Umsetzung der Europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (EU-WRRL) für die Qualitätskomponente Fischfauna in Sachsen

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Durch die Zunahme von Offshorewindparks wird der anthropogene Lärmpegel im Meer weiter ansteigen. Deshalb ist es notwendig, mögliche negative Effekte von Windturbinenschall auf Fische zu erkennen und zu minimieren. Um mögliche Effekte des Turbinenschalls auf Kabeljau (Gadus morhua) und Scholle (Pleuronectes platessa) zu untersuchen, wurden die Fische in Laborversuchen verschiedenen tiefen Frequenzen und Schallstärken, wie sie von Windturbinen emittiert werden ausgesetzt. Ein ringförmiges Betonversuchsbecken mit 10 Metern Durchmesser wurde mit Schallisolationwänden in verbundene Viertel unterteilt, wodurch im Becken eine Schalldruckdifferenz von 32-52 dB, abhängig von Frequenz und produziertem Schalldruckpegel erzeugt wurde. Die Fische, die sich frei im Becken bewegen und so, wenn sie wollten, den höchsten Schalldruckpegeln ausweichen konnten, wurden monofrequenten Tönen im Frequenzbereich zwischen 25 und 250 Hz in Schalldruckpegeln von 130 und 140 dB re 1 µPa ausgesetzt. Die Position der Fische im Becken wurde in den 24-Stunden-Phasen vor, während und nach Beschallung verglichen und zeigte in den meisten Versuchen während Beschallung signifikant weniger Kabeljau in der Nähe der Schallquelle, als in den Phasen vor und nach Beschallung. Scholle zeigte uneinheitliche Reaktionen, die teilweise auf Meideverhalten, in anderen Versuchen auf Attraktion durch den Schall hindeuteten. Die Ergebnisse lassen wenigstens kurzzeitige, durch Schall verursachte Verteilungsänderungen von Kabeljau in Offshorewindparks erwarten. / The growing number of offshore wind farms will lead to an increase of anthropogenic noise in the sea. Research is therefore necessary to identify and minimize any potentially negative effects of offshore wind turbine noise on fish. To examine the potential impact of offshore wind farm noise emissions on cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), tank experiments were carried out exposing the fishes to different low frequencies at sound levels as emitted by wind turbines An annular concrete tank of 10 m in diameter was divided in connected quarters by sound barriers, so that sound pressure differences of 32 to 52 dB were achieved, depending on frequency and produced sound levels. Pure tones in the frequency range between 25 and 250 Hz were artificially emitted in sound levels of 130 and 140 dB re 1µPa. The experimental fish were free to move around in the tank and therefore could avoid the highest sound levels if they chose to. The location of fish in the 24 hour periods before, during and after sound production were compared and showed significantly lower numbers of cod in the vicinity of the sound source during sound presentation in the majority of the experiments. Reactions of plaice were ambiguous, suggesting both avoidance of, or attraction to the sound. From the results at least short-term changes in distribution of cod related to sound in the vicinity of offshore wind farms could be expected.

O presente texto descreve um método experimental simples para comparar a eficiência de distribuidores de líquido empregados nas indústrias de tratamento de minérios em lavadores, classificadores e moinhos e nas indústrias de processos químicos. A técnica consiste basicamente em analisar a dispersão pelo desvio padrão da massa do líquido coletado em tubos verticais dispostos em arranjo quadrático colocados abaixo do distribuidor. Como exemplo de aplicação, empregouse para a coleta da massa de líquido uma unidade piloto, montada no Laboratório de Engenharia Química da Universidade Santa Cecília em Santos, com um banco de 21 tubos verticais de 52 mm de diâmetro interno e 800 mm de comprimento. Uma manta acrílica que não dispersa o líquido com 50 mm de espessura foi fixada entre o distribuidor e o banco de tubos para evitar respingos. Foram realizados ensaios com nove distribuidores do tipo espinha de peixe de 4 tubos paralelos cada, para uma coluna piloto com 400 mm de diâmetro. A literatura é discordante no que concerne aos parâmetros de projeto e eficiência destes distribuidores. Variaram-se o número (n) de orifícios (95, 127 e 159 furos/m2, 12, 16 e 20 furos por distribuidor) o diâmetro (d) dos orifícios (2, 3 e 4 mm) e as vazões de entrada indicadas por rotâmetro nos