Current methods for measuring energy flow rate in a pipe use a variety of invasive sensors, including temperature sensors, turbine flow meters, and vortex shedding devices. These systems are costly to buy and install. A new approach that uses non-invasive sensors that are easy to install and less expensive has been developed. A thermal interrogation method using heat flux and temperature measurements is used. A transient thermal model, lumped capacitance method LCM, before and during activation of an external heater provides estimates of the fluid heat transfer coefficient ℎ and fluid temperature. The major components of the system are a thin-foil thermocouple, a heat flux sensor (PHFS), and a heater. To minimize the thermal contact resistance 𝑅" between the thermocouple thickness and the pipe surface, two thermocouples, welded and parallel, were tested together in the same set-up. Values of heat transfer coefficient ℎ, thermal contact resistance 𝑅", time constant 𝜏, and the water temperature °C, were determined by using a parameter estimation code which depends on the minimum root mean square 𝑅𝑀𝑆 error between the analytical and experimental sensor temperature values. The time for processing data to get the parameter estimation values is from three to four minutes. The experiments were done over a range of flow rates (1.5 gallon/minute to 14.5 gallon/minute). A correlation between the heat transfer coefficient ℎ and the flow rate 𝑄 was done for both the parallel and the welded thermocouples. Overall, the parallel thermocouple is better than the welded thermocouple. The parallel thermocouple gives small average thermal contact resistance 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅"=0.00001 (𝑚2.°C/𝑊), and consistence values of water temperature and heat transfer coefficient ℎ, with good repeatability and sensitivity. Consequently, a non-invasive energy flow rate meter or (BTU) meter can be used to estimate the flow rate and the fluid temperature in real life. / MS / Today, the measuring energy flow rate, measuring flow rate and the fluid temperature, in a pipe is crucial in many engineering fields. In addition, there has been increased use of energy flow rate meters in the renewable energy system and other applications such as solar thermal and geothermal to estimate the useful thermal energy. Some of the commercial energy flow rate meters are using an invasive sensor, has to be inside the pipe, including turbine flow meter and vortex shedding device. These systems are expensive and difficult to install. A new approach that uses non-invasive sensors, attached on the outside of the pipe, that are easy to install and less expensive has been developed by using the heat flux and temperature measurements. A parameter estimation routine was used to analyze the data which depends on the minimum root mean square 𝑅𝑀𝑆 error between the calculated and experimental temperature values. A correlation between the unknown parameter, heat transfer coefficient (ℎ), and the measured flow rate 𝑄 was done to estimate the flow rate. The results show that the new non-invasive system has good repeatability, 15.45%, high sensitivity, and it is easy to install. Consequently, a non-invasive energy flow rate meter or (BTU) meter can be used to estimate the flow rate and the fluid temperature in real life.

[pt] Plantas industriais necessitam de algum tipo de medição, em especial a indústria química e de óleo e gás, que empregam em maior quantidade medidores de vazão, sobretudo os de princípio ultrassônico por sua maior confiabilidade. O desempenho metrológico desse tipo de medidor é sensível a imperfeições no perfil de escoamento, e por isso é recomendado que atendam aos requisitos de instalação quanto à distância de trechos retos especificados pela norma. No entanto, em alguns casos tais recomendações não conseguem ser atendidas devido ao espaço físico compacto, mas mesmo assim é mantida a instalação de tais instrumentos em locais inadequados. Por este motivo, a avaliação dos impactos provocados pelas incertezas de medição ocasionadas por irregularidades no perfil de escoamento torna-se relevante. O presente trabalho mostrou que após vários testes com o medidor de vazão do tipo clamp-on de dois canais, instalado em variadas posições longitudinais após seguidos trechos de curva na tubulação, é possível a partir de trechos retos equivalentes a 20 diâmetros utilizar o medidor como um medidor padrão itinerante para calibração de outros medidores de vazão dispostos em linha localizados adequadamente no campo, denominado calibração in-situ. Os resultados dos testes atingiram níveis de incerteza de vazão inferiores a 1 por cento, especificada para calibração de medidores operacionais. O trabalho também mostrou que o uso do fator do medidor numa calibração pode minimizar a influência da flutuação do escoamento sobre a incerteza de medição do medidor, estimando mais realisticamente sua incerteza na ausência de flutuações. / [en] Industrial plants need some kind of measurement, especially chemical and oil and gas industries, which uses a large amount of flow meters, mainly those that uses ultrasonic principle due to their greater reliability. The metrological performance of this type of meter is sensitive to imperfections present in the flow profile, and therefore must comply the installation requirements relative to the distance of straight sections without objects that cause any kind of disruption in the flow. However, in some cases such recommendations are not met due to the compact physical space, which does not preclude the installation of such instruments. For this reason, the evaluation of impacts on the uncertainties of measurement caused by irregularities in the flow becomes relevant. This work shows that using a two channels clamp-on flow meter, installed in various longitudinal positions after consecutive bend sections in the pipe, it is possible to, distance starting from 20 diameters, use the meter as the standard traveling meter for calibration of others flow meters arranged in-line, properly located in the field, process called in-situ calibration. The test results provided an uncertainty less than 1 percent, which is usually specified for operational meters. This work also shows that the meter factor can be used to minimize the influence of the flow rate fluctuation on the uncertainty of measurement, and thus to estimate more realistically its value when there is no fluctuation.

