A Constituição Federal de 1988, a carta magna do Brasil, foi responsável por estabelecer meios para a modernização na condução da administração pública brasileira. O modelo de administração gerencial, proposto na década subsequente, ampliou o entendimento de que o Estado precisa assemelhar-se cada vez mais à iniciativa privada e tratar as necessidades dos contribuintes como uma empresa trata seus clientes. Este trabalho visa avaliar cenários para substituição de frota na Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul, avaliando os diferentes custos e critérios para tomada de decisões relativas à substituição. Um método formal é aplicado para calcular a vida útil econômica da frota em análise, baseado em princípios de Engenharia Econômica, aproximando as características de tomada de decisão da administração pública às práticas da iniciativa privada. Diferentes cenários foram simulados que otimizaram a aplicação dos recursos públicos, resultando em melhor aplicação dos recursos públicos. Os resultados das simulações e cenários apontam que se possibilite atingir uma economia de recursos financeiros que podem variar desde 12% e chegar até 41,31%. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-08-15T14:30:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Troian Mezzari.pdf: 2965752 bytes, checksum: 10d64cc6df554f5e68ae0d41993f7416 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T14:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Troian Mezzari.pdf: 2965752 bytes, checksum: 10d64cc6df554f5e68ae0d41993f7416 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-15 / Brazilian Federal Constitution, created in 1988, was responsible for establishing ways to modernize brazilian public administration practices. The management administration model, proposed in the next decade, expanded the understanding that the State should act even more like private companies and deal with tax payers needs the same way a private company deal with customers. This work aims to analyze different scenarios fleet substitution method applied in Caxias do Sul city hall, evaluating the costs relative to fleet and the actual decision taking criteria, regarding fleet substitution. Subsequently, it applies a formal method to calculate the fleet economic life, based on Economic Engineering principles, turning public administration decision making characteristics closer to the private companies’ administration practices, simulating different scenarios, improving public resources application, resulting in better use of the values taken under taxes. Simulations and scenarios results show that it is possible to achieve costs reductions that start from 12% and goes up to 41.31%.

A Constituição Federal de 1988, a carta magna do Brasil, foi responsável por estabelecer meios para a modernização na condução da administração pública brasileira. O modelo de administração gerencial, proposto na década subsequente, ampliou o entendimento de que o Estado precisa assemelhar-se cada vez mais à iniciativa privada e tratar as necessidades dos contribuintes como uma empresa trata seus clientes. Este trabalho visa avaliar cenários para substituição de frota na Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul, avaliando os diferentes custos e critérios para tomada de decisões relativas à substituição. Um método formal é aplicado para calcular a vida útil econômica da frota em análise, baseado em princípios de Engenharia Econômica, aproximando as características de tomada de decisão da administração pública às práticas da iniciativa privada. Diferentes cenários foram simulados que otimizaram a aplicação dos recursos públicos, resultando em melhor aplicação dos recursos públicos. Os resultados das simulações e cenários apontam que se possibilite atingir uma economia de recursos financeiros que podem variar desde 12% e chegar até 41,31%. / Brazilian Federal Constitution, created in 1988, was responsible for establishing ways to modernize brazilian public administration practices. The management administration model, proposed in the next decade, expanded the understanding that the State should act even more like private companies and deal with tax payers needs the same way a private company deal with customers. This work aims to analyze different scenarios fleet substitution method applied in Caxias do Sul city hall, evaluating the costs relative to fleet and the actual decision taking criteria, regarding fleet substitution. Subsequently, it applies a formal method to calculate the fleet economic life, based on Economic Engineering principles, turning public administration decision making characteristics closer to the private companies’ administration practices, simulating different scenarios, improving public resources application, resulting in better use of the values taken under taxes. Simulations and scenarios results show that it is possible to achieve costs reductions that start from 12% and goes up to 41.31%.