distribuidores (q) de 1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 m3/h. A melhor eficiência de espalhamento pelo menor desvio padrão (0,302) foi obtida com n de 159 furos/m2, d de 2 mm e q de 1,4 m3/h indicando as limitações dos parâmetros de projeto da literatura. A pressão (p), na entrada do distribuidor para esta condição, foi de apenas 0,51 kgf/cm2. A relação adimensional entre a área da seção do tubo de alimentação e a somatória da área dos furos foi de 5,81, a vazão volumétrica total por unidade de área da seção da coluna para esta melhor condição foi de 11,32 m3/(h.m2) e a velocidade média (v) em cada orifício foi de 6,31 m/s. Portanto, o método proposto permite comparar e quantificar a eficiência de distribuidores além de demonstrar a não validade de alguns parâmetros de projeto recomendados pela literatura. / The current text describes a simple experimental method in order to compare the efficiency of the liquid distributors applied at the ore treatment industries in washers, classifiers and mills as well as at the chemical processing industries. The technique basically consist of analyzing the dispersion through the standard deviation of the liquid mass which was collected in vertical pipes placed in a square way under the distributor. As an example of us usage, it has been applied a pilot scale for collecting the liquid mass, installed at the Santa Cecília Universitys Chemical Engineering Laboratory in Santos, with a setting of 21 vertical tubes measuring 52 mm in internal diameter and 800 mm in length. A 50 mm thick acrylic blanket was fixed between the distributor and the pipe setting in order to avoid splashes. Some experiments have been made with a ladder-tipe distributors containing 4 parallel tubes each, for a pilot column of 400 mm in diameter. The literature shows disagreement regarding the characteristics of the project and the efficiency of the distributors. The number of holes has varied (n) 95, 127 and 159 holes/m2; 12, 16 and 20 holes for distributor, the diameter of the holes (d) 2, 3 and 4 mm and the flow of entrance in the distributors (q) of 1,2; 1,4 and 1,6 m3/h. The best efficiency of splashing of the lowest deviation pattern (0,302) was achieved with n of 159 holes/m2, d of 2 mm and q of 1,4 m3/h showing the limitation of characteristics of the project literature. The pressure (p), for this condition in the distributor entrance, was only 0,51 kgf/cm2. The measuring relation between the area of the section of the feeding pipe and the addition of the area of the roles was 5,81, the total volume of the out flow for unit of the area of the column section for this better condition was 11,32 m3/(h m2) and the average speed (v), in each hole was 6,31 m/s. Finally, the indicated method permits the comparison and quantification of the efficiency of the distributors, besides showing that some of the project concepts are not valid and the literature does not recommend them.

In Karpfen sächsischer Karpfenteichwirtschaften spielen u.a. die Zestoden Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus und Paradilepis scolecina und der Trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum eine Rolle (KAPPE 2004, PIETROCK et al. 2006, KAPPE & SEIFERT unveröff.). Weitere Fischarten (Schleie, Plötze, Regenbogenforelle) sind mit den Trematoden Diplostomum sp., Hysteromorpha triloba, Posthodiplostomum cuticola infiziert (PIETROCK et al. 2006). Mit dieser Arbeit sollte der Versuch unternommen werden, die Bedeutung Fisch fressender Vögel als Vektor Fisch pathogener Helminthen in Sachsen aufzuklären. Dafür wurden im Zeitraum von Juni 2003 bis Dezember 2004 97 Kormorane (Phalacrocorax carbo) und 46 Graureiher (Ardea cinerea) aus dem Einzugsgebiet sächsischer Teichwirtschaften auf ihren Befall mit Endohelminthen untersucht. Im Winter 2004 konnte zusätzlich ein Silberreiher (Casmerodius albus) und eine Silbermöwe (Larus argentatus) in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden. Während des Untersuchungszeitraumes konnten so insgesamt 29 Parasitengattungen bzw. -arten nachgewiesen werden, denen z.T. kommerziell genutzte Süßwasserfische als Zwischenwirte oder paratenische Wirte dienen. Die Parasiten des Kormorans umfassten 15 verschiedene Parasitenarten. Dabei handelte es sich um die beiden Zestoden Ligula intestinalis und Paradilepis scolecina, die sechs Nematoden Baruscapillaria spp., Contracaecum rudolphii, Cyathostoma microspiculum, Desmidocercella