A crucial component of child language acquisition is successful generalization. First, a speaker must acquire abstract knowledge of how a particular linguistic-structure conveys meaning, and use this knowledge to generalize the structure to new lexical-items. For example, a speaker can use abstract knowledge of a SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT structure to produce a sentence such as The man rolled the ball, even if the verb roll has never been encountered in this structure before. Second, a learner must appropriately restrict ‘overgeneralizations’ whereby a structure is used with an unsuitable verb (e.g. *The man fell the boy). The most prominent theories regarding restriction of overgeneralizations are based on frequency of use and (semantic, phonological or pragmatic) compatibility between the item and construction. Since developmental evidence for these accounts is mostly limited to the judgment paradigm, which is unsuitable for testing children aged 5 and under, the aim of this thesis was to examine whether these restriction mechanisms are used by children as young as 3 or 4 – whose generalization mechanisms are at an earlier stage of development - and to develop new paradigms for doing so. Study 1 used a production priming paradigm to examine children’s (aged 3-4; 5-6) restrictions of verbal un- prefixation (e.g., *unbend). Children’s production probability of verbs in un- form (e.g., *unbend) was negatively predicted by the frequency of the target verb in bare form (i.e., bend/s/ed/ing) and by the frequency of synonyms to a verb’s un- form (e.g., straighten for *unbend). Additionally, grammaticality judgments from older children (aged 5-6) revealed that preferences for un- forms were positively related to the extent to which the verb’s semantics overlapped with a covert, probabilistic semantic “cryptotype” of meanings thought to be shared by verbs that are grammatical in un- form (e.g., tie, pack, twist, screw, cover). Study 2 investigated whether overgeneralization errors in the domain of English past-tense (i.e., when ‘regular’ inflections are applied to verbs that require ‘irregular’ inflection; e.g., *sleeped, *throwed) are best attributed to analogy across exemplars, or to a default, “add –ed” rule applied regardless of a verb’s memorized associations. Past-tense forms of novel verbs were elicited by showing children (aged 3-4; 5-6; 6-7; 9-10) animations of an animal performing a novel action described with a novel verb (e.g., gezz; chake) and asking what the animal ‘did yesterday’. A verb’s likelihood of receiving regular inflection (e.g., gezzed, chaked) was positively associated with its phonological similarity to existing regular verbs, consistent with the analogy-based approach. Study 3 investigated the suitability of an online measure of sentence processing, namely Event Related Potentials (ERP), to investigate the role of verb-frequency in restricting transitive overgeneralizations. In line with previous studies, ‘P600’ and ‘LAN’ components were evoked in response to overgeneralization errors. However, the magnitudes of these components were not sensitive to a manipulation of verb-frequency (e.g., *The clown laughed the boy vs. *The clown giggled the boy), raising doubt toward the suitability of ERP for examining the relative acceptability of overgeneralization errors. Overall, the research indicates that even young children’s generalizations are sensitive to the linguistic input (i.e., statistical regularities and generalized semantic or phonological patterns of use) and are not well explained by a system of abstract rules that act on discrete categories, whether this applies to syntactic categories (e.g., add -ed to any instance of the category “VERB”) or discrete verb classes (e.g., a narrow-range rule that acts invariably on any verb that is part of an ‘alternating’ verb-class).

