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No / Bacterial lipoproteins are a diverse and functionally important group of proteins that are amenable to bioinformatic analyses because of their unique signal peptide features. Here we have used a dataset of sequences of experimentally verified lipoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria to refine our previously described lipoprotein recognition pattern (G+LPP). Sequenced bacterial genomes can be screened for putative lipoproteins using the G+LPP pattern. The sequences identified can then be validated using online tools for lipoprotein sequence identification. We have used our protein sequence datasets to evaluate six online tools for efficacy of lipoprotein sequence identification. Our analyses demonstrate that LipoP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/LipoP/) performs best individually but that a consensus approach, incorporating outputs from predictors of general signal peptide properties, is most informative.

Le système hydrothermal de la baie de Prony en Nouvelle-Calédonie est composée de plusieurs sources émettant à faible profondeur des fluides hyperalcalins, mesothermiques, et anoxiques riches en hydrogène (H2) et méthane, produits par la réaction de serpentinisation. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse, la capacité potentielle des microorganismes à produire de l’H2 dans ces écosystèmes a été évaluée par des analyses moléculaires et culturales. Nos premières analyses moléculaires ont mis en évidence une grande diversité de bactéries et une faible diversité d’archées. La diversité et la distribution des populations productrices d’H2 a ensuite été spécifiquement évaluée par des analyses métagénomiques et basées sur la PCR. Les séquences de gènes hydA, utilisés comme marqueur moléculaire des bactéries productrices d’H2, étaient principalement associées à celles du phylum des Firmicutes. Deux groupes de séquences hydA se sont distinguées en fonction de l’origine des échantillons. De plus, plusieurs nouvelles bactéries alcalophiles ont été isolées de différents sites. Parmi elles, la souche alcalophile et anaérobie, PROH2 est capable de produire efficacement de l’H2 par voie fermentaire en condition alcaline (pH 9,5), de façon comparable aux espèces de Clostridium neutrophiles. Ces travaux présentent également la caractérisation d’une nouvelle espèce bactérienne anaérobie, mésophile et alcalophile (pH optimum de 9,5) d’un nouveau genre, nommée Serpentinicella alkaliphila, isolée d’un site intertidal de la baie de Prony. L’ensemble des données démontre la capacité des Firmicutes des environnements associés à la serpentinisation à produire de l’H2 par voie fermentaire. / The Prony hydrothermal field (PHF, New Caledonia) is composed of several shallow-submarine springs discharging into the lagoon seawater high pH, moderate temperature, low-salinity fluids, enriched in hydrogen (H2) and methane produced by serpentinization. In this work, we evaluated the potential ability of microorganisms to produce H2 in this alkaline ecosystem by using both molecular and cultural approaches. Our first molecular analyses provided evidence of high bacterial abundance and diversity contrasting with low archaeal diversity in the PHF chimneys. The diversity and distribution of potential H2-producing bacteria were specifically investigated by using metagenomic analyses and different PCR-sequencing methods. The sequences of hydA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, used as molecular marker of H2-producing bacteria, were mainly related to those of Firmicutes. Two groups of hydA sequences were distinguished according to the origin of the samples. Moreover, novel alkaliphilic H2-producing Firmicutes were successfully cultivated from PHF chimneys. Among them, an alkaliphilic and anaerobic strain, Clostridium sp. PROH2, belonging to the genus Clostridium, demonstrated efficient H2 production at a high pH, comparable to neutrophilic clostridial species. This manuscript also present the characterization of a novel anaerobic, mesophilic and alkaliphilic species belonging to a new genus, named Serpentiniticella alkaliphila 3bT, isolated from an intertidal PHF site. Both molecular and cultivation-based data demonstrated the ability of Firmicutes originating from serpentinite-hosted environments to produce H2 by fermentation.

