Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-69).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-69). Also available in print.

La modernité des écrits flaubertiens déroute ses contemporains mais permet de comprendre comment Flaubert souhaite se positionner dans les marges. Il refuse les étapes classiques de la vie bourgeoise que sont le mariage, la paternité et l’achat d’un bien immobilier. L’histoire de la construction de la notoriété flaubertienne est aussi une démarche pour comprendre les lieux de mémoire et les lieux de souvenirs. Ce rapport au territoire a été pensé au regard de la défense d’un patrimoine local. Nous nous sommes attachés à la complexité des parcours qui rassemblent plutôt qu’ils ne distinguent. Afin de saisir cette mémoire, l’étude des lieux devient incontournable car elle incarne toute la dimension conflictuelle de la figure flaubertienne. Dans la première partie, l’étude a pour objectif de situer Gustave Flaubert dans son temps littéraire en mettant en lumière le tournant majeur que représente Madame Bovary pour l’histoire de la littérature, mais aussi comme fondement de la postérité flaubertienne. Nous expliquons comment se mettent en place les mécanismes de la reconnaissance, dont Flaubert est le principal instigateur grâce à son œuvre. Nous avons présenté un homme complexe, non dans les épisodes de sa vie mais dans sa position d’artiste, tant dans ses idées que dans ses réalisations. D’une curiosité insatiable, que sa dernière œuvre inachevée -Bouvard et Pécuchet- symbolise, les commentaires et actes autour de sa mort en 1880 offrent un visage moins complexe et plus à même de permettre une postérité convenant au plus grand nombre. La deuxième partie tente de comprendre comment ce statut obtenu de son vivant perdure et se transforme après sa mort. Sans la détermination de quelques flaubertistes, ces lieux de souvenir ne pourraient être légitimés. Loin de chercher à enfermer la mémoire de l’écrivain, ces commémorations ont pour but de maintenir une présence flaubertienne matérielle et physique, à l’inverse de sa propre dimension de son vivant. Il représente la figure moderne d’un écrivain inclassable dépassant les querelles d’écoles. Des portraits de 1880 à la célébration de 1921, le chemin parcouru est long et soumis aux difficultés financières mais aussi humaines. La troisième partie approfondit l’affirmation d’une politique patrimoniale -au sens de discours choisi- fonctionnant autant par espaces construits que par cycles temporels. En effet, grâce aux premiers comités, des réalisations patrimoniales se concrétisent autour des premières statues et du Pavillon Flaubert puis avec sa chambre natale. L’ancrage dans des sites multiples prend une importance décisive pour les acteurs de la mise en patrimoine qui s’occupent de les « rendre visibles » pour le grand public. Les notables normands tendent vers l’affirmation d’une culture régionale. C'est le choix de ce qu'il faut célébrer qui définit une politique de commémoration. Ces espaces constituent des parcours touristiques dans une période d’ouverture vers un public nouveau en attente d’un discours constitué. La dernière partie montre comment la présence de manuscrits dans différents lieux touche largement l’organisation des célébrations flaubertiennes. Des groupes de recherche universitaire aux sociétés savantes, les études flaubertiennes présentent des points d’ancrage parfois opposés. Après le rôle important joué par Caroline Commanville, nièce du romancier, le souvenir de l’écrivain gagne une forme d’indépendance. Enfin, le tournant numérique n’est pas à négliger. Leur éclairage nouveau est permis par ces dispositions virtuelles qui facilitent le travail des chercheurs mais aussi l’intérêt de simples curieux. Nous avons pu comprendre que la construction sociale de la notoriété chez Flaubert était aussi un constat des échecs et des pistes oubliées. Des petites querelles rouennaises, après un temps de silence complet de sa ville natale, aux grandes reconnaissances de son génie au XXIe siècle, Gustave Flaubert reste inclassable. / The modernity of the Flaubertian writings challenges his contemporaries but makes it possible to understand how Flaubert wishes to be positioned in the margins. He refuses the classic stages of bourgeois life that are marriage, paternity and the purchase of real estate.The history of the construction of the Flaubertian notoriety is also an approach to understand the places of memories. This relationship to the area has been conceived in relation to the defense of a local heritage. We have focused on the complexity of process that bring together rather than distinguish. In order to capture this memory, the study of places becomes unavoidable because it embodies all the conflicting dimension of the Flaubertian figure. In the first part, the aim of the study is to locate Gustave Flaubert in his literary time by highlighting the major turning point represented by Madame Bovary for the history of literature, but also as a foundation for Flaubertian posterity. We explain how the mechanisms of recognition are set up, Flaubert is the main perpetator thanks to his work. We have presented a complex man, not in the episodes of his life but in his role as an artist, both in his ideas and his achievements. Of an insatiable curiosity, that his last unfinished work - Bouvard and Pécuchet - symbolizes, the comments and acts around his death in 1880 offer a face less complex aspect and is more likely to allow a posterity suitable for the greatest number. The second part attempts to understand how this status obtained during his lifetime continues and evolves after his death. Without the determination of some flaubertists, these places of remembrance could not be legitimized. Far from seeking to lock up the memory of the writer, these commemorations are intended to maintain a flaubertian material and physical presence, in contrary his own dimension during his lifetime. It represents the modern figure of an unclassifiable writer going beyond school quarrels. Portraits from 1880 to the celebration of 1921, the considerable distance is long and subject to financial difficulties but also human. The third part depicts the assertion of a patrimonial policy - in the sense of discourse choosing as much by constructed spaces as by temporal cycles. Indeed, thanks to the first committees, heritage achievements are concretized around the first statues, the Flaubert Pavilion and then with his native chamber. The anchoring in multiple sites takes a decisive importance for the actors of the setting in patrimony which take care of "to make them visible" for the general public. The Norman notables tend towards the affirmation of a regional culture. It is the choice of what to celebrate that defines a commemoration policy. These spaces constitute tourist routes in a period of opening towards a new public waiting for a constituted speech. The last part shows how the presence of manuscripts in different places largely affects the organization of Flaubertian celebrations. From academic research groups to learned societies, Flaubertian studies present sometimes conflicting anchors. After the important role played by Caroline Commanville, niece of the novelist, the memory of the writer gains a form of independence. Finally, the digital turning point is not to be neglected. Their new lighting is enabled by these virtual provisions that facilitate the work of researchers but also the interest of simple curious people. We were able to understand that Flaubert's social construction of notoriety was also an acknowledgment of failures and forgotten paths. For the small quarrels in Rouen, after a period of complete silence of his hometown to the great recognition of his genius in the twenty-first century, Gustave Flaubert remains unclassifiable.

