O maracujá, nome popular atribuído ao fruto das diversas espécies do gênero Passiflora, da família Passifloraceae, é amplamente comercializado e consumido no mundo, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores do fruto. Alguns estudos apontam possível toxicidade relacionada às espécies de Passiflora, principalmente P. incarnata. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento acerca das espécies P. edulis e P. alata, sobretudo em relação à polpa e sementes. Os extratos da polpa e das sementes dos frutos dessas duas espécies de \"maracujá\", Passiflora alata e Passiflora edulis, foram estudados com o objetivo de identificar alcaloides harmânicos, pelo preparo das amostras por extração por sorção em barra magnética recoberta com polidimetilsiloxano (SBSE-PDMS) e SBSE recoberta com polietilenoglicol silicone (SBSE-EG Silicone) e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector por fluorescência (CLAE-Flu) e cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (CLUE-EM/EM). A análise dos alcaloides harmana e harmina nos extratos da polpa de P. alata foi feita por meio do método de adição de padrão e mostrou menor quantidade destes alcaloides, em comparação com os resultados da análise dos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis, no trabalho de Pereira e colaboradores. As análises CLUE-EM e CLUE-EM/EM possibilitaram a identificação dos alcaloides nos extratos: nas sementes de P. alata, os alcaloides harmana, harmina, harmol, harmalol e harmalina foram identificados, enquanto que na polpa, harmana e harmina tiveram a confirmação da sua presença. Nos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis observou-se os alcaloides harmana, harmina e harmalina. E nas sementes de P. edulis harmina foi encontrada, porém há indícios da presença de harmana. A literatura sobre as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone Twister&®; não relata nenhum estudo relacionado ao seu uso para extração e concentração de alcaloides harmânicos nos extratos de P. alata e P. edulis. Por isso foi proposto inicialmente a aplicação do planejamento fatorial fracionário para otimização do método de extração, utilizando os padrões comerciais dos alcaloides harmana e harmina. O planejamento experimental revelou as variáveis principais e seus níveis de importância, e a partir destes resultados foi realizado o estudo cinético dos tempos de extração e de dessorção das barras de SBSE-EG Silicone. Porém, os resultados mostraram que as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone não são adequadas para a extração dos alcaloides harmana e harmina, uma vez que a recuperação obtida foi baixa, na ordem de 30%. / \"Maracujá\" is the popular name given to the fruit of several species of Passiflora genus, from Passifloraceae family, it is widely commercialized and consumed around the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers of this fruit. Some studies pointed out the possible toxicity related to Passiflora species, mainly P. incarnata. Although, there is a lack of knowledge about the P. edulis and P. alata species, especially with regards to the pulp and seeds. The extracts of pulp and seeds from the \"maracujá\" species Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis, were studied in order to identify harman alkaloids. The samples were prepared by extraction with sorptive stir bar coated with polydimethylsiloxane (SBSE-PDMS) and SBSE coated with polyethylene glycol silicon (SBSE-EG Silicone). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu), and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Harmane and harmine alkaloids in P. alata pulp extracts were analyzed using the standard addition method and the results showed a lower amount of these alkaloids, compared with the test results for the extracts from the P. edulis pulp in the work of Pereira et al. UHPLC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis enabled to identify the alkaloids amount present in the extracts. In the P. alata seeds extract the following alkaloids were identified harmane, harmine, harmol, harmalol and harmaline, while in the pulp extract, harmane and harmine were confirmed. In the extracts of P. edulis pulp the alkaloids identified were harmane, harmine and harmaline. And in the P. edulis seeds extract the harmine alkaloid was found, some indications of the presence of harmana were observed. The literature about SBSE-EG Silicone Twister® bars reports no study related to their use for extraction and concentration of harman alkaloids in P. alata and P. edulis. Thus, it was initially proposed the application of fractional factorial design to optimize the extraction method using commercial standards of harmane and harmine alkaloids. The experimental design revealed the main variables and their importance levels, and from these results kinetic studies were performed for the extraction and desorption times of SBSE-EG Silicone bars. However, the results showed SBSE-EG Silicone bars are not suitable for the extraction of harmane and harmine alkaloids, since the recovery obtained was low, on the order of 30%.

