After the repeal of the Corn Laws ended the policy of protectionism which had enabled Britain to feed herself from within her own resources, free trade resulted in domestic food production constituting only 30% of the British diet. This study looks at the political discourse from 1880 to 1939 when the ¿empty countryside¿ became a symbol of agricultural decline. Emerging radical and socialist narratives put forward approaches for rural regeneration and increased food production. Other narratives suggested that agricultural decline was one manifestation of national decline whereby a self sufficient and proud nation was being betrayed by Capitalism. Both Left and Right offered up the prospect of different solutions predicated upon shared perceptions of ¿Englishness.¿ The experience of Irish famine failed to inform political action or policy making. The study notes the importance of War upon the development of food policy. Increasingly, the State joined forces with the NFU in a corporate endeavour which sought to manage, rather than increase, food production and created structures which became increasingly important in the context of rearmament. Increased food production was rejected upon defence grounds in that free trade and a navy were seen as appropriate safeguards. Those countries which sought to follow self sufficiency ¿ or autarky ¿ are portrayed as warlike in their intentions; by 1939 all mainstream political parties rejected the notion of artificially increased food production. Those who continued to press for increased food production concentrated either upon earlier pre Capitalist societies or were attracted by Fascism and strong leadership. After such searches became increasingly problematic there was emphasis upon the soil, with the adoption of an approach which was both practical and mystical.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-30T11:32:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rhaissa Fidalgo Garcêz Sant_Ana.pdf: 1178156 bytes, checksum: 46130ef844df15af935789f25a4e9af4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T11:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rhaissa Fidalgo Garcêz Sant_Ana.pdf: 1178156 bytes, checksum: 46130ef844df15af935789f25a4e9af4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The card’s market in Brazil has taken relevant features over the years. Considering an expectation of the Central Bank as a controller of the financial transactions between agents independently of the payments ways, it´s necessary a closed and solid regulation and supervise of the main payment instrument nowadays: card. Attended these necessities, it was published at October, the ninety, 2013 the law nº 12.865 whose defines the Central Bank as a payments way regulator. As a consequence, this material analyses the dynamic and impacts on the area before and after this law, emphasizing emitters of alimentation benefits cards. Based on this objective, the hypothesis adopted includes that a new model of business suggesting by Central Bank’ regulation has promoted a control of the electronic money conception realized by institutes without bank’s permissions. The applied methodologies are documental and content analysis, to comprehension of the regulation and also financial demonstratives adopted by agents. As results, observes a redefinition by Central Bank about the interaction model between agents using payment arrange shows perspectives of equilibrium to finance system because of a control implantation on electronic money’s production, requisites to reports and process which validates the activity, also perspectives non-discriminatory access to submissive agents in the relation with emitters of electronic money. Moreover, it’s possible to verify an absence of rules to reduce inappropriate consume behaviors by beneficiaries of benefits cards as alimentation and meal / O mercado de cartões no Brasil tem obtido grande destaque com o passar do tempo. Considerando a expectativa do Banco Central em ser capaz de controlar as movimentações financeiras entre agentes do mercado independentemente do meio de pagamento empregado, faz-se necessária uma regulação e supervisão mais próxima e sólida do principal instrumento de pagamento utilizado atualmente: o cartão. Em observância a necessidade elencada, foi promulgada em 09 de outubro de 2013 a Lei nº 12.865 que define o Banco Central como órgão regulador do setor de meios de pagamento. Com isso, busca-se analisar a dinâmica e os impactos do setor antes e após a implantação da Lei nº 12.865, com destaque para os emissores de cartões de benefícios de alimentação. A partir desse objetivo, adota-se a hipótese de que o novo modelo de negócio proposto pela regulamentação do Banco Central promoveu o controle da geração de moeda eletrônica praticada por instituições que não se enquadram como bancos. As metodologias empregadas são pesquisa documental e análise de conteúdo, em que se tem uma compreensão dos normativos que disciplinam o setor, além de demonstrativos financeiros dos agentes que o compõe. Como resultados obtidos observa-se que a redefinição por parte do Banco Central do modelo de interação entre agentes, por meio de arranjos de pagamento trouxe perspectivas de equilíbrio ao sistema financeiro devido a implantação de controle sobre a geração de moeda eletrônica, com requisição de reportes e processos que validam a atividade, além da perspectiva de acesso não discriminatório a agentes até então submissos as delimitações dos emissores de moeda eletrônica. Ademais, constata-se a ausência de medidas que contenham comportamentos de consumo inapropriados por parte dos beneficiários dos cartões de alimentação e refeição