We use regression analysis to study what motivates car pool managers to campaign for BEV procurement using primary data from 229 car pool managers including adopters and non-adopters of EVs. Key findings are that a personal interest in EVs due to technophilia increases the intention to start procurement initiatives for BEVs. These findings underpin the fact that the attitudes of single individuals can influence internal organizational decision processes and therefore play an important role in explaining BEV adoption in commercial fleets. Other factors that foster initiatives for BEV procurement are organizational innovativeness, and the expectation of environmental benefits and positive effects on employee motivation. The fear of mobility constraints and doubts about the reliability of BEVs counteract the intention to campaign for their procurement.

Autonomous vehicles are predicted to disrupt the current landscape of urban mobility.Many studies have investigated how autonomous vehicles, either operated as a serviceor as private cars, could compete against public transport and even replace it. Fewerstudies have investigated how autonomous vehicles could actually be an opportunityfor the public transport sector, as a new type of offer that would cover specific needsalong traditional modes such as buses or metros.The aim of this project is to quantify the effect of replacing part of the public transportnetwork of Uppsala by demand-responsive autonomous fleets. This is achieved bybuilding a transport model based on the traditional four-step transport model andcalculating the total cost of the network both from the passenger and the operator’sperspective.The study shows that autonomous vehicles can slightly improve the performance of thenetwork and work best when combined with traditional bus lines. However, they alsoincrease the traffic and have a risk to cause congestion.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis--Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation consists of two self-contained studies. The first study, in the domain of stochastic inventory theory, addresses the structure of optimal ordering policies in a periodic review setting. We take multiple sources of a single product to imply an ordering cost function that is nondecreasing, piecewise linear, and convex. Our main contribution is a proof of the optimality of a finite generalized base stock policy under an average cost criterion. Our inventory model is formulated as a Markov decision process with complete observations. Orders are delivered immediately. Excess demand is fully backlogged, and the function describing holding and backlogging costs is convex. All parameters are stationary, and the random demands are independent and identically distributed across periods. The (known) distribution function is subject to mild assumptions along with the holding and backlogging cost function. Our proof uses a vanishing discount approach. We extend our results from a continuous environment to the case where demands and order quantities are integral. The second study is in the area of capacity planning. Our overarching contribution is a relatively simple and fast solution approach for the fleet composition problem faced by a retail distribution firm, focusing on the context of a major beverage distributor. Vehicles to be included in the fleet may be of multiple sizes; we assume that spot transportation capacity will be available to supplement the fleet as needed. We aim to balance the fixed costs of the fleet against exposure to high variable costs due to reliance on spot capacity. We propose a two-stage stochastic linear programming model with fixed recourse. The demand on a particular day in the planning horizon is described by the total quantity to be delivered and the total number of customers to visit. Thus, daily demand throughout the entire planning period is captured by a bivariate probability distribution. We present an algorithm that efficiently generates a "definitive" collection of bases of the recourse program, facilitating rapid computation of the expected cost of a prospective fleet and its gradient. The equivalent convex program may then be solved by a standard gradient projection algorithm.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Siqueira Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:52:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_PaulodaSilva_M.pdf: 2232600 bytes, checksum: 4a7346f73eea516fc1252d7abb6076a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de baixo custo para monitoração de veículos automotivos em frotas de transporte. É apresentado o projeto e a implementação de um computador de bordo com módulo de memória externo e portátil, junto com um software de avaliação dos dados gravados na memória. O sistema permite uma avaliação da forma como o veículo está sendo dirigido, indicando não apenas os desvios de rota, tempo de parada excessivo (que já eram possíveis de serem obtidos com os sistemas convencionais de monitoração via GPS), mas também outras informações de muita valia para o gerenciamento da frota. Dentre os principais parâmetros que