Há muitos estudos sobre plantas medicinais brasileiras, porém a carência de pesquisas relacionadas à segurança alimentar de plantas brasileiras usadas como alimento ainda é consideravelmente grande. A maioria dos alcaloides são substâncias tóxicas que podem ser encontrados em uma grande variedade de plantas medicinais e alimentícias, inclusive em espécies de Passiflora chamadas popularmente no Brasil de \"maracujá\". As pesquisas sobre as diversas espécies de Passiflora, em grande parte estão relacionadas com as folhas e frutos e na maioria das vezes as sementes são consideradas como resíduo. As metodologias analíticas modernas para análises na área de alimentos, utilizando SBSE com fase extratora de PDMS, tem o objetivo de facilitar o preparo de amostras complexas e diminuir os resíduos orgânicos gerados na etapa de preparo da amostra. Para isso, este estudo teve como objetivo a análise de alcaloides harmânicos pelo método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual, adaptado para a quantificação de harmana e de harmina em sementes de maracujá azedo. O método foi especifico e linear para os alcaloides estudados (r2 = 0,996 para harmana e r2 = 0,999 para harmina). Os ensaios de repetibilidade e de precisão intermediária confirmam a precisão do método. Os testes de recuperação (entre 92,34% a 105,90% para a harmana e 83,61% a 117,76% para a harmina) indicam a exatidão do método. A amostra analisada continha (3,094x10-2 ± 5,874x10-5) µg de harmana por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo e (8,108x10-3±7,599x10-4) µg de harmina por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo. A detecção por fluorescência foi um método sensível e seletivo para a detecção da harmana (LOD = 30 ng L-1 e LOQ = 200 ng L-1) e para a harmina (LOD = 100 ng L-1 e LOQ = 400 ng L-1). Conclui-se que o método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual pode ser usado para a análise dos alcaloides harmânicos nas sementes de maracujá azedo. / There are many studies of Brazilian medicinal plants, but the lack of research related to food safety of Brazilian plants used as food is still high. Most of the alkaloids are toxic chemicals found in a wide variety of medicinal plants and edible plants, including Passiflora species popularly known in Brazil as \"maracujá\". Researches about most of the Passiflora species are largely related about the leaves and the fruits and in most of the cases, the seeds are considered as waste. Modern analytical methodologies for food analysis, using SBSE with PDMS as the extraction phase, have the purpose of make easier the preparation of complex samples and to reduce the organic waste generated in the sample preparation step. For that, this study had the aim to analyze harman alkaloids by a dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method, adapted to the quantification of harmane and harmine in sour passion fruit seeds. The method was specific and linear for the studied of the alkaloids (r2 = 0.996 for harmane and r2 = 0.999 for harmine). The repeatability and accuracy intermediate assays confirm the precision of the method. The recovery assay (between 92.34% and 105.90% to harmane and between 83.61% and 117.76% to harmine) indicate the accuracy of the method. The sample analyzed contained (3.094x10-2 ± 5.874x10-5) µg of the harmane in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit and (8.108x10-3 ± 7.599x10-4) µg of the harmine in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit. The fluorescence detection was a sensitive and selective method for detection of harmane (LOD = 30 ng L-1 and LOQ = 200 ng L-1) and harmine (LOD = 100 ng L-1 and LOQ = 400 ng -1). It was concluded that the dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method can be used for the analysis of the harman alkaloids in dried seeds of sour passion fruit.

