Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo, avaliar a variabilidade genética de nabo forrageiro cultivar CATI AL 1000 por meio de progênies de meios irmãos, e obter estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para as características: ciclo das plantas, altura das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos, e teor de óleo no grão, sendo conduzido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em São Manuel, campus de Botucatu - SP. Foram avaliadas 100 progênies de meios irmãos, distribuídas em Látice triplo 10x10, parcialmente balanceado. Para as características ciclo das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos e teor de óleo no grão, foi detectado diferença significativa para o quadrado médio de progênies, pelo teste F. Para a característica ciclo das plantas, o valor médio e a amplitude de variação das progênies foram, 137 dias, 121 - 158 dias respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção apresentaram os seguintes valores, 45,90 % e 1,09 %. Para característica produtividade de grãos, a média e amplitude de variação de progênies foram, 7,40 g, 0,78 - 18,55 g, (49,40 kg/ha, 5,20 - 123,70 kg/ha) respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção esperado, foram superiores em relação aos encontrados na literatura, comparando-se com populações de milho, para característica produtividade de grão, com valores de 90,70 % e 19,30 % respectivamente. A massa de 1000 grãos apresentou valores para a média e amplitude de variação de progênies de, 7,95 g, 3,35 - 13,51 g, respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de selção apresentaram os seguintes valores, 56,80 % e 4,80 %. Para a característica teor de óleo no grão, a média e amplitude de variação de progênies foram 34,42 %, 26,98 - 41,67 %, respectivamente...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate fodder radish genetic variability, cultivar CATI AL 100, by using half-sib progenies, and to obtain estimates of genetic parameters for the characteristics: plant cycle, plant height, grain yield, mass of 1000 seeds, and seed oil content, being carried out at UNESP Experimental Farm in São Manuel municipal districtal, Botucatu campus (São Paulo State, Brazil). A hundred half-sib progenies were distributed in triple latice scheme 10x10, partially balanced. For the characteristics plant cycle, grain yield, mass of 1000 seeds, and seed oil content, was detected, for the progenies medium square, significant difference, by F test. For the characteristic plant cycle, the average value and progenies range were 137 days and 121 - 158 days, respectively. The estimates of the inheritability coefficients and selection gain presented the following values: 45,90 % e 1,09 %. For grain yield character, the average value and progenies range were 7,40 g, 0,78 - 18,55 g (49,40 kg ha-1, 5,20 - 123,70 kg ha-1) respectively. The estimates of the inheritability coefficients and expected selection gain, were higher than those ones found in literature, being compared with maize populations, for grain yield, with values of 90,70 % and 19,30 % respectively. The mass of 1000 seeds presented values for the average and progenies range of 7,95 g, 3,35 - 13,51 g, respectively. The estimates of inheritability coefficients and selection gain showed the following values: 56,80 % e 4,80 % For the characteristic seed oil content, the average and progenies range were 34,42 %, 26,98 - 41,67 % respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto / Coorientador: José Geraldo Carvalho do Amaral / Banca: Juliana Parisotto Poletine / Banca: João Paulo Teixeira Whitaker / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sa_ro_me_botfca.pdf: 322008 bytes, checksum: ee9da95a6159f5e5fc33c0c3b613a125 (MD5) / Bayer S.A. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo, avaliar a variabilidade genética de nabo forrageiro cultivar CATI AL 1000 por meio de progênies de meios irmãos, e obter estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para as características: ciclo das plantas, altura das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos, e teor de óleo no grão, sendo conduzido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em São Manuel, campus de Botucatu - SP. Foram avaliadas 100 progênies de meios irmãos, distribuídas em Látice triplo 10x10, parcialmente balanceado. Para as características ciclo das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos e teor de óleo no grão, foi detectado diferença significativa para o quadrado médio de progênies, pelo teste F. Para a característica ciclo das plantas, o valor médio e a amplitude de variação das progênies foram, 137 dias, 121 - 158 dias respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção apresentaram os seguintes valores, 45,90 % e 1,09 %. Para característica produtividade de grãos, a média e amplitude de variação de progênies foram, 7,40 g, 0,78 - 18,55 g, (49,40 kg/ha, 5,20 - 123,70 kg/ha) respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção esperado, foram superiores em relação aos encontrados na literatura, comparando-se com populações de milho, para característica produtividade de grão, com valores de 90,70 % e 19,30 % respectivamente. A massa de 1000 grãos apresentou valores para a média e amplitude de variação de progênies de, 7,95 g, 3,35 - 13,51 g, respectivamente. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e ganho de selção apresentaram os seguintes valores, 56,80 % e 4,80 %. Para a característica teor de óleo no grão, a média e amplitude de variação de progênies foram 34,42 %, 26,98 - 41,67 %, respectivamente... / The objective of the present study was to evaluate fodder radish genetic variability, cultivar CATI AL 100, by using half-sib progenies, and to obtain estimates of genetic parameters for the characteristics: plant cycle, plant height, grain yield, mass of 1000 seeds, and seed oil content, being carried out at UNESP Experimental Farm in São Manuel municipal districtal, Botucatu campus (São Paulo State, Brazil). A hundred half-sib progenies were distributed in triple latice scheme 10x10, partially balanced. For the characteristics plant cycle, grain yield, mass of 1000 seeds, and seed oil content, was detected, for the progenies medium square, significant difference, by F test. For the characteristic plant cycle, the average value and progenies range were 137 days and 121 - 158 days, respectively. The estimates of the inheritability coefficients and selection gain presented the following values: 45,90 % e 1,09 %. For grain yield character, the average value and progenies range were 7,40 g, 0,78 - 18,55 g (49,40 kg ha-1, 5,20 - 123,70 kg ha-1) respectively. The estimates of the inheritability coefficients and expected selection gain, were higher than those ones found in literature, being compared with maize populations, for grain yield, with values of 90,70 % and 19,30 % respectively. The mass of 1000 seeds presented values for the average and progenies range of 7,95 g, 3,35 - 13,51 g, respectively. The estimates of inheritability coefficients and selection gain showed the following values: 56,80 % e 4,80 % For the characteristic seed oil content, the average and progenies range were 34,42 %, 26,98 - 41,67 % respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The feeding experiment was performed with fry of vimba bream (Vimba vimba) during the first 24 days from the beginning of exogenous nutrition. Six diets were used: algae (Chlorella vulgaris), starter fodder BioOptimal 0,8 mm by Biomar company ? for cyprinids, live nauplii of Artemia salina, combination of alga and starter fodder BioOptimal, combination of alga and nauplii of Artemia salina, combination of starter fodder BioOptimal and nauplii of Artemia salina. Individual weight, total lenght, survival rate of larvae, specific growth rate (SGR) and conditions of the fry (condition coefficient according to Fulton ? FWC) were observed during the experiment. The results were compared statistically using the method of one ? way analysis of variance (ANOVA ? = 0,05; Microsoft Excel).

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-10T13:49:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila de Paula.pdf: 1268303 bytes, checksum: af643f4a4df7d349324c84fa3aa4f3f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T13:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila de Paula.pdf: 1268303 bytes, checksum: af643f4a4df7d349324c84fa3aa4f3f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and nutritional efficiency of hydroponic forage maize cultivated in whey as nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in an entirely randomized experimental design with six treatments and five replications and a control nutrient solution, conventionally employed in this type of cultivation. The other treatments were distributed in different levels of dilution of whey in tap water to get the concentrations of whey at levels of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Measurements of pH and EC were performed daily. The harvest was done 15 days after germination, being roots plus substrate separated from the shoots. The weight of fresh matter, dry matter, the levels of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn), in addition to Na and Cl of both the shoot and roots were determined. The increase in concentrations of whey promoted reduction in yield of hydroponic forage, increase in levels of N, S and Zn, decrease of K, Ca and Mg and no effect on levels of P, Fe and Cu in the shoot. The levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cu in the roots were increased. There was no effect on the levels of Zn and Fe. