Orientador: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o processo de articulação da Rede de Soberania e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional da UNASUL integrando ensino, pesquisa e extensão com o propósito de garantia do Direito Humano a Alimentação. Método: Este estudo envolveu dados coletados em 20 instituições brasileiras e 24 projetos de Ensino, pesquisa e Extensão. Os participantes do estudo foram os pesquisadores do Brasil e dos países da América Latina envolvidos nos projetos de pesquisa da chamada publica Chamada MCTI/Ação Transversal–LEI/CNPq Nº 82/2013 - Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Âmbito da UNASUL e ÁFRICA, lançado pelo Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico no ano 2013 e desenvolvido entre 2014 e 2016, os quais fazem parte da Rede SSAN-UNASUL, induzida como estratégia de execução do Programa. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os relatórios do MCTI e de arquivos da UNESP referentes à atuação dos Núcleos ou grupos de pesquisa brasileiros contemplados no edital. Resultados: A análise da rede mostrou uma crescente densidade de organizações nas quais muitos países se uniram de forma incremental, o que significa que os novos membros acharam fácil se conectar à rede. A centralização também mostrou que a rede em 2014 estava claramente conectada, graças ao papel central desempenhado pela coordenação técnico - executiva e, em 2016, essa tarefa foi compartilhada com uma das instituições que articulam as relações de cooperação da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The purpose of this study was to explore the incentives and barriers perceived by low-income women of child-bearing age related to their participation in nutrition education programs. The specific programs of concern in this study are the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and the Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) program. This qualitative study sought to hear the voices of the women so that nutrition programs can be made more successful in reaching this population. Personal interviews were conducted with 23 women in their homes or appropriate local sites, and transcripts were analyzed to identify categories and themes. People of low socioeconomic status and those with the least education have higher rates of obesity and overweight and suffer disproportionately from poor health. Women receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) also receive Medicaid. Medicaid costs have escalated due to the obesity rate, which is currently estimated at 64% of the adult population. In addition, 30% of American children are experiencing obesity or are overweight. It is important for parents to understand the causes of obesity and the effects of the chronic diseases related to obesity. Prevention programs are more cost effective than medical treatment of the diseases associated with obesity, and proper nutrition can reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Findings of this study suggest that isolation is the main impediment to participating in nutrition education programs. Missing from the interviewed women's circumstances are social capital, human capital, and economic capital. Social capital relates to the connections and relationships that are important in life. Human capital involves the knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences. Economic capital refers to individual wealth or economic resources available to an individual or community. Nutrition education programs should be refined to incorporate opportunities for socialization that will develop trust and reciprocity, as well as nutrition knowledge. Based on the results of this study, Virginia Cooperative Extension programs will be adapted to incorporate weight control and cooking classes with nutritious recipes. The learning environment will be safe, learner-centered, and fun. New marketing tools that are more appealing to the prospective clients will be developed. / Ed. D.

Chez les mammifères, l'environnement est un puissant régulateur de l'expression des gènes. Par exemple, en fonction de l'alimentation, la disponibilité en nutriments, en particulier en acides aminés, est responsable de l'induction de l'expression d'un certain nombre de gènes. Ainsi, des mécanismes moléculaires sont mis en jeu de façon à permettre la détection de ces variations et d'y répondre de façon appropriée. Lorsque l'un des neuf acides aminés essentiels vient à manquer, on observe une augmentation de la transcription de certains gènes. Cette activation de la transcription requière d'une part l'accumulation du facteur de transcription ATF4 et d'autre part la phosphorylation du facteur de transcription ATF2. La voie ATF4 a été identifiée et relativement bien décrite. En revanche les éléments régulateurs de la voie de signalisation en amonts du facteur ATF2 restent inconnus. Le but de ma thèse était donc de déterminer les différents intermédiaires responsables de la phosphorylation d'ATF2 en réponse à une carence en acides aminés. J'ai ainsi montré qu'une carence en acides aminés provoque la mise en jeu d'un module MAPK composé de MEKK1>MKK7>JNK2 contrôlant la phosphorylation d'ATF2 sur les résidus thréonine 69 et 71. J'ai montré que ce module est régulé en amont par deux GTPases Cdc42+Rac1 et par la protéine Gα12. Enfin, j'ai démontré l'impact de cette nouvelle voie de signalisation sur la transcription AARE-dépendante du gène ATF3 en réponse à une carence en acides aminés.