O maracujá, nome popular atribuído ao fruto das diversas espécies do gênero Passiflora, da família Passifloraceae, é amplamente comercializado e consumido no mundo, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores do fruto. Alguns estudos apontam possível toxicidade relacionada às espécies de Passiflora, principalmente P. incarnata. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento acerca das espécies P. edulis e P. alata, sobretudo em relação à polpa e sementes. Os extratos da polpa e das sementes dos frutos dessas duas espécies de \"maracujá\", Passiflora alata e Passiflora edulis, foram estudados com o objetivo de identificar alcaloides harmânicos, pelo preparo das amostras por extração por sorção em barra magnética recoberta com polidimetilsiloxano (SBSE-PDMS) e SBSE recoberta com polietilenoglicol silicone (SBSE-EG Silicone) e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector por fluorescência (CLAE-Flu) e cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (CLUE-EM/EM). A análise dos alcaloides harmana e harmina nos extratos da polpa de P. alata foi feita por meio do método de adição de padrão e mostrou menor quantidade destes alcaloides, em comparação com os resultados da análise dos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis, no trabalho de Pereira e colaboradores. As análises CLUE-EM e CLUE-EM/EM possibilitaram a identificação dos alcaloides nos extratos: nas sementes de P. alata, os alcaloides harmana, harmina, harmol, harmalol e harmalina foram identificados, enquanto que na polpa, harmana e harmina tiveram a confirmação da sua presença. Nos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis observou-se os alcaloides harmana, harmina e harmalina. E nas sementes de P. edulis harmina foi encontrada, porém há indícios da presença de harmana. A literatura sobre as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone Twister&®; não relata nenhum estudo relacionado ao seu uso para extração e concentração de alcaloides harmânicos nos extratos de P. alata e P. edulis. Por isso foi proposto inicialmente a aplicação do planejamento fatorial fracionário para otimização do método de extração, utilizando os padrões comerciais dos alcaloides harmana e harmina. O planejamento experimental revelou as variáveis principais e seus níveis de importância, e a partir destes resultados foi realizado o estudo cinético dos tempos de extração e de dessorção das barras de SBSE-EG Silicone. Porém, os resultados mostraram que as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone não são adequadas para a extração dos alcaloides harmana e harmina, uma vez que a recuperação obtida foi baixa, na ordem de 30%. / \"Maracujá\" is the popular name given to the fruit of several species of Passiflora genus, from Passifloraceae family, it is widely commercialized and consumed around the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers of this fruit. Some studies pointed out the possible toxicity related to Passiflora species, mainly P. incarnata. Although, there is a lack of knowledge about the P. edulis and P. alata species, especially with regards to the pulp and seeds. The extracts of pulp and seeds from the \"maracujá\" species Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis, were studied in order to identify harman alkaloids. The samples were prepared by extraction with sorptive stir bar coated with polydimethylsiloxane (SBSE-PDMS) and SBSE coated with polyethylene glycol silicon (SBSE-EG Silicone). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu), and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Harmane and harmine alkaloids in P. alata pulp extracts were analyzed using the standard addition method and the results showed a lower amount of these alkaloids, compared with the test results for the extracts from the P. edulis pulp in the work of Pereira et al. UHPLC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis enabled to identify the alkaloids amount present in the extracts. In the P. alata seeds extract the following alkaloids were identified harmane, harmine, harmol, harmalol and harmaline, while in the pulp extract, harmane and harmine were confirmed. In the extracts of P. edulis pulp the alkaloids identified were harmane, harmine and harmaline. And in the P. edulis seeds extract the harmine alkaloid was found, some indications of the presence of harmana were observed. The literature about SBSE-EG Silicone Twister® bars reports no study related to their use for extraction and concentration of harman alkaloids in P. alata and P. edulis. Thus, it was initially proposed the application of fractional factorial design to optimize the extraction method using commercial standards of harmane and harmine alkaloids. The experimental design revealed the main variables and their importance levels, and from these results kinetic studies were performed for the extraction and desorption times of SBSE-EG Silicone bars. However, the results showed SBSE-EG Silicone bars are not suitable for the extraction of harmane and harmine alkaloids, since the recovery obtained was low, on the order of 30%.

Há muitos estudos sobre plantas medicinais brasileiras, porém a carência de pesquisas relacionadas à segurança alimentar de plantas brasileiras usadas como alimento ainda é consideravelmente grande. A maioria dos alcaloides são substâncias tóxicas que podem ser encontrados em uma grande variedade de plantas medicinais e alimentícias, inclusive em espécies de Passiflora chamadas popularmente no Brasil de \"maracujá\". As pesquisas sobre as diversas espécies de Passiflora, em grande parte estão relacionadas com as folhas e frutos e na maioria das vezes as sementes são consideradas como resíduo. As metodologias analíticas modernas para análises na área de alimentos, utilizando SBSE com fase extratora de PDMS, tem o objetivo de facilitar o preparo de amostras complexas e diminuir os resíduos orgânicos gerados na etapa de preparo da amostra. Para isso, este estudo teve como objetivo a análise de alcaloides harmânicos pelo método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual, adaptado para a quantificação de harmana e de harmina em sementes de maracujá azedo. O método foi especifico e linear para os alcaloides estudados (r2 = 0,996 para harmana e r2 = 0,999 para harmina). Os ensaios de repetibilidade e de precisão intermediária confirmam a precisão do método. Os testes de recuperação (entre 92,34% a 105,90% para a harmana e 83,61% a 117,76% para a harmina) indicam a exatidão do método. A amostra analisada continha (3,094x10-2 ± 5,874x10-5) µg de harmana por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo e (8,108x10-3±7,599x10-4) µg de harmina por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo. A detecção por fluorescência foi um método sensível e seletivo para a detecção da harmana (LOD = 30 ng L-1 e LOQ = 200 ng L-1) e para a harmina (LOD = 100 ng L-1 e LOQ = 400 ng L-1). Conclui-se que o método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual pode ser usado para a análise dos alcaloides harmânicos nas sementes de maracujá azedo. / There are many studies of Brazilian medicinal plants, but the lack of research related to food safety of Brazilian plants used as food is still high. Most of the alkaloids are toxic chemicals found in a wide variety of medicinal plants and edible plants, including Passiflora species popularly known in Brazil as \"maracujá\". Researches about most of the Passiflora species are largely related about the leaves and the fruits and in most of the cases, the seeds are considered as waste. Modern analytical methodologies for food analysis, using SBSE with PDMS as the extraction phase, have the purpose of make easier the preparation of complex samples and to reduce the organic waste generated in the sample preparation step. For that, this study had the aim to analyze harman alkaloids by a dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method, adapted to the quantification of harmane and harmine in sour passion fruit seeds. The method was specific and linear for the studied of the alkaloids (r2 = 0.996 for harmane and r2 = 0.999 for harmine). The repeatability and accuracy intermediate assays confirm the precision of the method. The recovery assay (between 92.34% and 105.90% to harmane and between 83.61% and 117.76% to harmine) indicate the accuracy of the method. The sample analyzed contained (3.094x10-2 ± 5.874x10-5) µg of the harmane in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit and (8.108x10-3 ± 7.599x10-4) µg of the harmine in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit. The fluorescence detection was a sensitive and selective method for detection of harmane (LOD = 30 ng L-1 and LOQ = 200 ng L-1) and harmine (LOD = 100 ng L-1 and LOQ = 400 ng -1). It was concluded that the dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method can be used for the analysis of the harman alkaloids in dried seeds of sour passion fruit.

The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the risk for the swine flu was represented in the Swedish Radio news broadcast Ekot 16.45 during different phases of the pandemic in 2009. We wanted to study how the risk was described in different discourses and periods? Were the participants in the reporting calming or warning the listeners in relations to different aspects of the swine flu? What consequences for the community were reported in the broadcasting? To find the answers to our questions, we analysed 13 features about the swine flu broadcasted in Ekot’s main news broadcast Ekot 16.45. We used critical discourse analysis inspired by Norman Fairclough. We identified four types of discourses in our text, a journalistic discourse, a medical discourse, a nationalistic discourse and an authority discourse. The main discourse was the medical one. We also discovered power relations in each discourse but also between them. We noticed that the media transmitted the information from the authorities like a megaphone, rather than handling it in their traditionally critical way. In addition most people interviewed were representatives from the authorities and not ordinary people, manifesting the above mentioned authoritative perspective/discourse and leading to an absence of descriptions on effects at an everyday level. We also observed that the risk was talked about in various ways depending on if the feature belonged to the warning or acute phase of the pandemic. In the way the features were presented, it was clear that the presentations of the swine flu also had effects on the community, the healthcare and the whole nation as if preparing for an outbreak.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the risk for the swine flu was represented in the Swedish Radio news broadcast Ekot 16.45 during different phases of the pandemic in 2009. We wanted to study how the risk was described in different discourses and periods? Were the participants in the reporting calming or warning the listeners in relations to different aspects of the swine flu? What consequences for the community were reported in the broadcasting?</p><p>To find the answers to our questions, we analysed 13 features about the swine flu broadcasted in Ekot’s main news broadcast Ekot 16.45. We used critical discourse analysis inspired by Norman Fairclough.</p><p>We identified four types of discourses in our text, a journalistic discourse, a medical discourse, a nationalistic discourse and an authority discourse. The main discourse was the medical one. We also discovered power relations in each discourse but also between them.</p><p>We noticed that the media transmitted the information from the authorities like a megaphone, rather than handling it in their traditionally critical way. In addition most people interviewed were representatives from the authorities and not ordinary people, manifesting the above mentioned authoritative perspective/discourse and leading to an absence of descriptions on effects at an everyday level. We also observed that the risk was talked about in various ways depending on if the feature belonged to the warning or acute phase of the pandemic. In the way the features were presented, it was clear that the presentations of the swine flu also had effects on the community, the healthcare and the whole nation as if preparing for an outbreak.</p>

Seasonal influenza outbreaks are associated with morbidity and mortality in the United States. Though children are the most susceptible to influenza infection and are most likely to transmit the illness to others, many children are not vaccinated. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between seasonal influenza vaccination Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and vaccine type among children over 3 consecutive flu seasons. This quantitative cross-sectional study was guided by the social ecology of health model. Secondary data from 3 consecutive flu seasons (2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017) provided by the National Health Interview Survey was used for this study. Binary logistic regression and chi-square were used to analyze the data. A relationship between socioeconomic status, demographics (age, race, and family income) and vaccine type (live-attenuated influenza vaccine [LAIV]/inactivated influenza vaccine) was established among U.S. children; those who received LAIV were most likely to be White elementary school age children with a higher family income. Demographic and socioeconomic status was not considered influential in LAIV uptake for race, health insurance status, or family income. ACIP recommendations by age and year had the greatest impact on flu vaccine choice for this sample population. The results of this study can lead to social change by providing information for policy that can increase vaccine uptake, which can result in lower health cost and reduced illness and death rates associated with the flu, especially for those most at risk.