Les systèmes de transduction du signal et les transporteurs ABC contribuent de façon conjointe à la réponse adaptative des bactéries aux changements d’environnement. Trois modules, associant un phosphorelais et un transporteur ABC, ont été répertoriés chez B. subtilis et sont impliqués dans la réponse à différents antibiotiques: BceRSAB, PsdRSAB et YxdJKLM. Ils sont caractérisés par une histidine kinase possédant une boucle extracytoplasmique courte et appartenant à la famille des Intramembrane Sensing - Histidine Kinase (IM-HK) et par un transporteur ABC possédant une Membrane Spanning Domain (MSD) à boucle extracytoplasmique exceptionnellement longue. En utilisant une approche phylogénomique, il a été établi que ce type de modules était restreint aux Firmicutes, où ils sont apparus et se sont largement répandus. De plus, cette analyse met en lumière une histoire évolutive très dynamique impliquant de nombreux transferts horizontaux, duplications et pertes de gènes, conduisant à un répertoire de modules Bce-like très varié chez ce phylum. Grâce à une analyse phylogénétique fine, il a été proposé une classification de ces modules en six sous-familles bien définies.Des études fonctionnelles ont été réalisées sur des membres de la sous-famille IV comprenant le module de résistance à la bacitracine BceRSAB de B. subtilis, dont l’expression des gènes codant pour le transporteur requiert, en présence de l’antibiotique, le système de transduction du signal aussi bien que le transporteur lui-même. Les résultats de ces études montrent que d’autres membres de la sous-famille IV, YtsCD de B. licheniformis et BceAB de B. halodurans, sont également impliqués dans la résistance à la bacitracine. Ils suggèrent aussi que dans ces modules le transporteur ABC est le premier senseur de la présence de l’antibiotique et qu'il active le système de transduction une interaction entre une sous unité du transporteur et la kinase du module. De plus, en présence de bacitracine, l’expression des gènes codant pour le transporteur BceAB ainsi que la résistance à cet antibiotique requièrent la présence de la boucle de la MSD BceB ce qui démontre l'importance de cette boucle aussi bien au niveau fonctionnel que structural.Par ailleurs, l’étude que nous avons réalisée suggère que le mécanisme original de régulation des gènes du transporteur BceAB de B. subtilis pourrait être généralisé à tous les modules équivalents présents chez les Firmicutes. Ces modules constitueraient ainsi un mécanisme important de résistance aux antibiotiques peptidiques chez les bactéries de ce phylum qui comprend de nombreux pathogènes. / Signal transduction systems and ABC transporters often contribute jointly to adaptive bacterial responses to environmental changes. In Bacillus subtilis, three such pairs, thereafter called modules, are involved in responses to antibiotics: BceRSAB, PsdRSAB and YxdJKLM. They are characterized by a histidine kinase belonging to the Intramembrane Sensing – Histine Kinase family (IM-HK) and by a Membrane Spanning Domain (MSD) possessing an unusually large extracytoplasmic loop. Using a phylogenomic approach we were able to demonstrate that such modules, associating a phosphorelay and an ABC transporter, are specific but widespread in Firmicutes where they originated. This analyse highlight a highly dynamic evolutionary history involving numerous horizontal gene transfers, duplications and lost events, leading to a great variety of Bce-like module repertories in members of this bacterial phylum. Based on fine phylogenetic analyses, the Bce-like modules were divided into six well-defined subfamilies. Functional studies were performed on some members of subfamily IV comprising the bacitracin resistance module BceRSAB of B. subtilis, the expression of which being found to require, in the presence of bacitracin, the signal transduction system as well as the ABC transporter itself. The present results indicate that two other members of subfamily IV, YtsCD of B. licheniformis and BceAB of B. halodurans, were also found to participate in bacitracin resistance processes. The results also suggest that in these modules the ABC transporter works as the first sensor of the antibiotic and that it then activates the signal transduction system through an interaction between one of the two ABC transporter domains and the module kinase.Bacitracin dependent expression of bceAB and bacitracin resistance processes were shown to require the presence of the BceB translocator loop suggesting a crucial role for this loop as well at a functional level, as at a structural level.This study suggests that the original BceRSAB module regulatory mechanism might be generalised to other modules and would constitute an important common antibiotic resistance mechanism in Firmicutes which comprise many human pathogens.