são examinados pelo sistema, destacamos: rotação do motor, acelerações (positivas e negativas) sofridas pelo veículo, temperatura de operação do motor, velocidade, distancias percorridas, velocidade na chuva e distancia percorrida na chuva. São apresentados o projeto, a implementação e os resultados experimentais em protótipos do computador de bordo. / Abstract: The objective of the dissertation is to develop a low cost system for the monitoring of automotive vehicles in transportation fleets. It is presented the design ad impementation of a onboard computer with an external portable memory module, as well as the software used to evaluate de recorded data in the memory module. The system allows for an avaluation of how the veihicle is being conducted, indicating not only the route changes, excessive pit-stops time (which were already possible to be detected in the conventional GPS monitoring systems), but it also other information which are valuable for the fleet management. Among the main parameters which are examined by the system, it is worth to mention the follwoing: RPM of the motor, accelerations (posite and negative) experienced by the vehicle, motor's operating temperature, vehicle speed, distances travelled under good weather conditions and speed and distances travelled under rainy weather. / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

This thesis examines the marginal cost of congested travel to a variety of businesses by observing time spent in congestion and estimating excess labor costs based upon the relevant value of time. The fleets in the scoping study represented commercial deliveries of goods and services, government agencies, and transit systems. Observations on limited-access expressways within the 13-county Atlanta metropolitan region were used in the analysis. Vehicles were monitored by using a passive GPS assembly that transmitted speed and location data in real-time to an off-site location. Installation and operation during the observation period required no interaction from the driver. Over 217 hours of good freeway movement during 354 vehicle-days was recorded. Rates of delay, expressed as a unit of lost minutes per mile traveled, were calculated by taking the difference in speeds observed during congestion from an optimal free-flow speed of 45 mph and dividing that by the distance traveled per segment. The difference between the 50th and 95th percentile delay rates was used as the measure for travel unreliability. Daily average values of extra time needed per fleet vehicle to ensure on-time arrivals were derived, and the median buffer across all fleets was 1.65 hours of added time per vehicle. Weekly marginal costs per fleet vehicle were estimated by factoring in the corresponding driver wages or hourly operation costs (for transit fleets). Equivalent toll rates were calculated by multiplying the 95th percentile delay rate by the hourly costs. The equivalent toll per mile traveled was representative of an equal relationship between the marginal costs of congestion experienced and a hypothetical state of free-flow travel (under first-best rules of marginal cost pricing). The median equivalent toll rates across all fleets was $0.43 per mile for weekday mornings, $0.13 per mile for midday weekdays, $0.53 per mile for afternoon weekdays and $0.01 per mile for weekday nights and weekends.

PAE / O transporte rodoviário é um dos modais mais utilizados para o transporte de passageiros principalmente devido à sua acessibilidade, tanto no contexto nacional como mundial. As organizações buscam métodos e sistemas cada vez mais eficientes para atender de forma satisfatória seus clientes, oferencendo serviços de qualidade e confiáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um modelo matemático de veículos para a minimização de ônibus, evitando ao máximo o desbalanceamento da rede de transporte. O modelo buscou abranger as restrições inerentes aos fluxos em rodoviárias de modo a cobrir todas as viagens de uma tabela de horários já definida, alocando apenas um veículo para cada viagem e aproveitando o mesmo para outras viagens quando possível, atendendo à função objetivo. O modelo foi aplicado à uma empresa de transportes de passageiros com quatro cidades envolvidas e 105 viagens em um tempo de 24 horas. As variáveis e restrições foram identificadas a partir de entrevistas semi -estruturadas e visitas à organização, observando roteiros de viagens a serem cumpridos por dois modelos de ônibus: metropolitanos e articulados. Neste contexto, dois modelos distintos foram montados de forma a atender as viagens, sendo analisadas separadamente. Os resultados definiram um total necessário de 12 ônibus metropolitanos e 4 ônibus articulados para atender às exigências da empresa e da tabela viagens, sendo que todas as restrições foram satisfeitas, detectando -se a necessidade da realização de seis viagens mortas (sem passageiros) para suprir a necessidade de d emanda de ônibus para cada tabela de viagens diárias. Com os resultados, fez-se uma comparação com a programação que a empresa necessitava para cumprir a tabela de viagens, identificando a diminuição de um