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a eficiência nutricional da utilização do soro de leite aplicado como solução nutritiva no cultivo de forragem hidropônica de milho. Realizou-se o experimento em casa de vegetação em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo o tratamento controle uma solução nutritiva convencionalmente empregada nesse tipo de cultivo. Os demais tratamentos foram distribuídos em diferentes níveis de diluição do soro de leite em água potável, avaliando-se as concentrações de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de soro de leite. Durante o experimento foram realizadas medições diárias de pH e CE das soluções drenadas. A colheita foi feita com 15 dias após a germinação, onde se separou a parte aérea do substrato com as raízes. Determinou-se o peso de matéria fresca, peso de matéria seca, os teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) e micronutrientes (Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn), além dos elementos que se mostraram em níveis tóxicos (Na e Cl), tanto da parte aérea como da parte radicular. O aumento nas concentrações de soro de leite promoveu redução na produtividade da forragem hidropônica. Observou-se com o aumento nas concentrações de soro de leite, acréscimo nos teores de N, S e Zn, com redução de K, Ca e Mg, além de não apresentar efeito nos teores de P, Fe e Cu, na parte aérea. Na porção radicular houve acréscimo nos teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, S e Cu não apresentando efeito nos teores de Zn e Fe.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T15:31:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Gerusa Soares da Silva.pdf: 1019521 bytes, checksum: dafe6a7ce15446dca593cbcc3e9179b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Gerusa Soares da Silva.pdf: 1019521 bytes, checksum: dafe6a7ce15446dca593cbcc3e9179b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the association of „capim-de-raiz‟ (Chloris orthonoton Doell.) and „capim-milhã‟ [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link.) Hitchc.], concerning growth, persistence and production, as well to morphanatomically characterize the legume „orelha de onça‟ (Macroptilium martii Benth.). In order to evaluate the dynamics of the association „capim-de-raiz‟ and „capim-milhã‟, two experiments were carried out: I. Evaluation of deferred native pasture concerning botanical composition and forage mass; II. Growth dynamics of „capim-milhã‟ and „capim-de-raiz‟. Experiment I was conducted at the Experimental Station of IPA, in São Bento do Una - PE from 2007 to 2008 with different evaluation periods for forage mass and botanical composition. Experiment II was conducted at a greenhouse in the Animal Science Department - UFRPE, from 09.26.06 to 07.26.07. Soil blocks with the plant community were taken from native pasture area of the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, in São Bento do Una - PE, and placed in plastic pots remaining at a greenhouse in UFRPE. Pots were submitted to four irrigation schedules: Irrigation I - irrigation at the beginning of the experiment; Irrigation II - started two months after Irrigation I; Irrigation III - started four months after irrigation I and Irrigation IV - started six months after irrigation I. After the initial irrigation of each period, all pots were irrigated every seven days until drainage and regrowth number, seedling number, plant number and inflorescence number were evaluated. Morphanatomical characterization of „orelha de onça‟ leaf was analyzed with optical microscopy in cross-sections confectioned laminae. 10 families, 15 genera and 18 species were identified in the deferred pasture. In botanical composition from May to August 2007, „capim-milhã‟ was the main component from 60 to 90 days with 46.75 and 52.09%, respectively. In August 2007, other species participated with 57.75% of the botanical composition; at the end of evaluation in year 2008 other species occupied 100% of the composition. The highest forage mass (kg DM/ha) for „capim-milhã‟ (2.736) occurred at 90 days, for other species (3.141) and „capim-de-raiz‟ (2.701) at 120 days. In soil blocks it was observed that regrowth occurred only after 30 days of assessment for initial irrigation and the highest number of seedlings to the pots occurred at 30 days. It was observed at 60 days the largest number of grasses for irrigation III and at 90 days for irrigation IV, and that most of inflorescence appeared at 90 days. In deferred area the use of stockpiled forage should preferably take place from 60 to 90 days. The main form of establishment of „capim-de-raiz‟ was by germination and at 150 days it was observed population growth of other species. It was observed paracytic and amphistomatic stomata, simple and uniseriate hairs, palisade and spongy chlorophyll parenchyma in „orelha de onça‟ leaf blade. In stem vascular system it was observed a range of libero-ligneous beams in the internodes area, separating cortex of medulla. Foliar and stem anatomical characteristics are common to legumes. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica da associação capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell.) e capim-milhã [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link.) Hitchc.], quanto ao crescimento, persistência e produção, bem como caracterizar morfoanatomicamente a leguminosa orelha de onça (Macroptilium martii Benth.). Para avaliar a dinâmica da associação capim-de-raiz e capim-milhã, foram realizados dois experimentos: I. Avaliação de um pasto nativo diferido quanto à composição botânica e massa de forragem; II. Dinâmica do crescimento do capim-milhã e capim-de-raiz. O experimento I foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do IPA, no município de São Bento do Una - PE, de 2007 a 2008, sendo utilizados diferentes períodos para avaliação da massa de forragem e composição botânica. O experimento II foi realizado em telado no Departamento de Zootecnia - UFRPE, durante o período de 26.09.06 a 26.07.07. Cubos de solos com a comunidade vegetal foram retirados de área de pastagem nativa, da Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, no município de São Bento do Una - PE, e colocados em vasos plásticos permanecendo em telado da UFRPE. Os vasos foram submetidos a quatro épocas de início de irrigação: Irrigação I ¿ irrigação por ocasião da implantação do experimento; Irrigação II ¿ iniciada dois meses após a irrigação I; Irrigação III ¿ iniciada quatro meses após a irrigação I e Irrigação IV ¿ iniciada seis meses após a irrigação I. Após a irrigação inicial de cada período, todos os vasos foram irrigados a cada sete dias até drenagem e foram avaliados o número de rebrotes, número de plântulas, número de plantas e número de inflorescências. A caracterização morfoanatômica foliar da orelha de onça foi analisada em microscopia óptica em lâminas confeccionadas em secções transversais. Foram identificadas 10 famílias, 15 gêneros e 18 espécies no pasto diferido. Na composição botânica de maio a agosto de 2007, o capim-milhã foi o componente principal dos 60 aos 90 dias com 46,75 e 52,09%, respectivamente. Em agosto de 2007, outras espécies participaram com 57,75% da composição botânica; no ano de 2008 ao final da avaliação, outras espécies ocuparam 100% da composição. As maiores massas de forragem (kg de MS/ha) para o capim-milhã (2.736) foram aos 90 dias, e para outras espécies (3.141) e capim-de-raiz (2.701) aos 120 dias. Nos cubos de solo, observou-se que o rebrote ocorreu apenas aos 30 dias de avaliação para irrigação inicial e o maior número de plântulas para os vasos ocorreu aos 30 dias. Foi observado aos 60 dias o maior número de gramíneas para irrigação III e aos 90 dias para irrigação IV, e que a maioria das inflorescências surgiu aos 90 dias. Em área diferida, o aproveitamento da forragem acumulada deve ocorrer preferencialmente dos 60 aos 90 dias. A principal forma de estabelecimento foi por germinação de sementes e aos 150 dias observou-se crescimento populacional de outras espécies. Foram observados na lâmina foliar da orelha de onça estômatos paracíticos e anfiestomáticos, pelos simples e unisseriados, parênquima clorofiliano em paliçada e esponjoso. Nos sistemas vasculares do caule observou-se, nas áreas dos entrenós, uma faixa de feixes líbero-lenhosos separando o córtex da medula. As características anatômicas foliares e caulinares são comuns às leguminosas.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-07-11T23:39:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Ronaldo SOliveira_2015.pdf: 1819214 bytes, checksum: da69b4c584e3e9304788bb2b45091d51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T23:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Ronaldo SOliveira_2015.pdf: 1819214 bytes, checksum: da69b4c584e3e9304788bb2b45091d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The aim of this work was to organize a Forage Germplasm Bank in the State University of Feira de Santana-BA (BGF-UEFS), to carry out a survey of the occurrence of species of Stylosanthes and do pre-breeding studies in a sample of accessions collected in the Semiarid of Bahia from 2008 and 2014. Five collection expeditions in different Semiarid regions of the State was done as an attempt to rescue the maximum genetic variability available. For the pre-breeding work, 25 accessions of Stylosanthes plus a control were utilized. The methods of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) were used. The genetic parameters were estimated in order to choose the most precise method to select the best individuals for a breeding program. Finally, it was studied the genetic diversity in order to choose the best combinations to develop segregating populations in a breeding program of Stylosanthes. In total, 225 accessions of Stylosanthes spp. were rescued in the state of Bahia, being 61 from de Northeast of the state, 58 from the Mid North, 59 from S?o Francisco Valley, 24 from the Mid South and 23 from the Far West. The estimates of the genetic parameters showed that the methods (ANOVA and REML/BLUP) presented divergent values. The REML/BLUP estimated the genetic values with better accuracy, increased the efficiency of selection and therefore decreased the cost of a given breeding program that has the objective to increase the mass production in Stylosanthes. In a sample of the analyzed accessions, four species were found (S. scabra, S. humilis, S. viscosa and S. capitata). Genetic variability among the accessions and the clusters of Tocher and UPGMA were basically defined by the botanical species and some of them were superior for mass production (BGF08-16 and BGF06-15) and for forage quality (BGF08- 006 and BGF08-007). / O objetivo deste trabalho foi organizar um Banco de Germoplasma de Forrageiras da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, BA (BGF-UEFS), realizar o levantamento da ocorr?ncia de esp?cies do g?nero Stylosanthes e conduzir um estudo de Pr?