abstract: It is common in the analysis of data to provide a goodness-of-fit test to assess the performance of a model. In the analysis of contingency tables, goodness-of-fit statistics are frequently employed when modeling social science, educational or psychological data where the interest is often directed at investigating the association among multi-categorical variables. Pearson's chi-squared statistic is well-known in goodness-of-fit testing, but it is sometimes considered to produce an omnibus test as it gives little guidance to the source of poor fit once the null hypothesis is rejected. However, its components can provide powerful directional tests. In this dissertation, orthogonal components are used to develop goodness-of-fit tests for models fit to the counts obtained from the cross-classification of multi-category dependent variables. Ordinal categories are assumed. Orthogonal components defined on marginals are obtained when analyzing multi-dimensional contingency tables through the use of the QR decomposition. A subset of these orthogonal components can be used to construct limited-information tests that allow one to identify the source of lack-of-fit and provide an increase in power compared to Pearson's test. These tests can address the adverse effects presented when data are sparse. The tests rely on the set of first- and second-order marginals jointly, the set of second-order marginals only, and the random forest method, a popular algorithm for modeling large complex data sets. The performance of these tests is compared to the likelihood ratio test as well as to tests based on orthogonal polynomial components. The derived goodness-of-fit tests are evaluated with studies for detecting two- and three-way associations that are not accounted for by a categorical variable factor model with a single latent variable. In addition the tests are used to investigate the case when the model misspecification involves parameter constraints for large and sparse contingency tables. The methodology proposed here is applied to data from the 38th round of the State Survey conducted by the Institute for Public Policy and Michigan State University Social Research (2005) . The results illustrate the use of the proposed techniques in the context of a sparse data set. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Mathematics 2011

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the flexural strength of 5 ceramic dental materials and to compare the marginal fit of crowns made with e.max press and a new experimental (EXP) press ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials tested for flexural strength included: E.max press, E.maxCAD, ENAMIC, Experimental press, and Experimental-CAD. Each group (N= 10) was tested using the Instron 5566A using the piston-on-three-balls test. For the crown fit experiment an Ivorine tooth was prepared with a chamfer finish and used as the master die. Wax up crowns were made on the die and pressed with E.max press and the Experimental press. 5 crowns per material were obtained. A similar procedure was used with standard aluminum crown dies. Copings were waxed up and pressed: 3 copings of E.max and 6 copings of EXP. Eight measurements of marginal fit per restoration were obtained with an optical microscope at 200×. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey-HSD test (Significance level = 0.05). RESULTS: Mean and SD Flexural Strength values (MPa) per group were: E.max press: 486.96 (30.42). EXP press 378.16 (88.13). E.maxCAD 493.28 (55.2). EXP-CAD 420.63 (86.05). ENAMIC 157.59 (6.27). Mean and SD values for margin fit per group (Microns) were: E.max press 74 (19). EXP press 65 (19). CONCLUSIONS: E.max press has 28.8% higher FS than EXP press (P=0.0044). ENAMIC had the lower FS (as expected). EXP press had significantly lower marginal gap than E.max press by 12.2%. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

Decades have passed since the realisation that a protein’s amino acid sequence can contain all the information required to form a complex three-dimensional fold. Until recently, these encoded structures were thought to be crucial determinants of protein function. Much effort was directed to fully understand the mechanisms behind how and why proteins fold, with natively unfolded proteins thought to be experimental artefacts. Today, the field of natively unfolded – or so-called intrinsically disordered – proteins, is rapidly developing. Protein disorder content has been positively correlated with organismal complexity, with over thirty percent of eukaryotic proteins predicted to contain disordered regions. However, the biophysical consequences of disorder are yet to be fully determined. With the aim of addressing some of the outstanding questions, the work described in this thesis focuses on the relevance of structure within disordered proteins. Whilst populating a variety of conformations in isolation, a subset of disordered proteins can fold upon binding to a partner macromolecule. This folded state may be present within the ensemble of conformations sampled by the unbound protein, opening the question of what comes first: folding or binding? Protein engineering techniques were employed to alter the level of residual ‘bound-like’ structure within the free conformational ensemble, and the consequences on coupled folding and binding reactions were investigated. Resultant changes in the rate of association are easily imaginable; yet, this work demonstrates that the majority of the observed changes in binding affinity were due to alterations in the rate of dissociation, thus altering the lifetime of the bound complex. Promiscuous binding is a touted advantage of being disordered. If many disordered proteins, each with their own conformational ensemble, can bind and fold to the same partner, then where is the folding component encoded? Does the partner protein template the folding reaction? Or, is the folding information contained within the disordered protein sequence? Utilising phi-value analysis on the BCL-2 family of proteins, residues in the disordered sequence were probed to ascertain which form contacts at the transition state of the reaction. Comparison with phi-value analyses of alternative pairs – sharing either the ordered or disordered protein – provides insight into the encoding of these interactions. In the context of a bimolecular reaction, the amino acid sequence of the disordered protein was shown to determine the interactions within the transition state. Thus, analogous to the discovery from decades’ past, it is the sequence of the protein that folds which encodes its pathway, even when binding is a prerequisite.