ônibus metropolitano, sem deixar de cumprir a restrição de autonomia de cada ônibus poder rodar 400 quilômetros sem necessidade de reabastecimento. Algumas melhorias foram identificadasanalisando-se a rede resultante, sendo discutidas ao final da pesquisa e norteando novas intenções de trabalhos futuros. / Road transport is one of the most used modes for passenger transport mainly due to its affordability, in the national and global context. Organizations seek for a better methods and systems to meet the satisfaction of its customers, offering quality and reliable services. This research aimed to propose a vehicle scheduling model to minimize buses, avoiding the transmission system imbalance. The model tried to cover the restrictions inherent about the vehicle flow on bus stations to cover all travel in a given timetable, allocating only one vehicle for each trip and using it for other trips when it is possible, given the objective function. The model was applied to a passenger transportation company with four cities involved and 105 trips in a time of 24 hours. The variables and constraints were identified from semi-structured interviews and visits at organization, identifying the tours to be met by two bus models: articulated and metropolitan. In this context, two different models were fitted to meet the travel , and analyzed separately. The results defined a required total of twelve metropolitan buses and four articulated buses to meet the company and timetable requirements and all constraints were satisfied, detecting the need of perform six deadheading trips (without passengers) to meet the need for demand bus for each table in the daily trips. With the results, a comparison was made between the old programming system adopted by the organization to fulfill the timetable, identifying the reduction of a metropolitan bus, while fulfilling the constraint of autonomy that each bus can travel 400 kilometers. Some improvements were identified by observing the resulting route network, being discussed at the end of the research and guiding for a new works in the future.

Recent years have seen an unprecedented uptake in electric vehicles, driven by the global push to reduce carbon emissions. At the same time, intermittent renewables are being deployed increasingly. These developments are putting flexibility measures such as dynamic load management in the spotlight of the energy transition. Flexibility measures must consider EV charging, as it has the ability to introduce grid constraints: In Germany, the cumulative power of all EV onboard chargers amounts to ca. 120 GW, while the German peak load only amounts to 80 GW. Commercial operations have strong incentives to optimize charging and flatten peak loads in real-time, given that the highest quarter-hour can determine the power-related energy bill, and that a blown fuse due to overloading can halt operations. Increasing research efforts have therefore gone into real-time-capable optimization methods. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has particularly gained attention due to its versatility, performance and realtime capabilities. This thesis implements such an approach and introduces FleetRL as a realistic RL environment for EV charging, with a focus on commercial vehicle fleets. Through its implementation, it was found that RL saved up to 83% compared to static benchmarks, and that grid overloading was entirely avoided in some scenariosby sacrificing small portions of SOC, or by delaying the charging process. Linear optimization with one year of perfect knowledge outperformed RL, but reached its practical limits in one use-case, where a feasible solution could not be found by thesolver. Overall, this thesis makes a strong case for RL-based EV charging. It further provides a foundation which can be built upon: a modular, open-source software framework that integrates an MDP model, schedule generation, and non-linear battery degradation. / Elektrifieringen av transportsektorn är en nödvändig men utmanande uppgift. I kombination med ökande solcellsproduktion och förnybara energikällor skapar det ett dilemma för elnätet som kräver omfattande flexibilitetsåtgärder. Dessa åtgärder måste inkludera laddning av elbilar, ett fenomen som har lett till aldrig tidigare skådade belastningstoppar. Ur ett kommersiellt perspektiv är incitamentet att optimera laddningsprocessen och säkerställa drifttid. Forskningen har fokuserat på realtidsoptimeringsmetoder som Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Denna avhandling introducerar FleetRL som en ny RL-miljö för EV-laddning av kommersiella flottor. Genom att tillämpa ramverket visade det sig att RL sparade upp till 83% jämfört med statiska riktmärken, och att överbelastning av nätet helt kunde undvikas i de flesta scenarier. Linjär optimering överträffade RL men nådde sina gränser i snävt begränsade användningsfall. Efter att ha funnit ett positivt business case förvarje kommersiellt användningsområde, ger denna avhandling ett starkt argument för RL-baserad laddning och en grund för framtida arbete via praktiska insikter och ett modulärt mjukvaruramverk med öppen källkod.