Le polyéthylène (PE) est omniprésent dans notre vie de tous les jours et ce principalement car il présente des propriétés thermiques et mécaniques qu'on ne retrouve pas d'autres polymères. Cependant, sa très faible réactivité chimique fait qu'il est difficile de l'incorporer dans des architectures macromoléculaires plus complexes qui pourraient profiter de ses propriétés uniques. La modification de polymères fonctionnels en extrémité de chaîne par des réactions de couplage efficaces est un outil très utilisé pour la conception d'architectures macromoléculaires. Parmi les différentes réactions envisageables, la réaction de cyclo-addition 1,3 dipolaire de Huisgen entre un azoture et un alcyne est très utilisée dans le domaine de la science des polymères pour lier des polymères entre eux. Une autre méthode performante est le couplage par une réaction d'addition de type hétéro Diels-Alder (HDA) entre un diène et un dithioformate. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est dans un premier temps d'identifier un système de polymérisation catalytique de l'éthylène qui permette de synthétiser du polyéthylène de masse molaire variable et comportant à une extrémité une fonction réactive. Puis cette extrémité réactive est mise à profit dans des réactions de couplage efficaces comme celles mentionnées plus haut pour la synthèse d'architectures macromoléculaires incorporant des segments de PE

Food historians have revealed that what constituted a working-class British woman's diet in the nineteenth century was quite different in calorific and nutritional content from what her family consumed. This work explores the nineteenth-century maternal diet and the effect this nutritional inequality had on the health of women and their infants. Divided into three sections, this dissertation deals with different aspects of nineteenth-century maternal nutrition. Section one explores the nineteenth-century medical understanding of diet, as well as the influences of class and traditional beliefs on eating habits, and how these factors determined the diet prescribed to mothers during pregnancy. Section two investigates the factors that perpetuated the unequal distribution and consumption of food within households. Factors explored include regional variations in working-class diet; gender associations with foods; economic changes in material wealth and expectations, and the pressures of respectability on female food denial. This section concludes that food refusal and unequal distribution were reinforced throughout the long nineteenth century because these behaviours appeared to have value, real or imagined, as long-term economic strategies. Food refusal maintained respectability, and helped women secure an economic support network. Mothers' self-denial seems to have secured the economic loyalties of children, making her the recipient of their income. The final section addresses how deprivation and dietary changes affected infant and maternal health, specifically examining how insufficient vitamin D and rickets influenced birth outcomes, and how the switch from a rural diet to an urban diet contributed to a rise in neural tube disorders in Wales. The analysis of childbirth data revealed a significant correlation between rickets and childbirth complications. The findings of this section also suggest that the dietary changes that followed migration and the change from an agricultural lifestyle to a market-integrated, industrial lifestyle for a majority of the Welsh population reduced women's intake of folic acid leaving their children susceptible to neural tube disorders.

M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Department of Hospitality and Tourism, Faculty of Human Sciences) -- Vaal University of Technology| / INTRODUCTION: Urban agriculture (UA) is increasingly being seen as an important component of urban development and urban environmental management. Urban agriculture is an alternative source of employment, household income, food and nutrition security among many low-income urban dwellers. Investments in Urban agriculture in South Africa are negatively influenced by a paucity of information on available land and farming opportunities and lack of policy. A situation analysis in Eatonside concluded that high unemployment rates, income-poverty, chronic household food insecurity and a high prevalence of malnutrition existed. Efforts to increase food availability will bring overall benefits to the community. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this project was to conduct an empirical study to assess food insecurity training needs in order to develop an appropriate home gardening training programme for gardeners in the informal settlements. METHODS: A random selection of 143 households was made from the informal settlement (refer baseline), but only 91 dwellers successfully completed the questionnaires that were administered by four trained field workers. The resu Its were analysed using the SPSS® 12.0 program. MAJOR FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS: The results showed that 72.5 percent had some knowledge of home gardening, whereas 29.7 percent had skills at all in home gardening; 69.2 percent responded that they had some knowledge of soil management, while 69.2 percent had no knowledge regarding planting management and only 13.2 percent had any knowledge regarding storage after harvesting and preparation of vegetables. Out of all the 91 participants, only 29.7 percent had ever worked in a garden. The researcher and fieldworkers were the first group to be trained so that they could conduct the training of the participants with the assistance of the farmers. Since the patiicipants were both male and female, no problems were encountered with digging the ground, as every day after training the males made a point of preparing the ground for the next day. Training was conducted over two days for each group; there were four groups including the fieldworkers. Groups 2 and 3 had 25 participants each while group 4 had 41 participants (n = 91). On day one, the trainers provided all the theory that the participants would need to work in a garden. On day two, the trainers incorporated theory with practical training which involved the participants. CONCLUSION It was found that most of the householders who participated in this project owned a vegetable garden. Most of the participants felt that they had benefited greatly from the training given in the gardening project, both because they were now able to have year round access to fresh vegetables, and because of the money-saving aspect / NRF -- CRC

Introdução: A produção de alimentos é o setor que exerce maior Pegada Hídrica (PH), definida como o volume de água doce usado durante a produção e o consumo de bens e serviços. Os padrões alimentares contemporâneos vêm sofrendo mudanças em função das transições demográfica, epidemiológica e nutricional. Além disso, a primeira década do século XXI no Brasil foi marcada por políticas de proteção social que culminaram em redução da pobreza e da desigualdade. É necessário compreender como essas transformações repercutiram na demanda de água necessária para sustentar os novos padrões alimentares da população brasileira. Objetivo: Analisar a evolução da associação entre os padrões alimentares (PA) brasileiros e a PH associada à produção dos alimentos adquiridos nos domicílios brasileiros entre os anos 2003 e 2009. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de aquisição domiciliar de alimentos, disponibilizados pela Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares nos anos de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Os alimentos adquiridos foram compatibilizados com dados de PH de produtos. A PH média per capita foi descrita segundo grupos de alimentos, macrorregião, área e quintos de renda per capita. Os PA foram estimados para os setores censitários por análise de componentes principais. As variações observadas entre os dois anos do inquérito foram testadas com o teste t de Student para médias independentes, com nível de significância de 5 por cento . Os efeitos dos padrões alimentares sobre a PH e seus componentes foram estimados por regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: A PH média associada à produção dos alimentos adquiridos nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 2.650 m³ por ano per capita (EP ± 37,3 m³ por ano per capita), em 2003 e 2.446 m³ por ano per capita (EP ± 37,3 m³ por ano per capita) em 2009. Cerca de 91,4 por cento desses valores corresponderam ao componente verde, 4,7 por cento ao azul e 3,9 por cento ao cinza. Todas as regiões apresentaram redução da PH per capita em 2009, mas revelaram-se significativas apenas nas regiões NE e SE. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento da PH conforme incremento da renda. Foram identificados 6 PA, diferenciados quanto ao tipo de fonte proteica, sendo o PA1 predominante em carnes vermelhas e processadas, o PA2 em leite e ovos, o PA3 em peixes e oleaginosas, o PA4 em cereais e leguminosas, o PA5 em peixes e produtos processados, e o PA6 em peixes, análogos proteicos à base de soja e outras fontes vegetais de proteínas. Os padrões PA1 e PA6 apresentaram tendência de aumento em 2009, mas o PA1 apresentou impacto três vezes superior à PH que o PA6. O PA6 foi apontado como um padrão mais sustentável, em consonância com as recomendações da literatura e dos guias alimentares contemporâneos. Conclusões: As transformações socioeconômicas na primeira década do século XXI refletiram em