This dissertation investigates a recent development in New Institutional Economics that draws attention to the division of three institutional layers - macro, meso and micro. I present an analysis considering the systematic connection between these layers and also a particular investigation of the meso-level. Using historical secondary data on milk regulations in Brazil and Italy, and a fine-grained dataset related to daily laboratory analysis of cow milk quality from 25 of the 27 Brazilian states during a nineteen-year period (1999-2017), I address some research questions in the fields of institutional economics, strategic management and food policy. This dissertation includes three individual chapters in the format of academic articles, besides a general introduction and conclusion. Chapter 2 focuses on the field of institutional economics by addressing the gap in the literature in providing a systematic approach detailing the relationships between macro, meso and micro institutional layers and their analysis as a system. This part presents three concepts - institutional interconnectivity, institutional complementarity, institutional alignment - to enrich this new debate. I adopt a historical and regulatory perspective to employ these concepts in the dairy industry in Brazil and Italy. I present some propositions related to the functioning of institutional layers and their basis in terms of transaction costs. Drawing on regulatory institutional voids, Chapter 3 investigates the impact of meso-institution\'s translation effects on performance, as well as the dependence of this influence on firm-level resources. As expected, I observe the creation of a meso-institution overcoming these institutional voids and increasing firms\' performance, due to the information provision mechanisms that simplify complex rules and induce firms to achieve a better fit between their external and internal environments in terms of resource allocation. I also demonstrate the particular relevance of meso-institutions\' translation effects for small firms. Some contributions to the institutions-based strategy literature are presented. Chapter 4 brings the analysis of efficient meso-institutions affecting the effectiveness of food policy implementation. I find that the translation function of a meso-institution increases the policy\'s effectiveness and highlight a sequential logic of policy implementation from institutional (first-order) to technology and size (second-order) effects. This chapter also has policy implications, advocating that any regulation must be initially translated, and then enforced and monitored, to succeed. / A presente dissertação avalia um recente desenvolvimento teórico da Nova Economia Institucional que apresenta a divisão de três camadas institucionais - macro, meso e micro. O estudo traz uma análise considerando a conexão sistemática entre essas camadas e também uma investigação específica no nível meso. Utilizando dados secundários históricos sobre regulamentações de leite no Brasil e na Itália, e um conjunto de dados relacionados à análise laboratorial diária da qualidade do leite de vacas de 25 dos 27 estados brasileiros durante um período de dezenove anos (1999-2017), este estudo investiga questões nas literaturas de economia institucional, gestão estratégica e política alimentar. Esta dissertação contém três capítulos individuais no formato de artigos acadêmicos, além de uma introdução geral e conclusão. O Capítulo 2 concentra-se no campo da economia institucional, abordando a lacuna na literatura em fornecer uma abordagem sistemática detalhando as relações entre as camadas institucionais macro, meso e micro e sua análise como um sistema. Esta parte apresenta três conceitos - interconectividade institucional, complementaridade institucional, alinhamento institucional - para enriquecer este novo debate. É adotada uma perspectiva histórica e regulatória para avaliar esses conceitos na indústria do leite no Brasil e na Itália. São apresentadas proposições relacionadas ao funcionamento de camadas institucionais em termos de custos de transação. Com base nos vazios institucionais regulatórios, o Capítulo 3 apresenta uma investigação do impacto dos efeitos de tradução das meso-instituições sobre o desempenho, bem como a dependência dessa influência dos recursos no nível da empresa. Os resultados apontam que a criação de uma meso-instituição auxilia na resolução desses vazios institucionais e aumenta o desempenho das empresas, devido aos mecanismos de provisão de informações que simplificam regras complexas e induzem as firmas a uma melhor adequação em seus ambientes externos e internos em termos de recursos alocação. Ainda, os resultados evidenciam uma relevância particular dos efeitos de tradução das meso-instituições para firmas pequenas. São apresentadas contribuições para a literatura de estratégia baseada em instituições. O Capítulo 4 apresenta a investigação de meso-instituições eficientes afetando a eficácia da implementação da política de alimentos. Os resultados ilustram que a função de tradução de uma meso-instituição aumenta a efetividade da política e destaca uma lógica sequencial de implementação de políticas a iniciar com efeitos institucionais (de primeira ordem) a efeitos de tecnologia e tamanho (segunda ordem). Este capítulo também tem implicações políticas, evidenciando que qualquer regulamentação deve ser inicialmente traduzida e então monitorada para ser efetiva.