Cette étude porte sur l'identification et la dispersion des bioaérosols générés sur les plates-formes de compostage et plus précisément lors du retournement des andains en cours de fermentation. L'analyse des bioaérosols émis sur cinq plates-formes par des inventaires moléculaires (ADNr 16S et ADNr 18S) a permis de montrer la dominance de deux phyla bactériens Firmicutes et Actinobacteria et du phylum fongique Ascomycota. En comparant la structure de la population microbienne des cinq bioaérosols, une signature a été identifiée. Dix phylotypes microbiens sont communs à au moins quatre bioaérosols. Deux sont présents dans les cinq bioaérosols : NA07 appartenant à l'espèce Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula et représentant 7% des séquences bactériennes totales et EQ07 affiliée à Thermomyces (49% des séquences fongiques). Un second phylotype bactérien, NC38, affilié à la famille des Thermoactinomycetaceae a été sélectionné du fait q u'il n'ait été identifié que dans le compost. Des systèmes de PCRq ont été développés pour quantifier ces trois indicateurs potentiels. Ces derniers ont été validés expérimentalement par des mesures sur sites industriels. La dispersion des bioaérosols a ensuite été caractérisée en utilisant plusieurs méthodologies, dont les trois indicateurs conçus et une technique d'empreinte moléculaire, la SSCP. Lors d'une activité de retournement, la concentration des indicateurs est supérieure à leur niveau basal dans l'air (bruit de fond). Les indicateurs présentent des profils de dispersion différents d'où l'intérêt de les coupler afin d'obtenir une meilleure vision de la dispersion des bioaérosols de compostage. / The aim of this work was to analyze the diversity and the dispersal of composting bioaerosol emitted during the turning of compost windrows in thermophilic phase on composting platforms. The study of the microbial diversity of aerosols emitted on five composting plants was realized by 16S and 18S rDNA molecular inventories. Two bacterial phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and one fungal phylum Ascomycota dominated. A common microbial signature emerged from the five composting bioaerosols: ten microbial phylotypes (seven bacterial and three fungal) were common to at least four bioaerosols. Two have been identified in five bioaerosols: NA07 belonging to the species Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, and representing 7% of total number of bacterial sequences, and EQ05,affiliated to Thermomyces (49% of total number of fungal sequences). A second bacterial phylotype, NC38, affiliated to the Thermoactinomycetaceae family, was selected because it was id entified only in the environmental source compost'. qPCR systems were then designed for each phylotype. Measurements performed on industrial composting sites validated the use of these microorganisms as indicators of composting bioaerosols. The dispersal of composting bioaerosols was then characterized using the three indicators developed and a fingerprint technique, the SSCP.

A obesidade é considerada uma doença multifatorial e pode envolver, em sua gênese, aspectos genéticos, metabólicos, ambientais, psicológicos e socioeconômicos. O crescimento expressivo da incidência mundial da obesidade desencadeia o surgimento contínuo de novas pesquisas em relação a esse tema e, nesse contexto, estudos recentes sugerem que a microbiota intestinal é um fator que pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento desta doença. Assim, existe a premissa que a alteração da composição da microbiota intestinal pode ser influenciada pelo estado nutricional (obesidade x eutrofia) e pela qualidade da alimentação. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i. comparar a proporção dos filos predominantes da microbiota intestinal Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia e a razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes entre mulheres com obesidade grau III e mulheres eutróficas, e ii. investigar o impacto de uma dieta hipocalórica para perda de peso na composição da microbiota intestinal. Estudo prospectivo longitudinal, no qual foram selecionadas 20 mulheres com média de idade 33±3,1 anos, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo Intervenção (GI): 10 mulheres com obesidade grau III (Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) >40 kg/m2) que foram submetidas à intervenção nutricional (dieta hipocalórica) durante 8 semanas e Grupo Controle (GC):10 mulheres eutróficas (IMC entre 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m2). No GI, as coletas foram realizadas antes e após oito semanas da intervenção (GI) e, no GC em um único momento. Em cada momento, foram aferidos o peso e estatura; realizado o cálculo do IMC, análise composição corporal, taxa metabólica de repouso, consumo alimentar, glicemia e lipidograma, e coleta de amostra fecal. A análise da composição da microbiota intestinal em relação à abundância relativa dos Filos foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR). Após