mudanças nos padrões alimentares da população, que impactaram a PH. Sugere-se a necessidade de intervenções que considerem tanto as variantes socioeconômicas, como o consumo alimentar adequado, saudável e sustentável. / Introduction: Food production is the sector that exerts the major Water Footprint (WF), defined as the volume of freshwater resources used for production and consumption of goods and services. Contemporary eating patterns have changed in face of demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions. In addition, in Brazil, the first decade of XXI century was marked by social protection policies that culminated in poverty reduction and inequality attenuation. It is necessary to understand how these changes may have affected the water demand required to sustain the new dietary patterns of the population. Aim: To examine the association between Brazilian dietary patterns (DP) and the WF associated to the production of the food products purchased in Brazilian households between 2003 and 2009. Methods: Cross-sectional study with household food purchase data provided by the Household Budget Surveys for the years 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. The purchased foods were matched with WF data. The average per capita WF was described into food groups, macro-region, area and level of income. The DP were estimated for the censitary sectors by principal component analysis. The differences observed between the two surveys were tested with the t Student test for independent means, with a significance level of 0.05. The effects of dietary patterns on WF and components were estimated by multivariate linear regression. Results: The average water footprint, associated with the production of foods purchased in Brazilian households, was 2,650 m³ per year per capita (EP ± 37.3 m³ per year per capita) in 2003 and 2,446 m³ per year per capita (EP ± 37.3 m³ per year per capita) in 2009. Approximately 91.4 per cent of these values corresponded to the green component, 4.7 per cent to the blue component and 3.9 per cent to the gray component. All regions showed a reduction in WF in 2009, but this was significant only in the Northeast and Southeast regions. It was observed a positive linear trend between WF and income. Six DP were identified and characterized by the type of protein source: DP1 by red and processed meat, DP2 by milk and eggs, DP3 by fish and oilseeds, DP4 by cereals and legumes, DP5 by fish and processed foods and DP6 by fish, soy-based meat analogues and other vegetable sources of protein. The DP1 and DP6 patterns showed an upward trend in 2009, but the impact of PA1 on WF was three times higher than of PA6. The PA6 was suggested as a more sustainable pattern, in agreement with the literature and with the contemporary food guides recommendations. Conclusions: Socioeconomic changes in the first decade of this century reflected in modifications concerning the dietary patterns of the population, which affected the WF. Interventions that consider both the socioeconomic variants and healthy and sustainable food consumption are necessary.

O controle da hiperfosfatemia é a peça chave do tratamento do distúrbio mineral e ósseo em pacientes com doença renal crônica. O seu manejo é multifatorial e inclui a restrição dietética de fósforo (P), o uso apropriado de quelantes de P e a dose correta de terapia renal substitutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de uma tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer nos níveis séricos de fósforo de pacientes em hemodiálise. Foram recrutados 56 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em grupo intervenção A (n=18) e B (n=19) e grupo controle C (n=19). O grupo controle (GC) teve seus dados dietéticos, estado nutricional, carga de comprimidos e percentual de adesão ao cloridrato de sevelamer, além de parâmetros laboratoriais, como o P, o cálcio (Ca), o produto cálcio-fósforo (CaxP) e o hormônio da paratireoide (PTH), observados por 4 meses (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Os grupos A (GA) e B (GB) tiveram os mesmos parâmetros investigados pelo GC, entretanto os 2 primeiros meses foram apenas de observação. Após essa fase, esses dois grupos foram orientados a controlar sua alimentação por meio da tabela de contagem de fósforo que consiste em uma ferramenta que auxilia no controle da ingestão alimentar de P por meio de lista de alimentos divididos em grupos alimentares com pontuações delimitadas e proporcionais aos teores de P, pelo período de 2 meses. Nesse período, o GA foi orientado a utilizar o cloridrato de sevelamer com dose fixa de 2 comprimidos (800mg) ao dia. Já o GB, utilizou o cloridrato de sevelamer por meio do autoajuste da sua dose com o auxílio de uma tabela que determina sua dose