-melhoramento em uma amostra de acessos coletados no Semi?rido baiano entre os anos de 2008 a 2014. Foram realizadas cinco expedi??es de coleta em diferentes regi?es do Estado procurando resgatar o m?ximo da variabilidade gen?tica dispon?vel. Para os estudos de pr?-melhoramento foram utilizados 25 acessos de Stylosanthes mais uma testemunha. Por meio dos m?todos de an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA) e M?xima Verossimilhan?a Restrita/Melhor Predi??o Linear n?o Viesada (REML/BLUP) foram estimados os par?metros gen?ticos, procurando indicar qual o m?todo mais preciso na sele??o dos melhores indiv?duos para um programa de melhoramento. Por fim, realizou-se o estudo da diversidade gen?tica no intuito de indicar as melhores combina??es para formar as popula??es segregantes do programa de melhoramento gen?tico dessa forrageira. Foram resgatados 225 acessos de Stylosanthes spp. de cinco mesorregi?es da Bahia, dos quais 61 foram do Nordeste baiano, 58 do Centro Norte baiano, 59 oriundos do Vale S?o Franciscano da Bahia, 24 resgatados no Centro Sul Baiano e 23 acessos no extremo Oeste Baiano. A estimativa dos par?metros gen?ticos mostrou que os m?todos (ANOVA e REML/BLUP) apresentaram valores divergentes sendo que o REML/BLUP estima os valores gen?ticos com maior acur?cia, aumenta a efici?ncia da sele??o e consequentemente diminui os custos dos programas de melhoramento gen?tico que objetivam aumentar a produ??o de massa em Stylosanthes. Em uma amostra de acessos analisada foram identificadas quatro esp?cies (S. scabra, S. humilis, S. viscosa e S. capitata). Foi observada variabilidade gen?tica entre os acessos avaliados e os agrupamentos de Tocher e UPGMA foram definidos quase que pela identifica??o bot?nica das esp?cies, sendo que os acessos BGF08-16 e BGF06-15 se mostraram superiores para produ??o de massa e os acessos BGF08- 006 e BGF08-007 para a qualidade de forragem.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of different management practises on submontane meadow plant diversity, species richness and biomass production. The experiment was carried out in the submontane region Šumava (Kaplicko, Velký Chuchelec, Údolí Velenovského potoka). There were applied four types of management {--} continual grazing, mulching, fallow (Velký Chuchelec) and mowing (Údolí Velenovského potoka). Plant diverzity and hay production has been observing for three years. Obtained data were used for calculation Simpson and Hill index diverzity, value of fodder quality and nutritive and water regime (condition) of site. Values were used for statistical computing (ANOVA, Fischer LSD test). The plant species diverzity and biomass production are significantly affected by grassland management (treatment). Mulching and fallow lead to lower species richness and increases the coverage of grasses. Hay production is higher on mulching and fallow stands and on mowed stands than on continuously grazed stands. Mowing leads to higher species richness. Is necessary to conserve this status by mowing or the better way is to intesify contemporary management.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil has a vast area consisting of forage plants, therefore, a large number is at some stage of degradation mainly due to inappropriate choice of the species in relation to the cultivation environment, and as a result, this work took place in order to evaluate the Morphogenesis of White-Band Grass Submitted to Nitrogen Fertilization. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the morphogenetic, structural and productive characteristics of White-Band grass (Digitaria umfolozii) subjected to nitrogen fertilization from January to May 2014. Five doses of nitrogen were evaluated: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 500 kg/ha. The experimental outline was randomized blocks, with four repetitions. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect (P> 0.05) the final length of the leaves, leaf senescence rate, the number of green leaves per tiller, plant height and the ratio of leaf to stem of grass-Range White, presenting, respectively average amounts of 26.9 cm; 0.77 cm / tiller day; 4.2 leaves / tiller; 43.4 cm and 1.04. The appearance and leaf elongation rates, the tiller population density and accumulation of forage, leaves, stems and dead materials of White-Band grass were influenced by nitrogen doses adjusted to a positive quadratic equation (P <0.05) by nitrogen doses. In general, the increase in the amount of nitrogen applied increased the amounts of these rates, reaching maximum points at doses between 300 and 400 kg/ha according to the respective adjusted models. Phyllochron and the lifespan of the leaves were affected in a negative quadratic way (P <0.05) by nitrogen doses. Similarly, the increase in the amount of nitrogen applied declined the values of these rates, reaching minimum points at doses between 300 and 400 kg /ha, according to the respective equations set. The