oito semanas de dieta hipocalórica, houve redução do peso (119,5±10,3 para 114,9±10,2 kg), IMC (43,6±2,4 para 41,9±2,6 kg/m2), massa corporal gorda (MG) (62,4±7,5 para 58,9±7,7 kg), triglicérides (TG) (143,2±60,9 para 117,94±48,3 mg/dL). Evidenciou-se que mulheres com obesidade apresentam menor abundância dos filos pesquisados em relação às eutróficas. Ainda, a dieta hipocalórica promoveu diminuição da abundância relativa do filo Proteobacteria, o qual apresentou correlações positivas com a ingestão de lipídio total (%), ômega 6 (g). Conclui-se que a intervenção com dieta hipocalórica foi eficaz na redução de peso, IMC, MG e TG e na modulação da microbiota intestinal, com a diminuição do filo Proteobacteria / Obesity is considered a multifactorial disease and it may involve, in its genesis, genetic, metabolic, environmental, psychological and socioeconomic aspects. The expressive growth of a worldwide incidence of obesity triggers the continual emergence of new researches on this subject and, in this context, recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiota is a factor that may contribute to the development of this disease. Thus, there is the premise that the changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota can be influenced by the nutritional status (obesity x eutrophy) and by the diet quality.The present study aimed at: i. comparing the proportion of the predominant phyla of the intestinal microbiota Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes among degree III obese women and eutrophic women, and ii. investigating the impact of a low-calorie diet for weight loss on the intestinal microbiota composition. This was a longitudinal prospective study in which 20 women at the average age of 33 ± 3.1 years old were selected and divided into two groups: Intervention Group (IG): 10 women with grade III obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40 kg / m2) who were submitted to a nutritional intervention (a low-calorie diet) for 8 weeks, and the Control Group (CG): 10 eutrophic women (BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 kg / m2) who were not submitted to any intervention. In the IG, sampling was carried out before and after the eight-week intervention (IG) and in the CG it was carried out only in a single moment. At each sampling, weight and height were checked; BMI was calculated, body composition was analyzed, resting metabolic rate, food intake, fasting blood glucose, and lipidogram tests were performed, and fecal sample collected. The analysis of the intestinal microbiota composition in relation to a relative abundance of every phila was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). After eight weeks of a low-calorie diet, some of the observed results were weight reduction (119.5 ± 10.3 to 114.9 ± 10.2 kg), BMI (43.6 ± 2.4 to 41.9 ± 2.6 kg / m2), fat body mass (FM) (62.4 ± 7.5 to 58.9 ± 7.7 kg), triglycerides (TG) (143.2 ± 60.9 to 117.94 ± 48.3 mg / dL). It was evidenced that obese women present a lower abundance of the studied phyla in relation to the eutrophic ones. Moreover, the lowcalorie diet promoted a decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria phylum, which presented positive correlations with the intake of total lipid (%) and omega 6 (g). It was concluded that the intervention with a low-calorie diet was effective in reducing BMI, FM and TG and in modulating the intestinal microbiota, by reducing Proteobacteria phylum

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1207373 bytes, checksum: f279fd080120df1d02002fe650c0e5bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The complexity and limited knowledge of the epiphytic and endophytic microbiota in coffee cherries, especially the unculturable ones, make it a challenging task the characterization of this microbiodiversity and its possible role as producers of precursors to compounds inherent to higher quality coffees. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of endophytic bacteria in coffee cherries (Coffea arabica L.) from plantations located in North Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fragments of 16S rDNA were PCR-amplified using specific primers for the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria classes α, β and γ, using as template metagenomic DNA extracted from coffee cherries. Amplicons were evaluated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting and also used to create a library of 16S rDNA clones. PCR-DGGE showed a variable genetic diversity profile in the DNA sample and revealed at least 38 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU). PCR products sequenced showed that the endophytic bacterial community is composed, in addition to others, by representatives phylogenetically affiliated to the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, classes β and γ, for both cultivated and uncultivated microorganisms. The presence of endophytic bacteria belonging to Burkholderia and Klebsiela oxytoca is suggested