conforme o número de porções alimentares consumidas. Ao final do estudo, observou-se níveis de P de 4,92±1,42mg/dL; 5,44±1,21mg/dL e 5,07±1,24mg/dL, para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente, não sendo encontrada diferenças estatísticas ao longo do trabalho. O CaxP manteve-se entre o início e final do estudo em ambos os grupos, apresentando-se <55mg2/dL2. No GA, os níveis de Ca reduziram de 9,52±1,01mg/dL para 9,17±0,77mg/dL entre T0 e T4; já no GB, esse parâmetro reduziu de 9,46±1,07mg/dL em T1 para 9,04±0,86mg/dL em T4; no GC, T4 (8,6±0,58mg/dL) apresentou-se com níveis menores de Ca ao ser comparado com T1, T2 e T3. O PTH manteve-se ao longo do estudo em ambos os grupos com níveis >300pg/mL. Em relação ao consumo do quelante, houve redução significativa da carga de comprimidos ao comparar, nos grupos A e B, os tempos T1 (GA: 122,22±90,1 e GB: 170,58±109,12) e T2 (GA: 103,67±63,53 e GB: 162±71,47) com T3 (GA: 49,89±15,23 e GB: 127,11±66,65) e T4 (GA: 45,94±14,96 e GB: 109,89±58,42). Apenas no GA foi observado melhora do percentual de adesão ao quelante quando comparado T1 com 66,21% de adesão com T3 que obteve 88,96% (p=0,014), e T2 que apresentou 64,92% de adesão contra 88,96% em T3 (p=0,009). Os dados dietéticos apontaram redução do consumo de P, após intervenção, apenas no GB ao comparar T0 (1039,43±66,78mg) com T4 (857,83±65,6mg). Não foram identificados prejuízos no estado nutricional após o término do trabalho. O estudo demonstrou que a aplicação da tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer auxilia no controle dos níveis séricos de P tanto por meio da dose mínima do quelante como pelo autoajuste da sua dose. / Control of hyperphosphatemia is the key factor of treatment of mineral and bone disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease. Its management is multifactorial and includes dietary restriction of phosphorus (P), appropriate use of phosphate binders and the correct dose of renal replacement therapy. This study aimed to evaluate an intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride on serum phosphorus in patients on hemodialysis. Fifty-six patients were recruited and divided into intervention group A (n = 18) and B (n = 19) and control group C (n=19). Control group (CG) had dietary data, nutritional status, dose and percentage of adherence to sevelamer hydrochloride and laboratory parameters, such as P, calcium (Ca), calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), observed for four months (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Groups A (AG) and B (BG) had the same parameters evaluated for CG. However, the first two months were only observation. After this period, the two groups were conducted to control their diet with a phosphorus counting table help, which it\'s a tool that assists the control of dietary P intake through a food list divided into food groups with defined and proportional scores in relation to P content, for 2 months. In this period, AG was instructed to use sevelamer hydrochloride with a fixed dose of two tablets (800mg) daily. BG used the sevelamer hydrochloride through self-adjustment of its dose with a chart helps that establish its dose according to the number of consumed servings. At the end of the study, serum levels of P were 4.92±1.42mg/dL; 5.44±1.21mg/dL and 5.07±1.24mg/dL, for groups A, B, and C, respectively, with no statistical differences throughout the study. CaxP remained stable before and after intervention in both groups, showing <55mg2/dL2. In AG, serum Ca reduced from 9.52±1.01mg/dL to 9.17±0.77mg/dL between T0 and T4; Already BG, this parameter reduced from 9.46±1.07mg/dL at T1 to 9.04±0.86mg/dL at T4; in CG, T4 (8.6±0.58mg/dL) showed reduced levels of Ca when compared to T1, T2, and T3. PTH maintained throughout the study in both groups with levels >300pg/mL. About phosphate binder, there was a significant reduction in its dose when comparing, in AG and BG, at T1 (AG: 122.22±90.1 and BG: 170.58±109.12) and T2 (AG: 103.67±63.53 and BG: 162±71.47) with T3 (AG: 49.89±15.23 and BG: 127.11±66.65) and T4 (AG: 45.94±14.96 and BG: 109.89±58.42). Only in the AG, the percentage of adherence to treatment with phosphate binder was improved when compared T1 with 66.21% of adhesion with T3 that obtained 88.96% (p = 0.014), and T2 that presented 64.92% of adhesion against 88.96% in T3 (p = 0.009). Dietary data indicated a reduction of P consumption after an intervention, only in BG when compared T0 (1039.43±66.78mg) with T4 (857.83±65.6mg). No damage to nutritional status was observed at the end of the study. Intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride assists in the control of serum P levels both through the minimum dose of the phosphate binder and self-adjustment of its dose.