stem elongation rate increased linearly with the nitrogen dose. The White-Band grass has a higher renewal of tissues and productivity when fertilized. The improvement in productive characteristics of White-Band grass reaches maximum amount with nitrogen doses around 300 kg/ha. / O Brasil possui uma vasta área composta por plantas forrageiras, no entanto, grande parte encontra-se em algum estagio de degradação devido principalmente a escolha inadequada da espécie em relação ao ambiente de cultivo, diante disso realizouse esse trabalho a fim de avaliar a Morfogênese do Capim Faixa-Branca Submetido a Adubação Nitrogenada. O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca (Digitaria umfolozii) submetido a adubação nitrogenada, no período de janeiro a maio de 2014. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de nitrogênio: 0, 100, 200, 300 e 500 kg/ha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A adubação nitrogenada não influenciou (P>0,05) o comprimento final das folhas, a taxa de senescência foliar, o número de folhas vivas por perfilho, a altura das plantas e a relação folha:colmo do capim Faixa-Branca, apresentando, respectivamente, valores médios de 26,9 cm; 0,77 cm/perfilho dia; 4,2 folhas/perfilho; 43,4 cm e 1,04. As taxas de aparecimento e de alongamento de folhas, a densidade populacional de perfilhos e os acúmulos de forragem, de folhas, de colmos e de material morto do capim Faixa-Branca foram influenciadas pelas doses de nitrogênio ajustando-se a uma equação quadrática positiva (P<0,05) pelas doses de nitrogênio. De maneira geral, a elevação na quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada aumentou os valores destas taxas, atingindo pontos de máximo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha, segundo os respectivos modelos ajustados. O filocrono e a duração de vida das folhas foram afetados de maneira quadrática negativa (P<0,05) pelas doses de nitrogênio. De maneira semelhante, a elevação na quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada diminuiu os valores destas taxas, atingindo pontos de mínimo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha, segundo as respectivas equações ajustadas. A taxa de alongamento de colmo aumentou linearmente com a dose de nitrogênio. O capim Faixa- Branca apresenta maior renovação de tecidos e produtividade quando adubado. A melhoria nas características produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca atingem valores máximos com doses de nitrogênio em torno de 300 kg/ha.

The grazing management project in the Okhombe ward of the Amazizi Tribal Authority formed part of the National Department of Agriculture's LandCare program to address communal natural resource management issues. Okhombe land is communal whereby every member of the community is the legal owner of the rangeland with individual ownership of stock with the chieftaincy playing a major role in land allocation. In order to avoid critics of the past and address the top-down approach of the past interventions, a participatory approach was conducted in the planning and implementation of the grazing system. The service providers held a series of visioning workshops with the community in an effort to better understand community resource use patterns, needs, constraints and opportunities as part of the participatory approach. Issues identified by the community were the need for fencing grazing camps, animal health improvement, subdivision of rangeland and crop fields and the development of a rotational grazing system. The main aims of this study were to develop a participatory grazing plan with the community, develop and support institutional structures governing range management, and build capacity of the community in range management. The effect of the current grazing system on species composition was determined. In addition to these, the project investigated the potential different fodder trees has on alleviating feed and nutritional deficit, particularly during the dry winter months of the Upper Thukela. Among the main achievements of this study was the development and strengthening of local institutional structures and effective liaison by all structures with the Inkosi and the tribal council. The community developed a rotational grazing plan, marked the camp boundaries, produced digital maps and successfully built fence boundaries (approximately 20 kms of fencing) to divide their land. The fence boundaries separated the crop fields and rangeland, closed ward boundaries in the upland to prevent access by cattle from neighbouring wards, and divided the land into three camps. Six crush pens were constructed in each subward of the Okhombe ward. A communal herders fund opened and fence construction improved crop yields due to a decrease in crop damage by cattle. Okhombe ward, located in the Highland Sourveld region of KwaZulu-Natal, experiences feed and nutrition deficits to ruminants during winter. The prevailing species composition in Okhombe was investigated as part of the grazing plan. The veld condition of the sites ranged from poor (40.7%) in the bottomland to an averaged