetics components used in power electronics

Havez, Léon 06 July 2016 (has links)
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire concerne le prototypage virtuel 3D des composants électromagnétiques d’électronique de puissance, par la technique des éléments finis. La démarche correspond à la volonté de disposer d’outils de simulation multiphysiques 3D toujours plusperformants, notamment dans le contexte de l’intégration en électronique de puissance. Il s’agit de mettre au point des méthodes et desprocédures adaptées à la caractérisation d’inductances, de transformateurs ou de coupleurs multiphasés haute fréquence, dans unenvironnement de conversion statique, avec des formes d’onde de tension et de courant non sinusoïdales. Cela nécessite de connaître le comportement harmonique des composants électromagnétiques sur une large gamme de fréquence, et de tenir compte des spécificités de réalisation comme l’utilisation de bobinages en technologie feuillard ou planar et de noyaux magnétiques en matériaux ferrite. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, une analyse des limitations actuelles des modèles analytiques et numériques des composants magnétiques HF en électronique de puissance est faite afin de définir les besoins les plus importants qui seront par la suite abordés. Dans cette optique, le choix de la plateforme ouverte de simulation multiphysique en 3D, par éléments finis, COMSOL Multiphysics, a été fait. En effet, l’objectif ici n’est pas de développer un nouveau code de calcul mais de mettre au point un outil de simulation adapté aux problématiques rencontrées en électronique de puissance. Le deuxième chapitre aborde le point très important de la détermination des pertes cuivre HF en tenant compte des effets fréquentiels tels que les effets de peau et de proximité. La problématique des bobinages feuillards ou planars est résolue par l’utilisation d’éléments coques spécifiques. Le troisième chapitre traite de la détermination despertes fer, à haut niveau d’excitation et pour des formes d’onde de champ non sinusoïdales. Sur la base d’abaques de densités de pertesfournies par les constructeurs de matériaux, deux méthodes de calcul sont proposées, l’une en cours de traitement et l’autre en posttraitement. La prise en compte de la non-linéarité est analysée ainsi que la problématique de l’existence localisée de champs tournants. Le quatrième chapitre aborde l’extraction virtuelle des paramètres électriques des composants électromagnétiques multiphasés et la définition de matrices d’impédances (inductances et résistances propres et mutuelles), en fonction de la fréquence. A l’exception des pertes fer non prise en compte ici, cette formalisation permet de traduire finement le comportement harmonique large bande des composants multiphasés. Finalement, le cinquième chapitre propose trois exemples d’utilisation de ce nouvel outil. Le premier exemple aborde ledimensionnement optimal et la caractérisation virtuelle d’un coupleur triphasé de forte puissance. Le deuxième exemple montre l’intérêt dela modélisation harmonique sous la forme de matrices impédances pour simuler le comportement d’un coupleur hexaphasé in-situ dans unconvertisseur de puissance. Enfin le troisième exemple montre la possibilité de lancer des campagnes d’études paramétriques automatisées pour étudier l’évolution d’un ou plusieurs paramètres dimensionnant afin de calculer des tables de réponses d’aide au dimensionnement. / The work presented in this thesis deals with the 3D virtual prototyping of electromagnetic components used in power electronics thanks to the finite element method. The approachfollows the desire to have an always more and more powerfull 3D multiphysics simulation tools, especially in the context of power electronics integration. It consists indeveloping adapted methods and procedures to characterize inductors, transformers or multiphase highfrequency InterCell Transformers (ICT), in a static conversion environment, in which voltage and current waveforms are non-sinusoidal. This requires the knowledge of the harmonic behavior of electromagnetic components over a wide frequencyrange, and to take into account the realization specificities such as the use of foil or planar windings technology and the use of ferrite magnetic cores. In the first chapter of this thesis, an analysis of today's analytical and numerical models limitations of HF power electronics magnetic components is made in order to identify the most important needs that will be addressed later. In this context, the choice of the open platform for multiphysics simulation in 3D finite element, COMSOL Multiphysics, has been done. Indeed, the aim here is not to develop a new calculation code but to offer an appropriate simulation tool to face the problems encountered in power electronics. The second chapter broaches the very important issue of determining the HF copper losses by taking into account frequency phenonema such as skin and proximity effects. The problem of foils planar windings is resolved by the use of specific shell elements. The third chapter concerns the determination of iron losses under high level supply and non-sinusoidal waveforms. Based on losses densities charts provided by the materials manufacturers, we propose two calculation methods: one in ongoing-processing and another in post-processing. The consideration of the nonlinearity is analyzed and the problem of the existence of localized rotating fields. The fourth chapter discusses the virtual extraction of the electrical parameters of multiphase electromagnetic components and the definition of frequency depedant impedance matrices (self and mutual inductances and resistances). Except for iron losses that are not taken int account here, this formalization can fine translate the broadband harmonic behavior of multiphase components. Finally, the fifth chapter presents three examples of practical application of this new tool. The first example discusses the optimal design and virtual characterization of a high power three-phased ICT. The second example shows the interest of modeling harmonic impedances in the form of matrices to simulate the behavior of a six-phased ICT in situ in a power converter. Finally, the third example shows the ability to run automated parametric study campaigns to study the evolution ofone or more sizing parameters to calculate response tables to help the designing.
75