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Dans la littérature, la scène était longtemps réservée aux hommes. C’étaient eux qui décidaient ce qui allait y être joué. Par exemple, quels sentiments on pouvait montrer, ceux des hommes et des femmes. Et, parfois même ils prenaient leur place, comme par exemple dans le théâtre grec. De ce fait, on peut se demander si les femmes pouvaient réellement toujours s’identifier à l’image et aux émotions que les hommes leur attribuaient. L’amour était un sujet auquel on associait souvent la femme. Pour cette raison une étude plus approfondie du regard masculin sur l’amour et l’image féminin est pertinente, c’est-à-dire sur la façon et les circonstances dont la femme exprime ses sentiments amoureux et l’image qu’elle avait dans la littérature. Une étude qui mène à la question de savoir s’il y a réellement eu des changements au fil du temps. Si oui, lesquels et en quoi ? Ou, est-ce que ce regard sur la femme est toujours pareil?                      Tout d’abord, un aperçu historique de la littérature s’impose. Quelques œuvres classiques et la présentation de leurs auteurs jusqu’au XIXe siècle donneront une idée d’où l’expression féminine dans l’amour et l’image de la femme tire ses sources. En parallèle, une recherche sur les auteurs féminins et les thèmes qu’elles ont développés, suivi par une étude plus approfondie sur l’expression de l’amour féminin et l’image de la femme dans trois œuvres : Madame Bovary (Flaubert, 1856),  La Ronde et autres fait divers (Le Clézio, 1982) ainsi que dans le roman post-moderne Les Particules élémentaires (Houellebecq, 1998). Ces trois œuvres écrites par trois hommes traitent en grande partie de la condition et de l’amour féminin. La première œuvre est considérée comme un des premiers romans de l’écriture moderne et a fait l’objet d’un procès, le deuxième écrivain a reçu le prix Nobel et le dernier a suscité un vif débat. Le choix des deux derniers auteurs contemporains a pour but d’essayer de couvrir le large spectre des différents styles et  de genres existant à l’époque moderne. Une comparaison de ces trois œuvres dans la façon d’exprimer les images, les rôles, la condition des femmes ainsi que les techniques de narration, donnera une indication de l’évolution de l’image de la femme et de ses expressions amoureuses entre Flaubert et Houellebecq.