of 47.0% in upland sites. The most distinctive feature of the rangeland in this area was the loss of highly palatable Decreaser grass species (P <0.05), such as Themeda triandra in the bottom slopes « 1300 m) when compared to the upland (> 1800 m). The proportional abundance of Decreaser species accounted for an averaged of 1.02% of the bottomland and an averaged of 11.5% of the upland compared to the values of 49% in the benchmark (grassland in optimal condition). The composition of the less palatable Increaser Il species was very high at all elevations (1200 m -80.7%, 1400 m - 75.8% and 1700 m - 55.7%) when compared to the low benchmark composition of 19%. The dominant grasses of the bottom slopes were Increaser Il species, such as Eragrostis curvula, Eragrostis plana and Sporobolus africanus and unpalatable Increaser III species such as Aristida junciformis. A significant difference (P < 0.05) in the composition of Decreaser, Increaser I and Increaser Il species was found between the bottom and slopes compared to the upland region. However, the grass cover formed by these tufted species was generally high, making it more resistant to physical degradation. The bottom slope ranged from reasonable to excellent cover (16.9%), the middle slope ranged from reasonable (15.9%) to a good cover of 18.1%, averaging 16.7% and a range of 16.1% to 17.9% for the upland plateau. In the agroforestry trial the potential of different fodder species for supplementing fodder was examined. Leucaena leucocephala had the potential of being a suitable fodder tree species for use in alley cropping (P < 0.05) compared to Morus alba and Acacia karroo. Results from the partially intercropped treatments showed that L. leucocephala yield (665 kg ha-I) varied significantly (P < 0.05) from the A. karroo (378 kg ha-I) and M alba yield (345 kg ha-I). Treatments that were fully intercropped varied, but no significant difference (P > 0.05) were recorded. Morus alba produced the least yield of 345 kg ha-I, A. karroo yielded 378 kg ha-1 and 1. leucocephala recorded the high of 664 kg ha-I. Results from the second season showed similar trend in that 1. leucocephala yielded a significant (P < 0.05) fodder production of 1715 kg ha-I in comparison to M. alba (1101 kg ha-I) and A karroo (1140 kg ha-I). M alba yielded the least dry matter production (P < 0.05) but had high potential (P < 0.05) for addressing lack of firewood in rural areas. Morus alba yielded high fuel wood production from both two seasons. There were no significant differences in fuel wood yield (P > 0.05) from the partially intercropped M alba (507.9 kg ha-I) and 1. leucocephala (455.0 kg ha-I) but the yield from both species varied significantly from the A. karroo yield (103.kg ha-I). With regard to fully intercropped plots, fuel wood yield from all tree species varied significantly, A karroo resulting in low yield (63 kg ha-I), 1. leucocephala recorded 243 kg ha-l and M alba the highest yield of 444 kg ha-I. In the second season, M. alba yielded an averaged fuel wood production of 728 kg ha-l and a low of 439 kg ha-I from 1. leucocephala. Acacia karroo, a slow growing indigenous tree, might be preferred by farmers due to its less branches resulting in minimal light competition with crops. Leucaena leucocephala tend to grow slowly in its initial establishment stage, but once roots become well established, it grows fast and produces high quantity of fodder. The effect all fodder trees had on crop yield was not negative during the trial period and further research on long term effects of alley cropping is recommended. The conclusions drawn here were based on tree growth and their likely impact in alley cropping. Leucaena leucocephala was also recommended as a preferred species for rural ruminants based on the forage quality study. The results showed high content of crude protein (19.27%), low NDF content (50.38%) and very low tannin content (1.19%) from 1. leucocephala compared to A. karroo with a high tannin content of 5.69%. Acacia karroo had a crude protein content of 13.60%, NDF percentages of 44.16 and 34.64% of ADF content. Morus alba also had a recommended chemical composition of 11.71% of CP, 42.86% of NDF, 36.96% of ADF and a low tannin content of 0.65%. L. leucocephala foliage proven is readily degradable under different diet ranging within 24 hrs of intake (P < 0.001) compared to other feeds. L. leucocephala had high dry matter loss degraded from the rumen under Eragrostis hay diet with poor nutrients to high protein concentrates diet. Under the Eragrostis hay diet for instance, L. leucocephala tend to degrade rapidly with values of dry matter loss ranging from 32.2% to 39% at 4 hrs to 16 hrs, when compared to low dry mater loss of 26% at 4 hrs to 31.33% at 16 hrs. Feeds such as M alba tend to degrade slowly within 24 hrs of intake and rapidly degrades after the stated period. The ep content of maize stover was very low ranging from 1.60% in maize stalks to 2.63% in maize leaves. The fibre content in maize stover was very high when compared to lower values in fodder samples. The NDF content ranged from 77.92% in