Análise do comportamento experimental e numérico de prismas de alvenaria estrutural utilizando o elemento finito prismático regular parabólico

Albertini, Maicon Marino [UNESP] 07 August 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albertini_mm_me_ilha.pdf: 2303245 bytes, checksum: c14d533b938e84bf6737aaa9c820ad09 (MD5) / Com a expansão da Engenharia de Estruturas e os diferentes sistemas construtivos que vêm ao longo dos anos surgindo na indústria da construção civil, o Engenheiro Estrutural necessita incorporar a análise numérica como uma ferramenta de trabalho usual, de modo a manter a qualidade e a competitividade de seu trabalho, ainda que a análise dos projetos em alvenaria estrutural tenha sua modelagem bastante simples. A princípio, as ferramentas computacionais que buscam traduzir a realidade do comportamento deste método construtivo devem ser incorporadas como parte essencial ao auxílio no desenvolvimento destes projetos. Embasando-se neste princípio, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a simulação numérica do comportamento não-linear físico de prismas, vazios e cheios com graute, de alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações verticais. A discretização estrutural é feita por meio do Método dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando elementos prismáticos regulares parabólicos com vinte nós, simulando as partes do bloco de concreto (14 x 19 x 29 cm), as aberturas que receberão o graute e as juntas de argamassa, permitindo assim a modulação tridimensional dos prismas, bem como a introdução separada do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, do graute e da argamassa. Como parte integrante deste trabalho está a dedução do elemento finito a ser utilizado na discretização do prisma e para a consideração da não-linearidade física dos materiais utiliza-se o critério de Mohr-Coulomb, permitindo representar a diminuição da rigidez em função da ruptura do material. O programa desenvolvido foi utilizado para a simulação de vários ensaios realizados no NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, cujos resultados apresentados são bastante satisfatórios. / With the expansion of the structures engineering and the different constructive systems that have been appearing as the years pass by in the industry of the building site, the structural engineer needs to incorporate the numeric analysis as an usual tool of work in a way to keep the quality and the competitiveness of his work, although the analysis of the projects in structural masonry is quite simple as modeling. At first, the computational tools that try to translate the reality of the behavior of this constructive method should be incorporate as an essential part to the aid in the development of these projects. Based on this idea, the present work main goal is the numeric simulation of the nonlinear physicist behavior of prisms, empty and full of concrete, of structural masonry submitted to vertical actions. The structural discretization is made by the Finite Elements Method, using prismatic elements with twenty joints, simulating the parts of the concrete block (14 x 19 x 29 cm), the openings that will receive the graute and the mortar joints, which allows the three-dimensional modulation of the prisms, as well as the separated introduction of the module of elasticity of the concrete block, of the concrete and of the mortar. A part of this work is the deduction of the finite element that will be used in the discretization of the prism. For the consideration of the nonlinear physics of the materials, the criterion of Mohr-coulomb will be used, permitting to represent the decrease of the rigidity in function of the rupture of the material. The developed program was used for the simulation of several rehearsals accomplished in NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, whose presented results are quite satisfactory.
76