based on the phylogenetic analyses of sequenced DNA fragments purified from the bands of the xviDGGE gels. A total of 50 clones of endophytic γ-Proteobacteria and 25 clones of endophytic Firmicutes from the 16S rDNA library were partially sequenced and identified. The result of sequence analyses showed three genera of Firmicutes among which 60% showed high identity with Bacillus, 8% with Staphylococcus, and 4% with Paenibacillus. Rarefaction and coverage analyses showed that the number of clones screened from the bacterial clone library was sufficient to reflect the diversity of endophytic Firmicutes in coffee cherries and that the number of unique sequence types sampled from this library approached the total number of unique sequences within the library. The populations of endophytic bacteria in coffee cherries are diverse and cover different phyla. In this study, for the first time, a library of 16S rDNA clones was constructed to access the diversity of endophytic bacteria in coffee cherries, both of culturable and unculturable microorganisms. The functional role of these bacteria in coffee cherries, as well as the genetic and functional diversity of other groups of microorganisms, is under investigation. The knowledge on this diversity is essential to determine the role of endophytic microorganisms in the production and interchange of precursors metabolites associated with the highest quality of the coffee beverage. Additionally, these studies will help the understanding of the physiological and genetic principles involved in the complex host-microorganism and microorganism-microorganism interactions. / A complexidade da microbiota epifítica e endofítica presente em frutos de café e o limitado conhecimento dos microrganismos, especialmente dos nãocultiváveis, dificultam a caracterização da microbiodiversidade e da possível atividade e contribuição dela para a formação de precursores de compostos que definem a qualidade superior da bebida do café. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade bacteriana endofítica associada aos frutos de café (Coffea arabica L.) coletados em fazenda localizada na Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Fragmentos de rDNAs 16S foram diretamente amplificados por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) a partir de primers específicos para os filos Actinobacteria, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria pertencentes às classes α, β e γ, utilizando, como molde, DNA metagenômico extraído de frutos de café. Os amplicons foram submetidos à Eletroforese em Gel com Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE) e utilizados para construção de bibliotecas de clones de rDNAs 16S. A PCR-DGGE mostrou variado perfil de diversidade genética na amostra de DNA, com a presença de pelo menos 38 Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais (UTOs). Os produtos de PCR purificados e seqüenciados mostraram que a comunidade de bactérias endofíticas é composta, entre outros, por representantes relacionados filogeneticamente aos filos Firmicutes e Proteobacteria pertencentes às classes β e γ, dentre os quais se destacam microrganismos cultiváveis e não-cultiváveis. A presença de bactérias endofíticas pertencentes ao gênero Burkholderia e à espécie Klebsiela oxytoca é sugerida com base nas análises filogenéticas realizadas a partir do seqüenciamento de DNA obtido de bandas purificadas do gel de DGGE. Um total de 50 clones positivos da biblioteca de rDNAs 16S de γ-Proteobacteria endofíticas e 25 clones positivos da biblioteca de rDNAs 16S de Firmicutes endofíticos foram parcialmente seqüenciados e identificados. O resultado da análise das seqüências mostrou 3 gêneros de Firmicutes na biblioteca de rDNAs 16S, sendo que 60% mostraram alta identidade com Bacillus, 8% com Staphylococcus e 4% com Paenibacillus. Análises de rarefação e de cobertura mostraram que a biblioteca foi representativa e suficiente para refletir a diversidade de Firmicutes endofíticos de frutos de café e que a seqüência única detectada na amostra aproxima-se do número total de seqüências únicas dentro desta biblioteca. As populações de bactérias endofíticas presentes em frutos de café são diversas e compreendem diferentes filos. Neste estudo foi construída, pela primeira vez, uma biblioteca de clones de rDNAs 16S para acessar a diversidade de bactérias endofíticas, cultiváveis e não-cultiváveis, em frutos de café. O papel funcional dessas bactérias nos frutos de café, assim como a diversidade genética e funcional de outros grupos de microrganismos, continua sendo investigado. O conhecimento dessa diversidade é de fundamental importância para se determinar a participação destes microrganismos na produção e interconversão de metabólitos precursores daqueles que estão associados à qualidade superior da bebida do café. Adicionalmente, esses estudos podem auxiliar no entendimento dos princípios fisiológicos e genéticos envolvidos nas complexas interações microrganismo-hospedeiro e microrganismo-microrganismo.

