Thesis (M.A.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisors: Wendy Bellion and Nina Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Dept. of Art History. Includes bibliographical references.

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ABSTRACT This work answers the question “Who was Frances Virginia?” by recovering the story of an Atlanta entrepreneur, Frances Virginia Wikle Whitaker, and her tea room foodservice business. It acknowledges “Frances Virginia,” as the public knew her; and focuses on her career as demonstrative of an under‐theorized form of women’s activism. Her education and proclivity in the once all‐female domain of home economics have important characteristics that are under‐ represented, and often misinterpreted, in today’s discourse. I use a womanist theoretical lens within a historical frame to examine her story as a home economist during the tea room movement of the U. S. feminist movement’s Transition Era, 1920s‐1960s. Together, these elements illuminate the significance of Frances Virginia and her particular form of activism.

ABSTRACT This work answers the question “Who was Frances Virginia?” by recovering the story of an Atlanta entrepreneur, Frances Virginia Wikle Whitaker, and her tea room foodservice business. It acknowledges “Frances Virginia,” as the public knew her; and focuses on her career as demonstrative of an under‐theorized form of women’s activism. Her education and proclivity in the once all‐female domain of home economics have important characteristics that are under‐ represented, and often misinterpreted, in today’s discourse. I use a womanist theoretical lens within a historical frame to examine her story as a home economist during the tea room movement of the U. S. feminist movement’s Transition Era, 1920s‐1960s. Together, these elements illuminate the significance of Frances Virginia and her particular form of activism.

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This dissertation demonstrates that a group of western women connected to May Maxwell through ties of faith and friendship exemplified a distinct form of early twentieth-century feminism in their adoption and promotion of the transplanted Bahá’í Faith. In actualizing their doctrinal principles, they worked to inaugurate a millennial new World Order predicated on the spiritual and social equality of women. This group championed a unique organizational structure and transnational perspective that propelled them to female leadership, both as inspirational models and agents of practical change. By examining how Bahá’í doctrines shaped the beliefs, mythologies, relationships and reform goals of women, this dissertation broadens understandings of the ways in which religion can act as a vehicle for female empowerment and transformative identity. Together, western early Bahá’í women built individual and collective capacity, challenging gender prescriptions and social norms. Their millennial worldview advocated a key role for women in shaping nascent Bahá’í culture, and initiating personal, institutional, and societal change. Their inclusive collaborative organizational style, non-western origins and leadership, diverse membership, and global locus of activity, made them one of the first groups to establish and sustain a transnational feminist reform network. Although in some respects this group resembled other religious, feminist, and reform-oriented women, identifiably “Bahá’í” features of their ideology, methodologies, and reform activities made them distinctive. This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the role of women in the creation of modern religious and social mythologies and paradigms. A study of Bahá’í millennial religious feminism also expands current conceptions of the boundaries, diversities, and intersections of early twentieth-century western millennial, feminist, religious, and transnational reform movements.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the fall of 1917, between 30,000 and 40,000 Indianapolis women registered to vote. The passage of the Maston-McKinley partial suffrage bill earlier that year gave women a significantly amplified voice in the public realm. This victory was achieved by a conservative group of Hoosier suffragists and reformers. However, the women lost their right to vote in the fall of 1917 due to two Indiana Supreme Court rulings.

Introduktion: Under pandemins första våg av SARS-CoV-2 inverkade ett flertal faktorer på den vård och omvårdnad som gavs till kritiskt sjuka i covid-19. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna arbetade under ansträngda förhållanden och de anhöriga fick inte besöka avdelningarna, vilket lämnade patienterna i en utsatt position. Hur situationen påverkat och hanterats av de berörda kan ge information om hur intensivvården kan förbättras och vad som är viktigt att prioritera under svåra omständigheter. Syfte: Att beskriva patients och anhörigs erfarenheter av intensivvårdskrävande sjukdom till följd av Covid-19 och hur det påverkat dem efter sjukhustiden. Metod: En enskild instrumentell fallstudie med flera underenheter användes som metod, där semistrukturerade intervjuer analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier erhölls ur analysen: ”Inget var som vanligt” som visar hur insjuknandet och sjukhustiden var och upplevdes, samt ”Vägen tillbaka” som beskriver hur paret påverkats av sjukdomstiden i olika avseenden och hur de erfarit efterförloppet. Studien visar att den personcentrerade omvårdnaden blev lidande till följd av tids- och personalbrist samt frånvaro av anhörigkontakt mellan intensivvårdssjuksköterska och anhörig. Däremot skapades goda relationer mellan anhörig och ansvariga läkare med hjälp av digitala kommunikationsverktyg trots avsaknad av fysiska möten. Trots ett gott stöd från ansvariga läkare utvecklade anhörig psykiska besvär efter sjukhustiden, och en avsaknad av stöd i efterförloppet framkom. Slutsats: Tid och resurser avsatta för att både vård och omvårdnad ska kunna utföras med god kvalitet, och för att stärka ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt måste säkras vid speciellt krävande omständigheter. Det finns potential för användandet av digitala kommunikationsverktyg för att möjliggöra ett personcentrart förhållningssätt i situationer där anhöriga av olika anledningar inte fysiskt kan närvara på IVA, och detta bör utforskas ytterligare. Uppföljningen av patient och anhörig efter kritisk sjukdom bör också utvecklas och stärkas. Sammantaget skulle dessa faktorer kunna stärka det personcentrerade förhållningssättet, minska anhörigas stress, förbättra omvårdnadskvalitet för patienten samt minska psykiska symtom i efterförloppet.

This thesis examines the beginning of Victoria, British Columbia’s, women’s movement, stretching its ‘start’ date to the late 1850s while arguing that, to some extent, the local movement criss-crossed racial, ethnic, religious, and gender boundaries. It also highlights how the people involved with the women’s movement in Victoria challenged traditional beliefs, like separate sphere ideology, about women’s position in society and contributed to the introduction of new more egalitarian views of women in a process that continues to the present day. Chapter One challenges current understandings of First Wave Feminism, stretching its limitations regarding time and persons involved with social reform and women’s rights goals, while showing that the issue of ‘suffrage’ alone did not make a ‘women’s movement’. Chapter 2 focuses on how the local ‘women’s movement’ coalesced and expanded in the late 1890s to embrace various social reform causes and demands for women’s rights and recognition, it reflected a unique spirit that emanated from Victorian traditionalism, skewed gender ratios, and a frontier mentality. Chapter 3 argues that an examination of Victoria’s movement, like any other ‘women’s movement’, must take into consideration the ethnic and racialized ‘other’, in this thesis the Indigenous, African Canadian, and Chinese. The Conclusion discusses areas for future research, deeper research questions, and raises the question about whether the women’s movement in Victoria was successful. / Graduate / 0334 / 0733 / 0631 / mlihmels@shaw.ca