Análise numérica e experimental dos efeitos da não-uniformidade da espessura em cascas finas cilíndricas rotativas. / Numerical and experimental analysis of the thickness non-uniformity effects in rotating circular cylindrical shells.

Marco Antonio Brujas 17 May 2007 (has links)
Cascas cilíndricas circulares com uma pequena variação de espessura ao longo de seu comprimento, quando submetidas à rotação, apresentam em alguns casos, deslocamentos elásticos de sua superfície externa, tendendo a uma forma de um oval. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer a relação entre a variação de espessura das cascas cilíndricas com a sua deformação devida às forças centrífugas medida durante a rotação utilizando-se dois enfoques, um experimental e outro numérico, no caso o método de elementos finitos (MEF). As cascas cilíndricas estudadas tiveram sua espessura de parede medidas por meio de aparelho de ultra-som, mas por serem fabricadas em ferro fundido cinzento, as suas lamelas de grafita atuam como refletores, o que torna a medição imprecisa. Os resultados da análise numérica encontrados se relacionam bem com os experimentais de maneira qualitativa, mas divergem na forma quantitativa. Modelos de cascas com variação de espessura imposta também foram criados e analisados usando-se o método de elementos finitos de forma a se avaliar o comportamento da casca cilíndrica sob diversas configurações de distribuição da variação da espessura. Sugere-se a pesquisa de novas tecnologias para medições por ultra-som de peças fabricadas de ferro fundido com grafita lamelar. Neste trabalho, a medição da forma oval foi feita utilizando-se sensores de proximidade do tipo \"eddy-current\". / Circular cylindrical shells with small thickness variations along their body, when submitted to rotation, present, in some cases, elastic displacements of their outside surface induced by centrifugal forces leading to final oval like shapes. The main purpose of this study is to establish relationships between thickness variation of the cylindrical shells with their measured deformation during the rotation, due to centrifugal forces, using two approaches, one experimental and the other one numerical, in the latter case the finite element method (FEM). The studied cylindrical shells had their wall thickness measured by means of an ultrasound device. The used material is flake graphite cast iron (gray cast iron). The graphite flakes act as reflectors, what makes such measurements imprecise. The numerical results found are satisfactory in a qualitative way, but they disagree in the quantitative form. Shell models with theoretical imperfections also were created and analyzed using the finite element method in order to evaluate the behavior of the cylindrical shell under several configurations of distribution of the shell thickness variation. Further research is necessary on new technologies to measure the thickness of pieces manufactured of flake graphite cast iron. In this research, the oval shape measurements were done by means of eddy-current proximity sensors.
77

Estudo de dispositivos CMUTS fabricados com métodos e materiais alternativos para aplicação potencial em ensaios não destrutivos. / Study of devices CMUTS produced with alternative methods and materials for potential use in non destructive analyses.