Nous avons étudié l’écologie microbienne d’un site hydrothermal alcalin sous-marin peu profond (0-50 m) localisé dans la baie de Prony (PHF) dans le sud de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Pacifique Sud-Ouest) comparable par son fonctionnement au site hydrothermal alcalin profond (800m) de Lost City (LCHF) (Dorsale médio-atlantique). PHF au même titre que LCHF est un système hydrothermal ultramafique associé à des réactions de serpentinisation des roches du manteau terrestre, libérant des fluides anoxiques très alcalins (jusqu'à pH 11) riche en calcium, en hydrogène et en méthane dissous. Le site hydrothermal de Prony (PHF) est caractérisé par de grandes cheminées de carbonate émettant des fluides dont la température n’excède pas 40°C. Les approches moléculaires ont démontré une prédominance des bactéries (Firmicutes, Deltaproteobacteria …) sur les archées (Methanosarcinales). En ce qui concerne les mises en culture, elles sont restées vaines pour la plupart des grands groupes trophiques recherchés (bactéries sulfato-réductrices, archées méthanogènes) excepté pour les fermentaires relevant du phylum des Firmicutes. Deux nouvelles bactéries appartenant à ce phylum ont été isolées. Il s’agit (i) de Vallitalea pronyensis vraisemblablement associée aux cheminées hydrothermales et (ii) d’Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis qui serait plutôt indigène aux fluides alcalins émis par les cheminées si l’on en juge par ses conditions physico-chimiques optimales de croissance en adéquation avec celles des fluides. Ces deux microorganismes représentent les premiers anaérobies stricts isolés de systèmes hydrothermaux alcalins serpentinisés à ce jour. / We studied the microbial ecology of an alkaline hydrothermal submarine shallow field (0-50 m) located in Prony Bay (PHF) in the south of New Caledonia (SW Pacific) similar to the deep alkaline hydrothermal site (800m) of Lost City (LCHF) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Similarly to LCHF, PHF is an ultramafic hydrothermal system functioning on the basis of serpentinization reactions of the mantle rocks, releasing anoxic, highly alkaline fluids (to pH 11) rich in calcium, and in dissolved hydrogen and methane. The Prony hydrothermal field (PHF) is characterized by large carbonate chimneys emitting fluids with temperatures not exceeding 40 °C. Molecular approaches revealed a prevalence of Bacteria (Firmicutes, Deltaproteobacteria…) over Archaea (Methanosarcinales). Regarding microbial cultures, they were unsuccessful for most major trophic groups (sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogens) with the exception of fermentative representatives of the phylum Firmicutes. Two novel bacteria belonging to this phylum were isolated. They include (i) Vallitalea pronyensis which is likely associated with hydrothermal vents and (ii) Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis which should be indigenous to alkaline fluids emitted from chimneys since its growth optimal physicochemical conditions match those of fluids. These two bacteria represent the first anaerobic microorganisms isolated from alkaline hydrothermal serpentinized systems so far.

Le cycle cellulaire chez les bactéries est un processus très étudié mais il apparait que les modèles actuels ne rendent pas compte de la complexité et surtout de la diversité des machineries et des mécanismes de régulation impliqués. En fait, notre connaissance du cycle cellulaire repose sur l'étude de quelques organismes modèles. Or les analyses comparatives ont montré que certains systèmes et mécanismes décrits sont peu conservés et donc difficilement transposables d'un taxon à l'autre. Des approches évolutives telles que la phylogénomique peuvent être utilisées pour l'étude fonctionnelle de tels systèmes biologiques à l'échelle des bactéries. Ces approches permettent notamment de déterminer les évènements évolutifs clés qui ont conduit à une telle diversité mais également d'identifier des liens fonctionnels potentiels entre protéines. De plus, le développement des méthodes de séquençage à très haut débit a conduit à une accumulation de données génomiques sans précèdent, notamment chez les procaryotes. Dans ce contexte, j'ai réalisé une analyse phylogénomique à très large échelle des protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire et sa régulation chez les Firmicutes. Mon objectif était de rechercher des patrons de coévolution entre familles protéiques pouvant refléter des liens fonctionnels. L'application des méthodes développées dans le cadre cette thèse aux protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire chez les Firmicutes a permis de reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de ce processus cellulaire fondamental à l'échelle de ce phylum bactérien majeur. En particulier, j'ai pu mettre en évidence l'existence de quelques points chauds correspondant par exemple à l émergence des Bacilli ou des Streptococcaceae. L'émergence de ces taxa s'est accompagnée de nombreuses acquisitions et/ou de pertes de gènes ainsi que de nombreux réarrangements dans l'organisation des clusters de gènes codant pour ces protéines, suggérant que des changements majeurs se sont produits au niveau du cycle cellulaire et de sa régulation. J'ai également pu mettre en évidence de possibles liens fonctionnels qui n'ont jamais été décrits jusqu'à présent entre des gènes impliqués dans différentes machineries du cycle cellulaire. L'application