incognita, Eucoleus contortus und Syncuaria squamata und die sieben Trematoden Clinostomum complanatum, Holostephanus dubinini, Hysteromorpha triloba, Metorchis xanthosomus, Paryphostomum radiatum, Petasiger exaeretus und P. phalacrocoracis. Außerdem wurden die zwei Kratzer Corynosoma strumosum und Polymorphus sp. nachgewiesen. Im Graureiher konnten dagegen nur neun Helminthenarten nachgewiesen werden. So der Zestode Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus, die sechs Trematoden Apharyngostrigea cornu, Bilharziella polonica, Diplostomum sp., Echinoasmus belocephalus, Posthodiplostomum cuticola und Tylodelphis excavata und die drei Nematoden Avioserpens galliardi, Desmidocercella incognita und Desmidocercella numidica. In der Silbermöwe konnten der Zestode Echinocotyle verschureni, die vier Trematoden Apophallus mühlingi, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Renicola lari und Metorchis xanthosomus sowie die drei Nematoden Desmidocercella incognita, Cosmocephalus obvelatus und Paracuaria tridentata nachgewiesen werden. Die parasitologischen Befunde des Silberreihers beschränkten sich auf Apharyngostrigea sp., Desmidocercella incognita und Desmidocercella numidica. Eine Beeinflussung der Helminthenfauna von Karpfen durch Kormoran und Reiher als auch umgekehrt konnte anhand der eigenen Untersuchungen in sächsischen Teichwirtschaften nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden. / In Saxonian carp ponds the cestodes Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus and Paradilepis scolecina and the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum occur amongst others in carps (KAPPE 2004, PIETROCK et al. 2006, KAPPE & SEIFERT unpublished). Further fish species (tench, roach, rainbow trout) are infected with the trematodes Diplostomum sp., Hysteromorpha triloba and Posthodiplostomum cuticola (PIETROCK et al. 2006). This work was performed to analyse the importance of fish eating birds as vectors of fish pathogenic helminths. For this purpose 97 common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and 46 grey herons (Ardea cinerea) were examined on their infestation with endohelminths during the term of June 2003 to December 2004. All these birds came from the vicinity of Saxonian fish ponds. In winter 2004 additionally an egret (Casmerodius albus) and an hering gull (Larus argentatus) were included into the investigations. Altogether 29 parasite species and genus respectively could be detected. Some of these endohelminths use fresh water fishes as intermediate or paratenic hosts. The cormorants harboured 15 different parasite species and genus respectively: the two cestodes Ligula intestinalis and Paradilepis scolecina, the six nematodes Baruscapillaria carbonis, Contracaecum rudolphii, Cyathostoma microspiculum, Desmidocercella incognita, Eucoleus contortus and Syncuaria squamata and seven trematodes the Clinostomum complanatum, Holostephanus dubinini, Hysteromorpha triloba, Metorchis xanthosomus, Paryphostomum radiatum, Petasiger exaeretus and P. phalacrocoracis. In addition the two acanthocephales Corynosoma strumosum and Polymorphus sp. were detected. In the grey heron nine helminth species/genus could be detected: the cestode Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus, the six trematodes Apharyngostrigea cornu, Bilharziella polonica, Diplostomum sp., Echinoasmus belocephalus, Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Tylodelphis excavata and the three nematodes Avioserpens galliardi, Desmidocercella incognita and Desmidocercella numidica. In the hering gull the cestode Echinocotyle verschureni, the four trematodes Apophallus muehlingi, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Renicola lari and Metorchis xanthosomus as well as the three nematodes Desmidocercella incognita, Cosmocephalus obvelatus and Paracuaria tridentata were detected. Merely three endohelminths could be demonstrated in the investigated egret: Apharyngostrigea sp., Desmidocercella incognita and D. numidica. Six of the 29 endohelminth species and genus respectively were found in this examination to infest both fish and birds in Saxonian fish ponds. Nevertheless the helminth fauna of the inestigated birds, in particular of cormorants and herons did not make a definite impact on the carps´ infestation with endohelminths. As well as the fish helminth fauna were not unequivocally linked to those of the birds.