Victor Inacio de Oliveira 10 November 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho propõe o estudo de dispositivos CMUTs fabricados através de métodos e materiais alternativos com potencial aplicação em ensaios não destrutivos. O CMUT é constituído por uma membrana condutiva colocada sobre uma cavidade com o fundo metalizado, formando uma estrutura capacitiva. Ondas acústicas incidentes criam uma vibração na membrana que modifica de forma detectável a capacitância do dispositivo (modo de detecção). De modo inverso, é possível aplicar tensão alternada sobre a estrutura do CMUT fazendo com que a membrana vibre gerando ondas acústicas (modo de emissão). Hoje as principais tecnologias utilizadas para detecção e emissão de ondas acústicas utilizam materiais piezelétricos que são de difícil obtenção, possuem baixa integrabilidade e restrições em aplicações em altas temperaturas. O transdutor proposto baseia-se na tecnologia MEMS onde efeitos elétricos e mecânicos são combinados de forma a atender uma determinada aplicação. Os dispositivos MEMS são fabricados por técnicas de microfabricação, o que diminui o custo de produção e possibilita o uso de diversos tipos de materiais. Antes da fabricação dos CMUTs, foram feitas modelagens analíticas e computacionais visando determinar as dimensões ideais dos dispositivos a serem fabricados e também quais materiais seriam melhores se aplicados como membrana. A partir dos resultados da modelagem foi possível determinar que CMUTs com membrana de cobre fossem fabricados. Com os resultados da modelagem foram propostos métodos de fabricação baseados em técnicas de wafer-bonding. Dois materiais foram utilizados para produzir as cavidades, um deles foi o fotorresiste SU-8 e outro uma resina adesiva de secagem rápida, material este não convencional para produção de CMUTs. No primeiro caso, as cavidades foram abertas por processo de fotolitografia, já no segundo foi utilizado um método de corrosão a laser, também não convencional. Diferentes métodos foram utilizados na colagem das membranas, sendo que membranas coladas com resina adesiva e membranas deixadas suspensas sobre as cavidades apresentaram melhores resultados. As caracterizações elétricas e acústicas realizadas nos dispositivos fabricados mostraram que os CMUTs obtidos possuem características capacitivas e podem emitir e receber, comprovando assim seu funcionamento. Isto indica que os roteiros de fabricação propostos são eficientes e que os materiais e métodos utilizados se mostraram adequados. Além disso, a partir das caracterizações acústicas é possível dizer que os CMUTs fabricados podem ser potencialmente aplicados em ensaios não destrutivos, principalmente em análise de vibrações. / This thesis proposes the study of CMUT devices produced using alternative methods and materials with potential application in non-destructive analysis. CMUT is composed of a metallized substrate covered with an insulator cavity structure and a conductive membrane on its top, forming a capacitive structure. Incident acoustic waves cause vibration in the membrane modifying their capacitance (detection mode). AC voltage can be applied on the structure of the CMUT causing the membrane to vibrate generating acoustic waves (transmission mode). Today the main technologies used for the detection and emission of acoustic waves use piezoelectric materials that are difficult to obtain, have low integrability and restrictions in high temperature applications. The proposed transducer is based on MEMS technology where electrical and mechanical effects are combined to suit a particular application. MEMS devices are manufactured by microfabrication techniques, which reduce the cost of production and allow the use of various types of materials. Before the fabrication of CMUTs, analytical and computational modeling were made to determine the optimal dimensions of the devices to be manufactured and also what materials would be best if applied as membrane. From the modeling results CMUTs with copper membrane were manufactured. Based on the results of the modeling process, manufacturing methods based on wafer-bonding techniques were proposed. Two materials were used to produce the cavities: one of them was the SU-8 photoresist and the other an acrylic adhesive, an unconventional material for the production of CMUTs. In the first case the cavities were opened by the photolithographic process. In the second method the corrosion laser was used, which is also unconventional. Different methods were used to bond the membranes. The membranes bonded with acrylic adhesive and left suspended over the cavity wells showed better results. The electric and acoustic characterizations performed on fabricated devices showed that CMUTs present capacitive characteristics and can emit and receive acoustic waves, thus proving its operation. This indicates that the proposed manufacturing routes are efficient and that the materials and methods used are appropriate. Moreover, these results show that the manufactured CMUTs may be potentially applied to nondestructive analyses, especially in analyses of vibrations.
78

Projeto de veleiro de pequeno porte em plástico rotomoldado. / Design of a small sailing dinghy made in rotomolded plastic.