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major threat to human health with seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics and emergence of new highly pathogenic strains from the animal reservoir. Our laboratory has shown that the human Annexin A6 (AnxA6) interacts with the IAV M2 proton channel and limits production of progeny IAV from infected cells. We have found that overexpression of AnxA6 impairs morphogenesis and release of progeny viruses. These findings are supported by another study showing that AnxA6 has a critical role in the late endosomal cholesterol balance and affects IAV replication and propagation in AnxA6-overexpressing cells. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for restriction of IAV morphogenesis by AnxA6 is still unclear. AnxA6 is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein which plays a major role in cellular events such as regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and membrane organisation or repair. AnxA6 is also implicated in the regulation of intracellular signalling pathways required for IAV infection. In this study, we used a combination of virology, cellular biology and biochemistry approaches to decipher the restriction mechanism of IAV by human AnxA6. We found that AnxA6 down-regulates M2 viral protein expression and impairs viral morphogenesis and budding. We also found that AnxA6 regulates chemokines and cytokines expression during viral infection, suggesting that AnxA6 triggers an innate immune response to IAV by modulating signalling pathways required for viral replication. Finally, we observed that IAV down-regulates AnxA6 expression at mRNA level during early stages of infection and at protein level during late infection, suggesting that IAV has developed a strategy to respond to AnxA6 restriction mechanism during viral infection. We conclude that it is essential to better understand the interaction between human AnxA6 and IAV to elucidate the potential of AnxA6 as an antiviral candidate.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-04-22T12:51:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_VANESSA_BARBIERI_XAVIER_COMPLETO.pdf: 4214220 bytes, checksum: c994d11e326960f203b011fc18fb6a33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-22T12:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_VANESSA_BARBIERI_XAVIER_COMPLETO.pdf: 4214220 bytes, checksum: c994d11e326960f203b011fc18fb6a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / The determination of the contribution of certain constituents to the global odor of a product has been the subject of interest to researchers. It is known that only a small part of the large number of volatile compounds present in a fragrant matrix contributes to the perception of its odor. In addition, these molecules do not contribute equally to the global odor profile of a sample, so a large relative concentration of a compound; do not necessarily correspond to a high intensity odor. Gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O) is analytic technic appropriate for studying such issues, since it enables the assessment of odor of each component of complex mixture through specific correlation with the compounds of interest. This is possible because the volatile components of the substances have perceived simultaneously by two detectors, one being the human olfactory system and the other the chromatography detector. The objective of this study is the project, development, implementation and validation of a hybrid equipment (GC/O) to olfatometric analysis and the use of it as tooling for analysis of natural extracts incorporated in different materials. The initial result of the work consisted of the olfactometer own, tested and validated for use in studies associated with this thesis. With the olfactometer, essential oils were analyzed of native species in order to assess the aromatic potential of these extracts and volatile compounds of honey as a way to develop and validate an alternative technique to identification source. With the results referent to the equipment and raw materials, there was made studies on the controlled release of volatile compounds impregnated in textiles by supercritical impregnation, using the gas chromatography/olfactometry as an analytical method. / A determina??o da contribui??o de determinados constituintes para o aroma global de um produto tem sido alvo de interesse de pesquisadores. Sabe-se que apenas uma pequena parte do grande n?mero de compostos vol?teis presentes em uma matriz perfumada contribui para percep??o do seu aroma. Al?m disso, estes compostos n?o contribuem igualmente para o perfil do aroma global da matriz, portanto, uma grande concentra??o relativa de um determinado composto, n?o necessariamente correspondem a intensidades altas de aroma. A cromatografia gasosa/olfatometria (GC/O) ? a t?cnica anal?tica indicada para estudar tais quest?es, pois permite a avalia??o do aroma de cada componente de uma mistura complexa, atrav?s da correla??o espec?fica com os compostos de interesse; isso ? poss?vel porque os componentes vol?teis das subst?ncias s?o percebidos simultaneamente por dois detectores, sendo um deles o sistema olfativo humano e o outro um detector cromatogr?fico. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento, implanta??o e valida??o de um equipamento h?brido (GC/O) para an?lises olfatom?tricas e emprego do mesmo como ferramental de an?lise de extratos naturais incorporados em materiais. Inicialmente, o olfat?metro foi constru?do, testado e validado, para uso em diferentes matrizes. Com o olfat?metro, foram analisados ?leos essenciais de esp?cies nativas como forma de avaliar o potencial arom?tico destes extratos e compostos vol?teis de m?is como forma de propor e validar uma t?cnica alternativa de identifica??o de origem destes produtos. A partir dos resultados referentes ao equipamento e ?s mat?rias primas, realizou-se estudos sobre a libera??o controlada de compostos vol?teis impregnados em tecidos pela impregna??o supercr?tica, tendo como m?todo de an?lise a cromatografia gasosa/olfatometria.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-05-13T12:15:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ALEXANDRE_TIMM_DO_ESPIRITO_SANTO_COMPLETO.pdf: 2313830 bytes, checksum: 334f0f0935a05344e80b2af615a075a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T12:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ALEXANDRE_TIMM_DO_ESPIRITO_SANTO_COMPLETO.pdf: 2313830 bytes, checksum: 334f0f0935a05344e80b2af615a075a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / The caffeine market extracted from natural products is rising due to the increasing consumption of product that use caffeine as a raw material, therefore new ways to obtain caffeine are being studied. Drugs, cosmetic and energy drinks industries are example of industries that are growing and use caffeine in their process. Mate has caffeine up to 2% in mass in the leaves and it is considered as an alternative way to obtain caffeine. However, it is necessary to develop a technology able to extract and after that purify caffeine. Thus, this work aims to study four different extraction process: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), modified electric field (MEF), high pressure processing (HPP) and infusion; and four purification methodologies: supercritical antisolvent (SAS), sublimation and recrystallization, fractionation by column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction. To analysis the caffeine in all process HPLC were used. The results showed that all four technologies were able to extract caffeine from mate leaves, however the infusion extraction showed to be the most effective technique, extracting 1,78% mass of caffeine per mass of mate. SAS and fractionation by column chromatography showed the best result in terms of purity: 95.3% and 99.0%, respectively. / O mercado de cafe?na extra?da de produtos naturais vem apresentando crescimento devido ao aumento no consumo de produtos que utilizam esta mat?ria-prima como bebidas energ?ticas, f?rmacos e produtos cosm?ticos, logo novas formas de se obter o composto v?m sendo estudadas. A erva-mate, por possuir at? 2% em massa de cafe?na nas suas folhas, ? considerada uma fonte alternativa para obten??o de cafe?na, contudo ? necess?rio desenvolver uma tecnologia capaz de produzir cafe?na purificada. Portanto, este trabalho visa estudar quatro processos para promover a extra??o: extra??o por fluido supercr?tico (EFS), campo el?trico moderado (CEM), processamento por alta press?o (PAP) e infus?o; e quatro m?todos de purifica??o: antissolvente supercr?tico (SAS), sublima??o e recristaliza??o, fracionamento por cromatografia em coluna e extra??o l?quidol?quido. O procedimento anal?tico utilizado para quantificar a cafe?na resultante dos processos supracitados ? a cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as t?cnicas extrativas foram capazes de remover cafe?na das folhas de erva-mate, por?m a extra??o aquosa ? press?o atmosf?rica demonstrou-se mais efetiva, removendo at? 1,78% em massa de cafe?na por massa de erva-mate. J? o processo por SAS e o fracionamento por cromatografia em coluna foram os que apresentaram os melhores resultados em rela??o ? purifica??o, visto que prduziram cafe?na com 95,3% e 99,0% de pureza, respectivamnte.