Lors d’une opération de forage, un certain nombre d’événements imprévus par rapport à l’écoulement du fluide de forage dans le puits, peuvent se produire assez rapidement. Des exemples de tels événements sont les afflux de pétrole ("kick") ainsi que les pertes de boue dans la formation. Un "kick" qui augmente en intensité peut entraîner, par ce que l’on nomme, un "blowout" (par exemple l’incident Deepwater Horizon en 2010). Les pertes et les gains sont habituellement détectés en contrôlant l’équilibre de la boue de forage dans le puits, en particulier en contrôlant le débit sortant du puits et en le comparant au débit entrant induit par les pompes. La plupart des méthodes de surveillance, de l’écoulement du puits en cours de forage, est d’utiliser un simple "paddle" (capteur qui mesure la hauteur du fluide de forage avec l’inclinaison d’une pagaie) dans la ligne d’écoulement de retour, ou d’utiliser un débitmètre de Coriolis (débitmètre connu pour sa précision, mais coûteux et nécessite une installation complexe en ajoutant un "by-pass"). Il y a un besoin évident d’un nouveau débitmètre précis, mais facile à installer et peu coûteux. Le canal Venturi a été utilisé comme débitmètre pendant des années dans l’industrie des eaux. Il apparaît comme une solution peu chère mais précise pour mesurer des débits importants. Beaucoup de personnes ont travaillé sur cette solution pour améliorer sa précision et élargir son champ d’application. Ils ont développé des modèles, sur la base d’un processus d’étalonnage, permettant de relier la hauteur en amont au débit. Cela signifie que les modèles actuels, comme ISO NORM 4359 [1], peuvent être uniquement utilisés pour l’écoulement d’eau et pour une géométrie bien spécifique. Comme nous le savons, les boues ont des comportement non- Newtonien, et donc ces modèles établis ne peuvent pas être utilisés avec ce type de fluides. Pour notre application, la forme trapézoïdale apparaît comme un bon compromis entre la précision et la portée des mesures de débit. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle capable de calculer le débit en prenant en compte les propriétés du fluide ainsi que les paramètres géométriques du canal. Ce modèle a été simplifié sous forme 1D en utilisant la théorie des eaux peux profondes, et a été complété par un modèle de friction tenant en compte de la variation des propriétés des fluides et de la géométrie du canal. Ce modèle a été validé par une série d’expériences avec les deux types de fluides: Newtonien et non-Newtonien, où nous avons mesuré le débit et la hauteur de l’écoulement à différents endroits le long du canal Venturi. Nous avons également réalisé des simulations 3D, en simulant des écoulements Newtoniens et non- Newtonien le long du canal. Pour généraliser cette étude, cette démarche a été étendue à une autre forme de Venturi plus adapté à un certain design de plate-forme pétrolière. Les corrélations et les modèles développés et validés expérimentalement au cours de cette étude peuvent être utilisés pour étendre l’utilisation des canaux Venturi à tous les fluides Newtonien mais aussi non-Newtonien. Il est maintenant l’occasion pour les industries de proposer une solution, peu chère mais précise pour mesurer les débits dans des canaux ouverts et pour tous types de fluides. / During a drilling operation, a certain number of unexpected events, related to the flow of drilling fluid in the well, may happen rather quickly. Examples of such events are formation fluid influx (kick) and mud loss to the formation. An uncontrolled kick that increases in intensity may result in what is known as a blowout (e.g. the Deepwater Horizon incident in 2010). Influxes and kicks are traditionally detected by monitoring the drilling mud balance in the well, in particular, by monitoring the flow out the well and comparing it to the incoming flow induced by the pumps. Most methods of monitoring the flow out of the well while drilling consists in using a simple paddle (sensor that measures the height of drilling fluid with the inclination of a paddle) in the return flow line, or in using a Coriolis flow meter (flow meter known for its accuracy but expensive and requires a complex installation by adding a bypass). There is a clear need of a new accurate flow meter, but easy to install and inexpensive. The Venturi flume has been used as flow meter for years in water industry. It appears as a cheap but accurate solution to measure large flow rates. Many people have worked on this solution to improve its accuracy and to expand its scope. They have developed models, based on a calibration process, to relate the upstream height to the