Following the increased competition for organisations to attract and retain young talent, organisation must better adapt to the needs and desires of the labour force. In order to better understand their target groups, Generational Theory has gained track within the field of Human Resources. Now, Generation Z enters the labour market and companies might face new challenges in attracting and retaining this young group of workers. However, the recent entry of Generation Z makes it a relatively unexplored topic, calling for extensive research regarding their needs and behaviour.   Previous research on Generation Z during the time of this study existed through quantitative reports provided by organisations, thus calling for academic research within this subject. As such, the purpose of this study is to investigate how Gen Z include their values in their decision making when looking to join an organisation and how this will impact attraction and retention strategies of organisations.   In order to meet the purpose, a qualitative study have been performed, allowing for an engagement with Gen Z not possible through a quantitative study. Focus groups were held to investigate the values of Gen Z and how these values impact their decision-making about joining an organisation. Semi-structured interviews were performed on Human Resource managers represented at two companies to investigate current attraction and retention strategies. The research followed an abductive approach, where the empirical findings were analysed and compared to Generational Theory, P-O fit theory, and existing research regarding Gen Z.   The empirical findings show that values and needs of Generation Z are not fully met by organisations today and key strategical improvements are suggested as a result of the findings. Furthermore, the study shows some different results in the findings on Generation Z in comparison to previous quantitative reports, thus providing an extended view on Generation Z as well as highlighting the need for further qualitative research within the field.

This study explores the Swedish non-alignment policy from a European Union perspective. Spanning the period 1995-2018, i.e. from the year when Sweden joined the European Union to the present day, the study concerns the way the EU membership has affected Sweden’s defence policy. Given a variety of noted political decisions and developments, mainly in terms of Swedish defence policy propositions during the target period, the key question presents itself as follows: Does the Swedish membership undermine its possibilities to remain as a true case of non-alignment? To be able to answer this question, the study will look into the extent to which the Swedish policy can be seen as a case of Europeanization regarding its EU membership. Thus, the investigation takes as its starting-point the theory of Europeanization. Relying on a variety of previous research, the discussion uses this theory to provide a perspective of this concept as “Goodness of fit”, essentially an analytical tool for identifying processes and changes within this framework. On a practical level, this means that if the different terms and policies fit perfectly between the union and its member states, there is no need for a change. On the other hand, if there is incompatibility in this context, a process of Europeanization is likely to be identified through the lens of “Goodness of fit”. In general terms, it is concluded that the Swedish defence policy has gradually assumed more of a European identity. Arguably, the country’s official non-alignment policy raises questions for its future involvement in the union. Rather, there is indication that political rhetoric has been only one side of the coin, practical reality another. Yet, one thing is clear: it all seems to happen on Swedish terms.