de ces approches à l'ensemble des protéomes de Firmicutes a également permis d'identifier des protéines présentant des patrons de coévolution communs avec les protéines impliquées dans la division cellulaire et sa régulation, suggérant de possibles liens fonctionnels qu'il serait nécessaire de tester expérimentalement / The bacterial cell cycle is a very well studied process but current models don't reflect the complexity and diversity of involved molecular machineries and associated regulation mechanisms. In fact, our knowledge of cell cycle is based on study of a few model organisms. Yet, comparative analyses showed that some described systems and mechanisms are not conserved and not transposable from a taxon to another. Evolutionary approach such as phylogenomic can be used for functional studies of such systems at the bacterial scale. Those approaches allow to determine the key evolutionary events that lead to a such diversity but also to identify potential functional links between proteins. Furthermore, the development of high throughput sequencing methods leads to a big amount of genomic data, particularly for prokaryotes. In this context, I realized a very large scale phylogenomic analysis of proteins involved in cell cycle and its regulation in Firmicutes. My goal was to search some coevolution patterns between protein families reflecting potentially functional links. The application of methods that I developed during my PhD to cell cycle proteins allowed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this cell process in Firmicutes. Notably, I highlighted some hot-spots corresponding for example to the emergence of Bacilli or Streptococcaceae. The emergence of such taxa has been accompanied by many acquisitions/losses of cell cycle genes but also many genomic rearrangements in gene clusters suggesting that major changes have occurred at the level of the cell cycle and its regulation. I also highlighted some potential functional links between genes involved in different machineries of cell cycle that have never been described. The application of these approaches to the entire proteomes of Firmicutes allowed to identify proteins presenting same evolution patterns than cell cycle proteins suggesting potential functional links that have to be experimentally tested

The application of biotechnologies in the mining sector has intensified over the last 30 years, driven by the increasing demand for metals associated with the rise in energy costs and the awareness for environmentally responsible mining practices. Acidophilic prokaryotes play an important role in biohydrometallurgy, facilitating the solubilisation and recovery of base metals from ores and waste materials. The potential of novel acidophiles of the phylum Firmicutes for applications in biohydrometallurgical processes is examined in this thesis. Eight strains of extremely acidophilic bacteria were studied and shown to belong to the proposed novel genus “Acidibacillus”. These had been isolated previously from several distinct global locations and were shown to be obligately heterotrophic bacteria with potential to carry out tasks critical to biomining such as regenerating ferric iron (by catalysing the dissimilatory oxidation of ferrous iron), generating sulfuric acid (by the oxidation of zero-valent sulfur and tetrathionate; two strains only), and removing potentially inhibitory dissolved organic carbon. These isolates also demonstrated the ability to catalyse the dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron in anaerobic conditions. Results obtained during this study provide the basis for future research to assess their potential roles in microbial consortia applied in the bio-processing of metal ores. A novel obligately anaerobic acidophilic Firmicute (strain I2511) isolated from sediment obtained from an abandoned copper mine, was characterised in terms of its phylogeny and physiology. This isolate formed a separated clade within the Firmicutes, and was considered to represent a novel candidate genus. It also displayed a unique set of physiological traits, distinct from currently validated species of acidophilic Firmicutes. The isolate was an obligate anaerobe that grew via zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) respiration, generating H2S over a wide pH range (1.8 - 5.0), and also catalysed the dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron. Strains of acidophilic sulfatereducing bacteria (aSRB), also Firmicutes, were shown to reduce ZVS at pH as low as 3. These aSRB, together with isolate I2511, populated a novel variant of a low pH sulfidogenic bioreactor. The “hybrid sulfidogenic bioreactor” (HSB) operated using both sulfate and ZVS as electron acceptors, and glycerol as electron donor. The bioreactor successfully remediated and recovered zinc from circum-neutral pH mine-impacted waters with distinct chemical composition collected from two abandoned lead/zinc mines in the U.K. The microbial consortium used in this system proved to be robust, in which the HSB generated H2S consistently under a wide pH range (2 – 7). Experiments demonstrated that H2S could also be generated abiotically in a non-inoculated low pH reactor, by the chemical reaction of ZVS and zero-valent iron to form iron sulfide, and the consequent acid dissolution of the latter. Operational costs and the advantages of biogenic and abiotic generation of H2S for recovery of transition metals from mine waters are discussed.