flow rate. This means that current models, as ISO NORM 4359 [1], can be used only for water flow and specific geometry. As known, muds have non-Newtonian behavior and water models cannot be used with this kind of fluids. For our application, trapezoidal shape appears as a good compromise between accuracy and range of flow rate measurements. Thus, we built a model able to compute the flow rate with taking into account fluid properties and geometrical parameters. This model is simplified in 1D form by using the Shallow Water theory, and completed by a friction model taking into account the variation of fluid properties and geometry along the open channel. It have been validated by series of experiments with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, where we measured the flow rate and heights of the flow at different locations along the trapezoidal Venturi flume. It have been also completed by 3D CFD which has been simulated both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows along the flume. To generalized this study, the work was extended to another shape of Venturi more suited to some rig design. The correlations and models developed and experimentally validated during this research can be used to extend the use of Venturi flume flow meters for any fluids : Newtonian and non- Newtonian. It is an opportunity for industries to propose a cheap but accurate solution to measure flow rates in open channels with any kind of fluids.

Aujourd'hui, la pompe à chaleur (PAC) est largement utilisée pour les applications de chauffage du bâtiment en raison de ses bonnes performances énergétiques. Elle est même considérée comme une source d'énergie renouvelable et, selon la Directive Européenne 2009/28/CE, la part «renouvelable» de l'énergie produite doit être calculée à partir de la performance annuelle. Il est donc important d'être à même de mesurer cette dernière. Or, il n'existe pas, pour les PAC air/air, de méthode fiable et simple permettant de mesurer la performance chez le client pendant une saison.Dans ce contexte, la thèse propose deux méthodes in situ qui répondent à ce besoin. La première est basée sur des mesures non-intrusives des propriétés du fluide frigorigène. Elle utilise le bilan énergétique du compresseur pour déterminer le débit du fluide. La deuxième, fondée sur les mesures côté air, utilise un ensemble de capteurs à fil chaud afin de mesurer le débit et les températures d'air.La thèse développe également une méthode de mesure intrusive du fluide frigorigène, qui n'est pas adaptée aux conditions in situ mais sert de référence pour valider les deux méthodes in situ. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la méthode de référence est précise non seulement en conditions stabilisées mais également en fonctionnement dynamique (y compris lors des dégivrages).La validation des deux méthodes in situ a été réalisée par une campagne d'essais spécifique en laboratoire. Une suite intéressante de la thèse consistera à intégrer la méthode non intrusive côté frigorigène directement dans l'équipement de mesure et d'affichage de la PAC. / Today, heat pumps (HP) are widely used as heating systems in building thanks to their high energy efficiency. They are even considered as a source of renewable energy and, according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC, the amount of renewable energy has to be calculated from the annual performance. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure the annual performance. However, concerning the air-to-air HP there is no reliable and simple method which allows measuring the performance in situ during at least a season.In this context, the thesis proposes two in situ methods that could fill this gap. The first one is based on non-intrusive measurements on refrigerant side. It uses a compressor energy balance to determine the flow rate. The second one, based on air measurements, uses a distribution of hot-wire sensors to determine the air flow rate and temperatures.The thesis also develops an intrusive refrigerant method, which is not necessarily adapted for in situ conditions but can be used as a reference to validate the in situ methods. The experimental results show that the reference method is accurate both in stationary conditions and in dynamic operations (including during defrosting period).The validation of the in situ methods was performed by a specific test campaign in laboratory. As a perspective, the thesis makes it possible to develop on-board measurement methods using non-intrusive refrigerant sensors, providing an opportunity for manufacturers to display the in situ performance in real time.