<p>In my dissertation, I connect the role of literature and its interpretations with France's current occultation of its colonial and imperial past and present. The dissertation puts forth a re-consideration of an excluded work and of some hexagonal classics across time-periods.</p><p>The first chapter focuses on an excluded author from the Canon, The Baron de Lahontan (1683-1716). His Dialogues avec un sauvage (1703) are unique because the strident critique of the clergy, the wealthy and the aristocracy is free from patriotic and essentialist concerns. Today his works are claimed by some Amerindian scholars (such as George Sioui) as illustrative of Amerindian values, but largely ignored by French educational and publishing institutions. . I then examine briefly Diderot's Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville (1773). The comparison of Diderot's Supplément with Lahontan's Dialogues underline that Diderot critique of colonialism was not the primary objective of this work and was limited to issues of sovereignty and pointedly left aside the issue of commerce and indirect political influence.</p><p>The second chapter is on the work of Flaubert, Salammbô. I propose that Flaubert' Salammbô (1862) paints a world in which a collective consciousness based on class begins to emergeI also propose basing myself on Sartre's work on the author, that in Salammbô Flaubert finds a space in which to unfold his own contradictions (as symbolized in the novel by those of Salammbô herself) regarding his belonging to and hatred of the French bourgeoisie.</p><p>In the third chapter, I examine the works of Maupassant as a journalist and novelist in the context of colonialism. As a journalist he defended the interests of an emerging class of colons as a journalist by engaging in a complicated manipulation of public opinion. Maupassant was also the author of classic novel Bel-Ami (1885) which can be read as a ruthless indictment of the financial motivations behind France's colonial expansion. One of my arguments is that Maupassant's fiction in relation to the colonial renewal of the 1880's was what Balzac's novels were to emerging capitalism: his powers of observation transcend his political beliefs.</p><p>The ultimate chapter is about Camus's L'étranger (1942), Le premier home (written in 1959 published posthumously in1994) and his relation with Sartre. I examine how the historical events shaped Camus's fiction and how after his death they contributed to his standing in the literary field today. In L'étranger Camus does not acknowledge Arab characters by name, nor is the violence inflicted upon them considered neither central nor worthy of particular concern. I argue that Camus standing today as progressive and humanitarian thinker despite writing for the French colonial empire is indicative of France's inability to come to terms with its colonial past. </p><p>My re-visitation of the above works has led me examine the notion of progress in history and how its political corollary, the division between progress and reaction, later between left and right does not incorporate the issue of colonialism. I also attempted to assess the colonial and imperial projects as endeavors motivated primarily by economic gains of specific social groups which used race and identity as justifications and cover ups. This interpretative framework based on the theories put forth by Jean-Paul Sartre in his works on colonialism, racism and Flaubert.</p><p>This dissertation contributes a novel critique of hexagonal canonical works and proposes a re-evaluation of the extensive influence of political imperatives on the elaboration and status of works of literature.</p> / Dissertation

Integrating a thematic perspective and textual analysis into the method, this Master's thesis proposes to study the theme and images of death in Madame Bovary. This essay analyses the representation of death, the relationships with the survivors and the links with the main character. It demonstrates the egoistic perception of death among the survivors and explains the thematic advancement in chapter VIII of the third part of the novel. The peripheral elements of death, such as the character Lestiboudois, the cemetery, the taboos and the generally accepted ideas, are studied in the first chapter. The second is devoted to Emma Bovary's romantic conception of death, through an analysis of artistic influences and inspirations, romantic mysticism, and complacency with regards to the idea of death. I will be studying the causes of her suicide, her desire to die, her distress experienced in love, her financial bankruptcy and her emotional and physical disequilibrium in the third chapter, which ends with the study of the thematic "spiral" in chapter VIII of the third section: the race, God, time, love, nature, anguish, emotional and physical disequilibrium and death, without neglecting the various interpretations of the Blind Man's ditty. In the fourth chapter, I study the mourning, suffering and social conventions, the influence from beyond the grave upon the survivors, the grave, the memories and immortality. Finally, the last chapter, so as to integrate the various notions explained in the preceding chapters, analyses the consequences of each death in the novel upon the survivors and their reactions.

This study explores the letters which Flaubert wrote to Louise Colet between 1851 and 1854, and scrutinizes more particularly the dynamics of their epistolary relationship as well as the nature of the "contract" between the author and his mistress. A letter justifies and exists only by virtue of the distance and absence of the other person, and its appears that Flaubert resolutely availed himself of this mode of communication with Louise, and thus preserved efficiently the necessary solitude and silence for the composition of his work. The first part of the inquiry, which attempts to define the status and function of Louise in the Correspondence, is devoted to the eloquent forcefulness and the sheer quality of Flaubert's exposition. The second part of this work focuses on the originality of Flaubert's ideas in the letters and how they are representative of this life long literary beliefs. This so called love correspondence is literally permeated with literary discussion, and the reader of these letters quickly begins to wonder why Flaubert elected as his privileged correspondent a mistress who was incapable of understanding or sharing his profound convictions on aesthetic matters.

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