maize leaves to 81.60% in maize stalks. Maize leaves when compared to a combination of maize leaves and maize stalks sole tend to degrade better within 24 hrs of intake. This was due to low (P < 0.05) degradability rate of maize stalks compared to a combination of maize stalks and leave and leaves sole and least NDF content in maize leaves might have attributed to these results. Due to poor chemical compositions of these roughage samples, the study recommended the establishment of fodder banks and agroforestry systems to curb the nutrients deficit during winter. In conclusion therefore, this study highlight that the sustainability of rural systems to manage communal grazing land should be further explored. Most of the challenging issues in communal range management are social in nature rather than technical concepts. These include ways of improving social contributions from cattle to the community while maintaining cultural values of the use of cattle. The interventions in communal range management by service providers should understand the institutional arrangements within a community and an attempt to strengthen such existing structures is recommended. Further interventions by service providers in Okhombe ward should bring in the planning discussions, experts from social sciences, to deal with understanding of community dynamics. Complexities in communal range management involve dealing with non-stock owners within project boundaries. Communities from neighbouring wards should not be ignored and ways of improving communications and updating project details to them should be formulated. Shortage of land and closing of ward boundaries to prevent access to land by neighbouring wards is among community complexities to be explored. Communities in rural lands do share land and in most cases boundaries are known but invisible by an outsider to identify. It is important to strengthen and maintain every success in communal lands as that may form core of the project. Successes on grazing management by locals is far from being the improvement in veld but there are rather various factors to the successes of grazing projects in rural areas. Examples of successes based on Okhombe project are reduction in stock theft, improved in relationship between community and locals institutions, a reduction in stock mortalities during winter and improved animal health. Veld improvement is among successes but there are accomplishments phases to fulfil before focusing on improvement of species composition. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / Forage and browse legumes play an important role in sustaining livestock in small holder farming systems in the tropics, mainly as a result of their contribution to economic and environmental sustainability of livestock production. The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of Dichrostachys cinerea and Bauhinia thonningii leaves. The browse tree leaves were harvested in the wild in Shayandima, Limpopo province. The leaves were collected, oven-dried, milled to pass through a 1.0 mm sieve and analysed for chemical composition in the Animal Science Nutrition Laboratory, at the University of Venda. The browse tree leaves were analysed for DM nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Approximately 5 g of leaf sample milled to pass through through a 1 mm sieve were placed in nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 41 μm) and incubated in duplicates for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours periods in the rumen of three cannulated Bonsmara steers. The residues were then analysed for DM and nitrogen. Parameters to describe the dynamics of ruminal degradability of DM and CP were obtained by fitting the data on the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using NEWAY computer program, where “a” is the rapid degradable fraction, “b” is the slow degradable fraction and “c” is the outflow rate. The in vitro DM and CP degradability of rumen undegradable residue collected after 24 and 48 hour incubation was determined by sequential in vitro digestion in pepsin (abomasal) and pancreatin (small intestine) solutions. DM and CP content differed significantly (P ˂ 0.05). D. cinerea leaves had higher levels of DM and CP content than B. thonningii leaves. DM and CP disappearance increased (P < 0.01) as the incubation period increased. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in soluble fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ of DM of the two species. The CP components for both fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ differed significantly (P < 0.01) for CP among the two species. There was significant difference (P < 0.01) in post-ruminal digestibility among the two species. CP digestibility of B. thonningii and D. cinerea leaves was reduced (P < 0.01). In conclusion, B. thonningii and D. cinerea leaves showed significant difference based on their fermentation kinetics and in vitro digestibility, suggesting a good nutritional quality which can be used as protein source for ruminants in dry season and supplement to low-quality diets. / NRF