O presente texto descreve um método experimental simples para comparar a eficiência de distribuidores de líquido empregados nas indústrias de tratamento de minérios em lavadores, classificadores e moinhos e nas indústrias de processos químicos. A técnica consiste basicamente em analisar a dispersão pelo desvio padrão da massa do líquido coletado em tubos verticais dispostos em arranjo quadrático colocados abaixo do distribuidor. Como exemplo de aplicação, empregouse para a coleta da massa de líquido uma unidade piloto, montada no Laboratório de Engenharia Química da Universidade Santa Cecília em Santos, com um banco de 21 tubos verticais de 52 mm de diâmetro interno e 800 mm de comprimento. Uma manta acrílica que não dispersa o líquido com 50 mm de espessura foi fixada entre o distribuidor e o banco de tubos para evitar respingos. Foram realizados ensaios com nove distribuidores do tipo espinha de peixe de 4 tubos paralelos cada, para uma coluna piloto com 400 mm de diâmetro. A literatura é discordante no que concerne aos parâmetros de projeto e eficiência destes distribuidores. Variaram-se o número (n) de orifícios (95, 127 e 159 furos/m2, 12, 16 e 20 furos por distribuidor) o diâmetro (d) dos orifícios (2, 3 e 4 mm) e as vazões de entrada indicadas por rotâmetro nos distribuidores (q) de 1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 m3/h. A melhor eficiência de espalhamento pelo menor desvio padrão (0,302) foi obtida com n de 159 furos/m2, d de 2 mm e q de 1,4 m3/h indicando as limitações dos parâmetros de projeto da literatura. A pressão (p), na entrada do distribuidor para esta condição, foi de apenas 0,51 kgf/cm2. A relação adimensional entre a área da seção do tubo de alimentação e a somatória da área dos furos foi de 5,81, a vazão volumétrica total por unidade de área da seção da coluna para esta melhor condição foi de 11,32 m3/(h.m2) e a velocidade média (v) em cada orifício foi de 6,31 m/s. Portanto, o método proposto permite comparar e quantificar a eficiência de distribuidores além de demonstrar a não validade de alguns parâmetros de projeto recomendados pela literatura. / The current text describes a simple experimental method in order to compare the efficiency of the liquid distributors applied at the ore treatment industries in washers, classifiers and mills as well as at the chemical processing industries. The technique basically consist of analyzing the dispersion through the standard deviation of the liquid mass which was collected in vertical pipes placed in a square way under the distributor. As an example of us usage, it has been applied a pilot scale for collecting the liquid mass, installed at the Santa Cecília Universitys Chemical Engineering Laboratory in Santos, with a setting of 21 vertical tubes measuring 52 mm in internal diameter and 800 mm in length. A 50 mm thick acrylic blanket was fixed between the distributor and the pipe setting in order to avoid splashes. Some experiments have been made with a ladder-tipe distributors containing 4 parallel tubes each, for a pilot column of 400 mm in diameter. The literature shows disagreement regarding the characteristics of the project and the efficiency of the distributors. The number of holes has varied (n) 95, 127 and 159 holes/m2; 12, 16 and 20 holes for distributor, the diameter of the holes (d) 2, 3 and 4 mm and the flow of entrance in the distributors (q) of 1,2; 1,4 and 1,6 m3/h. The best efficiency of splashing of the lowest deviation pattern (0,302) was achieved with n of 159 holes/m2, d of 2 mm and q of 1,4 m3/h showing the limitation of characteristics of the project literature. The pressure (p), for this condition in the distributor entrance, was only 0,51 kgf/cm2. The measuring relation between the area of the section of the feeding pipe and the addition of the area of the roles was 5,81, the total volume of the out flow for unit of the area of the column section for this better condition was 11,32 m3/(h m2) and the average speed (v), in each hole was 6,31 m/s. Finally, the indicated method permits the comparison and quantification of the efficiency of the distributors, besides showing that some of the project concepts are not valid and the literature does not recommend them.