Orientador: Bruno Wilhelm Speck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T12:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_AnaAngelicaBezerradeMelo_M.pdf: 7087482 bytes, checksum: 0ca447944609b754631bcae118c4e8f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como foco o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nos municípios brasileiros, um dos mais antigos programas sociais do país. Foi criado em 1954, perpassou diversos governos e se consolidou como uma política de Estado, de caráter universal que beneficia diariamente cerca de 45 milhões de estudantes matriculados na Educação Básica das escolas públicas. As análises estão ancoradas em uma abordagem neoinstitucionalista de políticas públicas, a partir da proposta do ciclo de políticas públicas. O componente participativo das políticas públicas, instaurado com a Constituição de 1988 e materializados por meio dos conselhos gestores de políticas públicas foi incorporado ao processo de análise. Essa pesquisa se caracteriza, portanto, como um estudo exploratório de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo de análise que se propõe a identificar um conjunto de fatores que impactam na qualidade da implementação do PNAE. A variável dependente que indica essa qualidade são as notas dos cardápios servidos nas escolas e que está relacionado ao principal benefício do programa: uma alimentação de qualidade e nutricionalmente adequada. Trabalha-se com uma amostra abrangente de municípios, 3.832, com dados referentes aos anos de 2006 a 2010. Foram identificadas onze variáveis, agrupadas em três blocos: demográficas, político-institucionais e de participação social. Identificou-se por meio das análises de regressão linear univariada que há alguns fatores que possuem uma maior capacidade de explicação da qualidade da implementação do PNAE, tais como a questão da arrecadação municipal, o volume de investimento realizado no programa, por meio da complementação financeira para compra de gêneros alimentícios, o IDHM e a quantidade de alunos por escola. Outros fatores possuem uma baixa capacidade explicativa da qualidade da implementação: as variáveis referentes à participação social e aspectos demográficos relativos à quantidade de habitantes, de alunos e de escolas no município. O que não descarta a possibilidade de se analisar a relevância desses últimos fatores em contextos específicos. A base de dados construída para as análises desta pesquisa se constitui em uma contribuição para o estudo do PNAE, uma vez que ela não teve o seu potencial de análise esgotado / Abstract: This research is focused on the Brazilian `National School Nutrition Program¿ (PNAE), at municipal levels, one of the long lasting social programs in the country. Created in 1954, it has been run through several different administrations and it was consolidated as a strong consolidated public policy. The PNAE is a universal policy that benefits about 45 million students daily, enrolled in basic education at public schools. This research is anchored in a neoinstitutionalist approach to public policies, and based on the public policy cycle logic. The participatory component in public policy, inaugurated with the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, and materialized through several public policy councils, was also analyzed. This research is therefore characterized by an exploratory study, with quantitative and qualitative methods that aim to identify a set of factors that impact at PNAE¿s implementation quality. The dependent variable that indicates the quality is the schools¿ menu rating system, set by an independent nongovernmental organization. This variable is related to the primary benefit of the program: a high-quality food and nutritionally adequate menus. A comprehensive sample of municipalities, 3,832 in total, is used with data from the period ranging from 2006 through 2010. Eleven variables were identified and organized in three groups: demographic, political-institutional, and social participation. The univariate linear regression analyses showed that there are some factors that have a greater capacity to explain the quality of implementation of this policy, such as the issue of municipal level tax collection, the volume of investment in the program by the local governments, the Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM/MHDI), and the average number of students per school. Some other factors have a lower explanatory power, such as variables related to social participation and demographic aspects. Nonetheless, the relevance of these latter factors could be analyzed in specific contexts where they can make a relevant difference. The database constructed for this research constitutes a contribution to the study of the PNAE policy, since it has not exhausted the analysis and future research could benefit of it / Mestrado / Ciencia Politica / Mestra em Ciência Política

Background: Canadian youth obesity, and comorbidities, have paralleled trends in consuming nutrient-poor foods marketed by the food industry. In Canada, food marketing is largely self-regulated by the food industry under the Canadian Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CAI). Methods: Public television programming records benchmarked the volume of food advertising targeted to preschoolers, children, adolescents, and adults on Canadian television. Food advertising rates and frequencies were compared by age group, television station, month, food category, and company, using regression modelling, chi-square tests and principal component analysis. Results: Food advertising rates significantly differed by all independent variables. Fast food companies dominated advertising during adolescent-programming while food and beverage manufacturers dominated advertising during programming to all other age groups. CAI signatories contributed more advertising during children’s programming than non-signatories. Conclusion: Failings of self-regulation in limiting food advertising to Canadian youth demonstrate the need for statutory restrictions to rectify youth’s obesogenic media environments and their far-reaching health effects.