No Brasil e no mundo, o fenômeno da urbanização nas últimas décadas tem ocasionado diversas mudanças no perfil demográfico, na qualidade de vida e no abastecimento alimentar das populações, além da grave crise ambiental instaurada nas grandes cidades. A agricultura urbana e periurbana de base agroecológica tem se apresentado como uma alternativa para o meio ambiente das cidades e para a saúde das populações urbanas, contribuindo com o desenvolvimento da biodiversidade; para o melhor aproveitamento dos espaços e dos resíduos; para o manejo adequado dos recursos de água e solo e para o fortalecimento da segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN). O presente estudo investigou a experiência do Projeto Colhendo Sustentabilidade: Práticas Comunitárias de Segurança Alimentar e Agricultura Urbana (PCS), desenvolvido entre 2008 e 2011, no município de Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brasil sob a ótica da Promoção da Saúde. As ações do projeto ocorreram em diversos espaços urbanos e equipamentos públicos do município. A pesquisa de caráter qualitativo contou com a realização de quatro oficinas de sistematização com atores sociais envolvidos: técnicos dos serviços públicos, participantes e equipe técnica do projeto; entrevista individual com informante-chave e análise documental. A intersetorialidade apresentou-se com um processo desafiador, sendo mais efetiva na base da pirâmide organizacional do poder público municipal. A busca por sustentabilidade foi identificada por meio de ações voltadas às questões econômica, ambiental e de continuidade e fortalecimento do próprio projeto. Verificou-se que projeto buscou fomentar a participação social, desenvolver habilidades pessoais e coletivas e reforçar a ação comunitária por meio do empoderamento comunitário. O processo educativo contribuiu para a formação de agentes multiplicadores em práticas sustentáveis e criação de espaços saudáveis. Os participantes relataram mudanças nos hábitos alimentares; descoberta de novas espécies comestíveis; acesso a uma alimentação diversificada e melhoria na saúde física e mental após envolvimento nas atividades nas hortas comunitárias. Verificou-se a potencialidade do PCS na elaboração de políticas públicas saudáveis intersetoriais, contribuindo para resultados mais efetivos de melhoria na qualidade de vida das populações, promovendo de forma mais ampla a saúde das pessoas / In Brazil and worldwide, the phenomenon of urbanization in recent decades has brought about several changes in demographic profiles, quality of life and human food supply, as well as the development of a serious environmental crisis in big cities. Agroecology-based urban and peri-urban agriculture has been presented as a fruitful solution for the affected urban environment and health of urban populations, contributing to the development of biodiversity, better utilization of space and waste, proper management of water and soil resources and the strengthening of food security and nutrition (FSN). This study investigated the experience of the project Harvesting Sustainability: Community Practices for Urban Agriculture and Food Security (Projeto Colhendo Sustentabilidade; PCS), developed between 2008 and 2011 in the town of Embu das Artes, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from the viewpoint of Health Promotion. Project actions took place in several urban spaces and muni cipal facilities intended for public use. The qualitative research included four systematization workshops, with technical team, public service technicians and community members as participant social actors, as well as individual interview with selection of key informant, and document analysis. Intersectoriality proved to be a challenging process, being more effective at the base of the organizational pyramid of the municipal government. The search for sustainability was identified through actions aimed at economic and environmental issues, and also those related to continuity and strengthening of the project itself. It was found that the project sought to promote social participation, development of personal and collective skills, and strengthening of community action through community empowerment. The educational process contributed to the training of multipliers through sustainable practices, and the creation of healthy spaces. Participants reported changes in eating habits, finding of new edible species, access to a diversified diet and improved physical and mental health after involvement in activities in the community gardens. The potential of the PCS was identified with respect to development of healthy intersectorial public policies, which contribute to more effective results on improved quality of human life, thus promoting human health in a broader sense

Introdução: No Brasil, a anemia por deficiência de ferro permanece como problema de saúde pública relevante, especialmente para mulheres e crianças. Nessa questão, a situação de insegurança alimentar (IA) pode vir a ser associada a diversos aspectos de desigualdades estruturais e em saúde, visto que seu conceito permite abordar diversos tipos de iniquidades nutricionais. Objetivos: Avaliar a anemia e a insegurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias de crianças em idade pré-escolar: analisar a influência da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica sobre a prevalência da anemia; identificar os padrões alimentares e sua relação com segurança alimentar e estado nutricional; e investigar a relação entre insegurança alimentar e concentração de hemoglobina de pré-escolares. Métodos: A pesquisa foi do tipo transversal. A população investigada foi de pré-escolares inscritos em creches públicas de Taubaté (SP), em 2014, distribuídas em dois grupos diferenciados pelas características socioeconômicas da região onde estão localizadas: região vulnerável e região abastada. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado partindo do pressuposto que a diferença na concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) entre crianças da região vulnerável e abastada fosse equivalente a 1/3 de desvio padrão da média de Hb da população saudável. As variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas foram coletadas por questionário semi-estruturado. A concentração de Hb foi obtida por meio de punção digital, considerando anemia Hb<11,0g/dL. Para avaliação antropométrica foi realizada a medida de peso e altura e calculados os Z-escores, a situação de IA foi avaliada pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) e o consumo alimentar habitual foi investigado por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar. A análise estatística foi descritiva e analítica, com realização de modelagem múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi em torno de 19 por cento dos pré-escolares e a concentração de Hb indicou diferença entre as crianças das duas regiões da cidade, sendo que pré-escolares das creches de alta vulnerabilidade socioeconômica apresentaram menores valores de Hb (p<0,001). Para melhor entendimento do consumo alimentar, identificou-se cinco Padrões Alimentares (PA): Ocidental; Frutas, verduras e legumes; Prudente; Lácteo e Tradicional, possibilitando perceber que os préescolares de famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família apresentavam PA Tradicional, caracterizado pelo consumo de arroz, café e feijão; que está fortemente relacionado ao excesso de peso infantil (p<0,05). Quanto à situação de IA, esta atinge 41,2 por cento das famílias e mesmo que a análise bivariada tenha verificado que a IA influencia a concentração de Hb, após ajuste do modelo multivariado essa associação perdeu a significância (p>0,05). Conclusões: A influência da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica sobre a prevalência da anemia em pré-escolares foi evidenciada, com polarização de condições adversas sobre as creches frequentadas por famílias de baixa renda, de mães com baixa escolaridade e beneficiárias de programa social. Além disso, essas famílias apresentaram maior risco de consumo alimentar inadequado, propiciando problemas nutricionais a longo prazo. Mesmo não havendo associação estatisticamente significante da IA com a concentração de Hb e com indicadores antropométricos, essas relações devem ser encaradas com muita cautela, além de serem descritas e discutidas de forma crítica para ponderação dos resultados de uma escala de percepção, como é o caso da EBIA / Introduction: In Brazil, iron deficiency anemia remains a relevant public health problem, specially for women and children. In this respect, the situation of food insecurity (FI) may prove to be associated with various aspects of structural inequalities and health, as its concept allows addressing various types of nutritional inequities. Objective: Evaluate anemia, food and nutrition insecurity of families of children in preschool age; analyze the influence of socioeconomic vulnerability on the prevalence of anemia; identify dietary patterns and their relation to food security and nutritional status; and investigate the relationship between food insecurity and concentration of preschool hemoglobin. Methods: The study was crosssectional. The investigated population was enrolled preschool children in public day care centers in Taubaté (SP) in 2014, divided into two different groups by socioeconomic characteristics of the region where they are located: vulnerable region and wealthy region. The sample size was calculated on the assumption that the difference in hemoglobin (Hb) between children of vulnerable and wealthy region was equivalent to 1/3 of Hb mean standard deviation of the healthy population. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were collected by semi-structured questionnaire. The Hb concentration was obtained by finger prick, considering anemia Hb <11.0 g/dL. Anthropometric assessment was performed to measure height and weight and calculated the Z-scores, the FI situation was assessed by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) and the usual food intake was investigated by means of a food frequency questionnaire. The statistical analysis was descriptive and analytical, with performing multiple modeling. Results: The prevalence of anemia was around 19 per cent of preschool and Hb concentration indicated difference between children of the two areas of the city, and preschool children of high socioeconomic vulnerability creches had lower Hb values (p <0.001). For a better understanding of food consumption I have identified five Dietary patterns (DP) West; Fruits and vegetables; Prudent; Dairy and Traditional, allowing realize that the preschool families benefiting from the Bolsa Família Program had DP Traditional, characterized by the consumption of rice, coffee and beans; that is strongly associated with childhood overweight (p <0.05). As for the FI situation reaches 41.2 per cent of families and even the bivariate analysis has verified that the FI influence the Hb concentration after model multivariate adjustment this association was no longer significant (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The influence of socioeconomic vulnerability on the prevalence of anemia in preschool children was observed, with polarization of adverse conditions on day care frequented by lowincome families, mothers with low education and beneficiaries of social programs. In addition, these families had higher risk of inadequate food consumption, providing long-term nutritional problems. Even with no statistically significant association between FI with Hb concentration and anthropometric indicators such relations should be viewed with caution, and are described and discussed in a critical way for consideration of the results of a sense of scale, such as the EBIA