Sergio Ricardo Grosse Rossi 08 February 2007 (has links)
De maneira geral, o mercado náutico brasileiro ainda é muito restrito, principalmente o de pequenas embarcações. Nos últimos anos, porém, devido a uma maior exposição na mídia dos bons resultados internacionais de velejadores e exploradores brasileiros, a vela tem se popularizado. Esta dissertação descreve o projeto de um veleiro de pequeno porte para esporte/lazer fabricado em polietileno linear de média densidade (PEMD) pelo método da rotomoldagem. Este método tem se difundido rapidamente no exterior para a fabricação de equipamentos náuticos de pequeno porte, como veleiros e caiaques, proporcionando redução de custos e vantagens ambientais relacionadas ao processo de construção. A embarcação projetada é voltada para uma tripulação de duas pessoas adultas (ou um adulto e duas crianças) e foi dimensionada para um fácil transporte, possibilitando carregá-la sobre o bagageiro de um automóvel. O foco deste trabalho está no projeto naval. Desta forma, foram percorridas todas as etapas pertinentes de um projeto de veleiro, desde o projeto do casco, passando pelo projeto do plano vélico, projeto dos apêndices (bolina e leme), análise estrutural do casco em elementos finitos e verificação de desempenho comparativo com um veleiro bem conhecido no ramo da vela. Destaca-se o projeto do plano vélico, no qual, de forma otimizada, se obteve um conjunto de velas (mestra e buja) de bom desempenho, sem, contudo, comprometer a estabilidade do veleiro. Uma análise econômica preliminar indicou a possibilidade de se fabricar o veleiro rotomoldado com custo reduzido, abaixo do preço de mercado de veleiros do mesmo porte disponíveis no mercado nacional. Complementarmente, verificou-se também a possibilidade de se utilizar material reciclado na construção da embarcação, o que, além de ser uma alternativa para diminuir custos, proporciona benefícios ambientais ao minimizar sobras de produção. / In a general way, the Brazilian nautical market is still very restricted, specially the one of small dinghies. In the last years, however, mainly due to a greater exposure on the media based on good international results of Brazilian sailors and explorers, sailing has being popularized. This Msc. Thesis describes the design of a small sail dinghy, for sport or leisure use, made with medium density linear polyethylene using the method of rotomolding. This method has been spreading rapidly worldwide as a process of fabrication of small nautical crafts like sailboats and kayaks, since it results in cost reductions and environmental gains related to the construction process. The designed sailboat is directed for a crew of two adults (or an adult and two children), and was dimensioned for an easy transport, even on the top of a car. This work is focused on the development of the naval design. Therefore, it goes through all the design steps of a sailboat, starting with the design of the hull, and then going through the design of the sails, appendices (rudder and dagger board), hull structural analysis by Finite Elements Method (FEM) and verification of performance of the sailboat in comparison with a well known sailing dinghy. It should be highlighted, also, the sails designing process, which, in an optimized way, generated a set of sails (main and jib) of good performance, without, however, jeopardizing the stability of the sailboat. Through a preliminary economical analysis, it was verified that it is possible to produce a rotomolded sailboat with reduced cost, even below the market prices of national sailboats of this size. As a complement, the possibility of employing recycled material in the construction of the boat has been studied. Besides being an alternative to diminish costs, it can bring environmental benefits, as it minimizes production scraps.
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Investigação do comportamento estrutural de tubos flexíveis sob cargas compressivas. / Investigation on the structural behavior of flexible pipes under compressive loads.