Det mest vanliga idag är att kostymbyxor har två sidsömmar eftersom den har en stor vikt för plaggets passforms och komfort. Om dessa inte existerar måste byxans innerbensöm inrymma all passform vilket gör det problematiskt då byxan ska sitta nära kroppen. Studien är ett samarbete med ett svenskt modeföretag som vill skapa en effektivare konfektionslösning rörande borttagningen av en figurnära kostymbyxas sidsöm.   Uppsatsen använder sig av företagets mest sålda vara för revidering, tillsammans med jämförelse av litteratur och en marknadsundersökning. Andra metoder som används i undersökningen är avprovning på intern provmodell som bedömts visuellt och via ett avprovningsprotokoll men också tabeller i form av krav- och måttlistor.   Genom att applicera mönsterkonstruktionen på tyg i olika vinklar i förhållande till tygets trådrak har olika resultat påvisats. Resultatet visar bättre passform vid en trådrak parallellt med varpriktningen. Det visar sig även finnas ett samband med materialets draperingsförmåga, det mjukare materialet i studien ger ett finare fall. Medan 45° trådrak från varpriktningen visade ett resultat som hade passformsbrister. / The most common things today is that suit pants have two side-seams because it's of great importance to achieve the desired fit and comfort of the garment. Without the side-seams, the inside leg seam would have to involve all fits, which makes it problematic considering the garment is supposed to stay tight to the body.  The study is a collaboration with a Swedish fashion company that wants to creat a more effective clothing solution for removal of a figurative suit pants side-seams.   The essay uses the company’s best-selling product for revise, along with comparing of literature and one market research. Other methods used in the survey are tests on an internal test model, assessed visually and through a test protocol, but also test charts in regard to requirements and measurements.   By applying the pattern to the fabric at different grainlines, different results have been shown. The results shows better fit at grainline parallel to the warp direction. It also turns out that there is a connection with the draping ability of the material, the softer material in the study gives a finer drape. While 45° grainline from the warp direction showed a result that had lack of fit.

As lesões decorrentes da prática da ginástica desde o início dos anos 70 tem aumentado a atenção dos pesquisadores. Tem sido documentado por diversos autores que 43 % dos praticantes e 76 % dos instrutores de aeróbica de alto impacto sofrem lesão, sendo que o impacto da aterrissagem é um dos momentos de maior risco nos membros inferiores em muitas destas modalidades terrestres. Diante disso, percebe-se a necessidade de estudos específicos que analisem adequadamente o comportamento do impacto durante aulas de ginástica inclusive na modalidade de ginástica JUMP FIT®. Objetivo deste estudo foi classificar os exercícios do JUMP FIT® a partir de parâmetros relativos ao impacto. Participaram sessenta professores de ambos os sexos, com mínimo de 6 meses de experiência na modalidade JUMP FIT®. Para a aquisição dos dados da força de reação do solo o minitrampolim foi instrumentado com 6 células de carga marca HBM, modelo PW 10 D1. O presente estudo mostrou que existe simetria na FRS entre os lados direito e esquerdo, com maiores valores para o lado esquerdo, apenas nos exercícios femoral simples e elevação de joelhos. Os mecanismos que levam a estas assimetrias ou mesmo suas conseqüências sobre o sistema músculoesquelético permanecem desconhecidas. Apartir dos resultados obtidos, sugere-se uma classificação associada ao pico de força e outra associada à taxa de aplicação de força. / The injuries due to the practice of the gymnastics since the beginning of 70´s have increased the attention of researchers. It has been documented for diverse authors that 43% of who practices and 76% of the aerobics’ instructors of high impact suffer injury, and the impact of the landing is one of the moments of major risk in the lower limbs in many of these terrestrial modalities. Because of this, it is perceived the necessity of specific studies that adequately analyze the behavior of the impact during lessons of gymnastics also in the modality of gymnastics JUMP FIT®. The aim of this study was to classify the exercises of JUMP FIT® from parameters related to the impact. Participated of this study sixty professors of both sex, with minimum of 6 months of experience in modality JUMP FIT®. For the acquisition of the data of the reaction force of the ground the mini springboard was instrumented with 6 mark’s cells HBM, model PW10 D1. The present study showed that exist symmetry in the FRS between the left and the right sides, with bigger values for the left side, only in the exercises simple femoral and elevation of knees. The mechanisms that take to these asymmetrical or even the consequences on the system skeletal-muscle remain unknown. From the obtained results we suggest a classification related to force peak and another to force load rate.