In Karpfen sächsischer Karpfenteichwirtschaften spielen u.a. die Zestoden Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus und Paradilepis scolecina und der Trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum eine Rolle (KAPPE 2004, PIETROCK et al. 2006, KAPPE & SEIFERT unveröff.). Weitere Fischarten (Schleie, Plötze, Regenbogenforelle) sind mit den Trematoden Diplostomum sp., Hysteromorpha triloba, Posthodiplostomum cuticola infiziert (PIETROCK et al. 2006). Mit dieser Arbeit sollte der Versuch unternommen werden, die Bedeutung Fisch fressender Vögel als Vektor Fisch pathogener Helminthen in Sachsen aufzuklären. Dafür wurden im Zeitraum von Juni 2003 bis Dezember 2004 97 Kormorane (Phalacrocorax carbo) und 46 Graureiher (Ardea cinerea) aus dem Einzugsgebiet sächsischer Teichwirtschaften auf ihren Befall mit Endohelminthen untersucht. Im Winter 2004 konnte zusätzlich ein Silberreiher (Casmerodius albus) und eine Silbermöwe (Larus argentatus) in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden. Während des Untersuchungszeitraumes konnten so insgesamt 29 Parasitengattungen bzw. -arten nachgewiesen werden, denen z.T. kommerziell genutzte Süßwasserfische als Zwischenwirte oder paratenische Wirte dienen. Die Parasiten des Kormorans umfassten 15 verschiedene Parasitenarten. Dabei handelte es sich um die beiden Zestoden Ligula intestinalis und Paradilepis scolecina, die sechs Nematoden Baruscapillaria spp., Contracaecum rudolphii, Cyathostoma microspiculum, Desmidocercella incognita, Eucoleus contortus und Syncuaria squamata und die sieben Trematoden Clinostomum complanatum, Holostephanus dubinini, Hysteromorpha triloba, Metorchis xanthosomus, Paryphostomum radiatum, Petasiger exaeretus und P. phalacrocoracis. Außerdem wurden die zwei Kratzer Corynosoma strumosum und Polymorphus sp. nachgewiesen. Im Graureiher konnten dagegen nur neun Helminthenarten nachgewiesen werden. So der Zestode Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus, die sechs Trematoden Apharyngostrigea cornu, Bilharziella polonica, Diplostomum sp., Echinoasmus belocephalus, Posthodiplostomum cuticola und Tylodelphis excavata und die drei Nematoden Avioserpens galliardi, Desmidocercella incognita und Desmidocercella numidica. In der Silbermöwe konnten der Zestode Echinocotyle verschureni, die vier Trematoden Apophallus mühlingi, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Renicola lari und Metorchis xanthosomus sowie die drei Nematoden Desmidocercella incognita, Cosmocephalus obvelatus und Paracuaria tridentata nachgewiesen werden. Die parasitologischen Befunde des Silberreihers beschränkten sich auf Apharyngostrigea sp., Desmidocercella incognita und Desmidocercella numidica. Eine Beeinflussung der Helminthenfauna von Karpfen durch Kormoran und Reiher als auch umgekehrt konnte anhand der eigenen Untersuchungen in sächsischen Teichwirtschaften nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden. / In Saxonian carp ponds the cestodes Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus and Paradilepis scolecina and the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum occur amongst others in carps (KAPPE 2004, PIETROCK et al. 2006, KAPPE & SEIFERT unpublished). Further fish species (tench, roach, rainbow trout) are infected with the trematodes Diplostomum sp., Hysteromorpha triloba and Posthodiplostomum cuticola (PIETROCK et al. 2006). This work was performed to analyse the importance of fish eating birds as vectors of fish pathogenic helminths. For this purpose 97 common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and 46 grey herons (Ardea cinerea) were examined on their infestation with endohelminths during the term of June 2003 to December 2004. All these birds came from the vicinity of Saxonian fish ponds. In winter 2004 additionally an egret (Casmerodius albus) and an hering gull (Larus argentatus) were included into the investigations. Altogether 29 parasite species and genus respectively could be detected. Some of these endohelminths use fresh water fishes as intermediate or paratenic hosts. The cormorants harboured 15 different parasite species and genus respectively: the two cestodes Ligula intestinalis and Paradilepis scolecina, the six nematodes Baruscapillaria carbonis, Contracaecum rudolphii, Cyathostoma microspiculum, Desmidocercella incognita, Eucoleus contortus and Syncuaria squamata and seven trematodes the Clinostomum complanatum, Holostephanus dubinini, Hysteromorpha triloba, Metorchis xanthosomus, Paryphostomum radiatum, Petasiger exaeretus and P. phalacrocoracis. In addition the two acanthocephales Corynosoma strumosum and Polymorphus sp. were detected. In the grey heron nine helminth species/genus could be detected: the cestode Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus, the six trematodes Apharyngostrigea cornu, Bilharziella polonica, Diplostomum sp., Echinoasmus belocephalus, Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Tylodelphis excavata and the three nematodes Avioserpens galliardi, Desmidocercella incognita and Desmidocercella numidica. In the hering gull the cestode Echinocotyle verschureni, the four trematodes Apophallus muehlingi, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Renicola lari and Metorchis xanthosomus as well as the three nematodes Desmidocercella incognita, Cosmocephalus obvelatus and Paracuaria tridentata were detected. Merely three endohelminths could be demonstrated in the investigated egret: Apharyngostrigea sp., Desmidocercella incognita and D. numidica. Six of the 29 endohelminth species and genus respectively were found in this examination to infest both fish and birds in Saxonian fish ponds. Nevertheless the helminth fauna of the inestigated birds, in particular of cormorants and herons did not make a definite impact on the carps´ infestation with endohelminths. As well as the fish helminth fauna were not unequivocally linked to those of the birds.