Eduardo Ribeiro Malta 10 June 2016 (has links)
Os tubos flexíveis são amplamente utilizados na produção de petróleo offshore, para transporte de petróleo bruto, óleo e gás natural. Pelo fato de operarem em um ambiente muito agressivo e estarem sujeitos a diversos tipos de carregamentos como pressão interna, pressões externas, tração, compressão, flexão e torção, eles possuem uma estrutura bastante complexa composta por diversas camadas concêntricas, com finalidades estruturais diversas, que interagem entre si. Em termos de carregamento, a compressão, em especial, seja ela dinâmica ou estática representa um problema para estes tubos. Embora eles sejam projetados para suportar altas cargas de tração, por meio de armaduras metálicas helicoidais, têm resistência limitada para cargas de compressão. A presença de tais esforços pode causar falhas por instabilidade radial das armaduras de tração. Este modo de falha, conhecido há mais de duas décadas, é denominado birdcaging, devido à forma característica assumida pelas armaduras. Além dessa instabilidade radial, as armaduras podem sofrer uma instabilidade lateral, a qual é igualmente catastrófica para os tubos flexíveis. Este trabalho consiste em uma investigação destes modos de falha com base em modelos numéricos, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Com tais ferramentas, objetiva-se estudar a mecânica dos fenômenos de instabilidade de armadura de tração, juntamente com os efeitos causados pela alteração de parâmetros construtivos e ambientais nestes modos de falha. / Flexible pipes are widely employed in offshore oil production. Their functions include transporting of crude oil, natural gas, chemicals and water injection. Since they operate in aggressive environments and are subjected to loads such as internal and external pressure, tension, compression, bending and torsion, these pipes are built with a complex multilayered structure. In terms of loading, compression, specially, dynamic or static, present a problem to these pipes. Their tensile armor layers are particularly designed to withstand high levels of tension, but not for compression. The presence of such loads may cause radial instability failure on the armor layers. This failure mode, known for almost three decades, is called birdcaging, due to the peculiar shape assumed by the armor tendons at the post-buckling. Besides radial instability, the tensile armor layers may also suffer from lateral instability, which is equally catastrophic in the operation of flexible pipes. This work consists on an investigation of these failure modes based on numerical models, using the Finite Element Method. With these tools, the mechanism that governs these instability phenomena can be understood, along with the effects caused by the alteration of design and environmental parameters on the failure modes.
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Emprego do método de resíduos ponderados para análise de tubos / Application of weighted residual method to analysis of cilindrical shells

Michell Macedo Alves 23 June 2005 (has links)
O presente trabalho trata da aplicação do Método de Resíduos Ponderados, mais especificamente do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, na obtenção de soluções aproximadas de problemas de estruturas em casca, em especial os reservatórios cilíndricos submetidos a carregamento hidrostático em regime de comportamento linear. Os meios empregados para a obtenção das soluções aproximadas referem-se à adoção de bases aproximativas lineares, polinomiais, além da possibilidade de enriquecimento da aproximação mediante a adição de funções com características similares à própria solução exata. Uma outra alternativa utilizada refere-se à aplicação do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados com divisão do domínio de integração. Tais procedimentos podem ser úteis na análise de estruturas por evitar, de modo significativo, a elevação do esforço computacional, mediante a utilização de uma base aproximativa que corresponda às características requeridas pela solução analítica do problema. / The present dissertation deals with the application of the Weighed Residual Method to analysis of cilindrical shells, more specifically of the Least Squared Method, in the attainment of approach solutions of shells structural problems, in special the cylindrical reservoirs submitted the hydrostatic shipment in regimen of linear behavior. The half employees for obtention of the approach solutions refer to adotion of linear, polynomial approaches bases, beyond the possibility of enrichment of the approach by means of the addition of functions with similar characteristics to the proper accurate solution.One another used alternative mentions the application to Least Squared Method with division of the integration domain. Such procedures can be useful in the analysis of structures for preventing, in significant way, the rise of the computational effort, by means of the use of a aproximativa base that correspond to the characteristics required for the analytical solution of the problem.

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