Masters of Commerce / Despite having a significant agri-food sector, South Africa is faced with strong food security issues related to high inequalities and the legacy of the apartheid regime. The South African food system finds itself at risk of alienating the majority of its citizens from realizing their right to access food granted by the South African Constitution (1996) Section 27(1)(b). Increasing poverty, unemployment and poor governance are making it harder for ordinary South African citizens to put safe and nutritious food on the table. Part of the food security issue in South Africa is that there is an inefficiency in public policies. It can be explained by the extreme segmentation of public action between departments and also by the limitations and ineffectiveness of decentralization resulting in little to no involvement from local governments. Like most socio-economic issues, the effects of food insecurity are first experienced on the ground at the local level where municipalities are at the forefront. The absence of effective policy around food security and food systems at the local level in South Africa leaves room for research on improved local food governance. Municipalities should be best suited to understand the consequences of food insecurity and could therefore use some of their constitutional mandate which provides some room for manoeuvre with regard to food issues. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of food security issues at the municipal level and to identify ways to facilitate engagement by municipalities. Its main objective was to adopt a foresight approach, using scenarios with local actors, and to understand how it can help improve the engagement of municipalities and citizens in the food security debate and take possible action. This research has made use of an existing collaboration between the Centre of Excellence in Food Security (CoE-FS) and the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) developed in the Western Cape. The collaboration focuses on the understanding of the food policy space in South Africa, the results of existing policies, and how the co-production of knowledge between stakeholders, notably at the local level, can contribute to policy improvement.

健康的な食事は生活習慣病の予防となり、若い頃からの推進は重要である。大学生は入学を機に親の保護から離れ、食行動が大きく変化する時期を迎える。健康的な食行動の確立は、心身の健康及び充実した大学生活を送ることにつながる。本研究の目的は健康的な食行動を促進させるために、大学生の食行動に影響する要因を明らかにすることであった。京都市内4大学の大学生23名へのインタビュー調査に基づく質的研究を実施した。本研究は、健康的な食行動プログラムの推進方策の検討に資するものである。 / Healthy diet prevents lifestyle-related diseases, and promoting healthy diet is important for adolescents. University students greatly change their eating behavior when they start living away from family home. Establishing healthy eating behavior leads to good physical and mental health, and fulfilling university life. The purpose of this study was to promote healthy eating behavior by clarifying factors influencing the eating behavior of university students. Qualitative research method based on interviews with 23 university students from four universities in Kyoto was conducted. This study will contribute and help to examine measures of promoting healthy eating behavior program for policy makers. / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

The food industry is one of the main contributors to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The greatest impact is caused by production of animal-sourced foods. To reduce the planetary burden, a dietary shift from animal-based to more plant-based foods is necessary. Policy interventions are tools to achieve such a shift. For policies to be successful, acceptability is a crucial component. Several variables such as age, gender, education level, and geographical residence have previously been identified as decisive for policy acceptability. The aim of the present research is to go beyond these findings and obtain a deeper understanding of acceptability of policy proposals for reduced consumption of animal-sourced foods. Qualitative interviews with Swedish citizens were conducted to investigate which factors influence high respective low policy acceptability. Results indicate that environmental concern, exposure to plant-based foods, perceptions of others’ views, and environmental norms are crucial factors shaping policy acceptability, as these mediate several other critical factors. The discussion pointed out beliefs about the sufficiency of plant-based foods and the necessity of meat, ideas about consumers of plant-based foods as radical, and perceived effectiveness and fairness of the policies to be entry points for increasing policy acceptability, as these beliefs are theoretically established to be susceptible to change. Insights from the research can be used for policy design and communication efforts. The study offers recommendations to communicate the sufficiency and healthiness of plant-based foods, to frame its consumers in a more inclusive and appealing way for meat and dairy consumers to identify with, and to expose the policy tradeoffs by contrasting them with the environmental cause. / Mistra Food Futures WP7