This diploma thesis deals with the development of methods for evaluating retention features of green roofs. For the purpose of this thesis, a rainfall simulator was designed and various types of precipitation were examined. The thesis is divided into two main parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the importance of water retention on green roofs is discussed. In addition, a physical theory related to this topic is included and various rainfall simulators used for scientific experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad are described. The practical part deals with the measurement of droplet size and rainfall simulator design. In this part, the process of measuring the flow and the intensity of rainfall by using scales, flow meter and rain gauge is described. For this purpose, a datalogger was developed by the Faculty of Eletrical Engineering in Brno. Finally, the results are sumarized and recommendations on how to conduct the research in the future are provided.

I Sverige finns cirka 2000 vattenkraftverk men endast 10 procent har någon form av omlöp eller annan lösning (Risinger, 2012). Nya, strängare regler håller nu på att införas. Sedan 2014 finns en gemensam strategi från Energimyndigheten och Havs- och vattenmyndigheten för åtgärder i svensk vattenkraft (Risinger, 2014). En godkänd fiskväg är ett av kraven.Särskilt den småskaliga vattenkraften (energitillförsel under 10 MWh enligt Risinger (2012)) drabbas. Deras intäkter står många gånger i proportion till energiproduktionen och därmed saknas ofta de ekonomiska förutsättningarna för en fiskväg. Vidare kommer en del av vattnet, och därmed potentiella inkomster, att gå förlorade. Den här undersökningen syftar till att utröna vad ett omlöp får för konsekvenser i form av effektförluster. Det är naturligtvis omöjligt att komma fram till ett universellt svar. Istället mäts förlusterna hos ett specifikt mindre verk som redan har ett omlöp: Åby vattenkraftverk som ägs och drivs av Växjö kommun. Metoden som används är traversering i kombination med hydroskopisk flygel. Sedan tidigare finns beräknade värden från kommunen för flödet i omlöpet. Dessa jämförs med undersökningens uppmätta värden. Undersökningen visar att vid normalt vattenstånd (165,13 MÖH) flödar 167 ± 10 l/s vatten genom omlöpet. Detta är ett 70 l/s större flöde i jämförelse med kommunens beräknade värde. Förklaringar till den skillnaden ges av mätfel då djupet mättes och att inloppet hade byggts om mellan kommunens beräkningar och utförda mätningar. Även den formel som användes då de beräknade värdena togs fram föreslås som en tänkbar felkälla. 167 ± 10 l/s innebär ett bortfall om 4,2 ± 0,3 kW potentiell effekt. / There are around 2000 hydropower plants in Sweden, but only 10 percent of them has a bio channel, fishway or equivalent solution (Risinger 2012). New, more strict rules are now about to be introduced. Since 2014 there is a mutual strategy from the two Swedish authorities ”Energimyndigheten” and ”Havs- och vattenmyndigheten”, which demands multiple actions from Swedish hydropower. (Risinger, 2014). An approved fishway is one of these.The small-scale hydropower plants (plants who produce less than 10 MWh according to Risinger (2012)) are especially affected from this. Their income is proportional to their production and therefore they’ll usually lack the economical ability to build a fishway. Furthermore, a part of the streaming water (which otherwise would equal income) will get lost. This study aims to decide the loss of effect a fishway causes. Of course, it is impossible to derive a universal answer. Instead the losses are measured at a specific smaller plant that already has a fishway: Åby hydropower plant that is owned and operated by Växjö municipality. Method being used is traversing in combination with a turbine flow meter. There are already calculated flows made by the municipality. These values will be compared with the measured values. The study shows that at a normal water level (165,13 m.a.sl) 167 ± 10 l/s of water is streaming through the fishway. This is a 70 l/s bigger flow in comparison with the municipality’s calculations. An explanation to this difference is given by measurement errors when the depth was measured, that the intake had been modified between when the calculations was being made and when the study’s measurements took place. Also, the formula being used for the calculated values is proposed as a possible source of error. 167 ± 10 l/s will result in a loss of 4,2 ± 0,3 kW potential effect.

This Master’s thesis deals with the energy evaluation of existing buildings sports-recreational company complex in Brušperk. For this purpose provides a comparison of selected fuels as an energy source for the heating in terms of economy and their impact on the environment. In addition, provides an overview of existing legislation for elaboration of an energy audit. To complement shows the calculation of return on investment in solar panels on the roof of one of the objects. Calculation is based on the results of performed experimental measurement. Finally, the thesis presents a comparison of energy performance of buildings simulated in the Bsim software with reality.