Estudos anteriores sugeriram que as compras de experiências, tais como viagens e shows, deixam as pessoas mais felizes do que compras materiais, como, por exemplo, roupas e eletrônicos. E, por esta razão, sugerem que as pessoas passem a alocar mais a sua renda discricionária em tais tipos de compra. Entretanto, acredita-se que isto não é verdade para todos os indivíduos. O nível de felicidade com cada tipo de compra, provavelmente, varie de acordo com o estado motivacional das pessoas. À luz da teoria de self-regulation, hipotetizase que a felicidade derivada das compras depende da adequação entre as diferentes orientações motivacionais (prevention x promotion) e o tipo de compra (experiência x material). Em um estudo experimental, manipulou-se o tipo de compra e o regulatory focus, e se descobriu que os participantes com promotion focus, realmente, são mais felizes com as compras de experiência, no entanto, os participantes com prevention focus são tão felizes com as compras materiais quanto com as de experiência. Em um segundo estudo experimental, testou-se como os participantes com diferentes estados motivacionais alocam sua renda discricionária de modo a se sentirem mais felizes. Dado os resultados, sugere-se que os participantes com promotion focus são os que devem melhorar sua forma de investir para ficarem mais felizes, estes sim devem seguir a recomendação à experiência. Ainda, quando o trade-off entre os tipos de compra (experiência e material) estava saliente, os participantes com prevention focus, na seqüência, avaliaram as experiências mais favoravelmente do que quando o trade-off não estava saliente. / Experiential consumption - which is made with the primary intention of acquiring a life experience - usually yields greater happiness than material purchases. However, it might not be true for all individuals. The level of happiness in each type of purchase may vary according to one's motivational state. Building on research on subjective well-being and regulatory focus it is being put forward a hypothesis that happiness derived from purchases depends on the fit between self-regulation (individual differences) and the type of purchase (experiential versus material). In the first experimental study, the regulatory focus (prevention vs. promotion) and type of purchase (experiential vs. material) have been manipulated. The data shows that the promotion-focused participants indeed were happier with the experiential purchases than with the material ones. However, the prevention-focused participants were as happy with the material purchases as with the experiential purchases. In the second experimental study, it has been tested how the participants with different regulatory foci allocate their discretionary income as to feel happier. According to the results, its been suggested that in order to spend their income more judisciously, the promotion-focused participants should choose the experiential form of purchase and the prevention-focused participants should continue to invest in both types of purchases. Further, when the trade-off between the material and experiential purchases was made salient, experiences were subsequently evaluated more favorably than when the trade-off was not salient.

This study was an investigation of the relationship between subordinates' perceptions of the quality of the leader-member exchange (LMX) relationship and their willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational commitment (OC). Differences in subordinates' perceptions of the quality of the LMX with their supervisor according to the gender of the supervisor compared to the employee (same sex vs. different sex) and dyadic duration of the LMX were also investigated. The possible moderation of dyadic duration on the relationship between subordinates' perception of the quality of the LMX and their willingness to engage in OCB and OC were also investigated. Lastly, the possible moderation of gender on the relationship between subordinates' perception of the quality of the LMX and their willingness to engage in OCB and OC were also investigated. This study surveyed direct service subordinate staff currently employed at a large rehabilitation organization in the Midwest. Results of research questions (RQ) one through eight are as follows: No significant correlation, r = .15, p = .35 for RQ1, significant correlation for RQ2, r = .38, p =.01, no significant correlation, r = .14, p = .38, for RQ3, no significant correlation, r = .30, p = .05 for RQ4, RQ5 model one was not significant, R2 = .10, F (2,38) = 2.21, p = .12, model two was significant, R2 = .19, F (3, 37) = 2.86, p = .05, RQ6 model one was significant, R2 = .26, F (2, 38) = 7.59, p = .002, model two was significant, R2 = .34, F (3, 37) = 6.34, p = .001, RQ7 model one was not significant, R2 = .10, F (2, 38) = 2.21, p = .12, model two was not significant, R2= .16, F (3, 37) = 2.31, p = .09, and RQ8 model one was significant, R2 = .26, F (2, 38) = 7.59, p = .002, model two was significant, R2 = .32, F (3, 37) = 5.98, p = .002. A summary of results and limitations and delimitations of the study are discussed, as well as implications and directions for future research.