本研究探討分析師在進行盈餘預測時是否會考慮會計師的審計品質。不同於過去文獻，本研究除了測試「品牌層級」的審計品質（brand-name level audit quality）與「事務所層級」（firm level audit quality）的審計品質外，利用我國簽證制度進一步檢視分析師盈餘預測之品質是否因會計師個人層級之審計品質 (individual-level audit quality) 的差異而有所不同。本研究以Heckman (1979) 之兩階段模型來控制會計師選擇內生性的問題，進行實證分析。實證結果顯示：(1) 四大會計師事務所對於分析師預測準確度具有正面影響，但侷限於小規模公司，呈現顯著正相關。(2) 四大事務所彼此之審計品質對於分析師預測準確度與離散程度之影響，並無顯著之差異，但整體來說，資誠會計師事務所之表現最佳，而小規模公司中，安永之表現較差；大規模公司中，勤業眾信之表現較差，此與一般市場所認知者不同。(3) 當分析師盈餘預測之對象為小規模公司時，審計品質最差的個別會計師會降低（提高）分析師預測準確度（離散程度）。反之，測試對象為大規模公司時，審計品質最佳的個別會計師會降低分析師預測準確度但，審計品質最差者，與本研究預期不符。結果顯示我國之分析師在進行盈餘預測時，會考量個別會計師之審計品質。 / This paper investigates the association between audit quality and properties of analysts’ earnings forecasts. Three levels of audit quality are identified and examined: brand-name level (proxied by a dummy Big 4), firm level (proxied by four dummies DT, PWC, KPMG, and EY), and individual-level (proxied by the average of the absolute values of discretionary accruals for all companies audited by the same auditor, grouped by quartiles). After separating sample companies into big, medium, and small sizes, the empirical results document several important findings. When audit quality is measured at the brand-name level, Big 4 improve analysts’ forecast accuracy for small companies only. However, Big 4 do not decrease analysts’ forecast dispersion. When the audit quality is measured at the firm level, analysts seem to regard EY and DT as of relatively low audit quality when small and big companies are the forecast targets, respectively. When the audit quality is measured at the individual level, auditors who are deemed to have the lowest audit quality (i.e., in the fourth quartile) are associated with less forecast accuracy and greater forecast dispersion in small companies. In contrast, auditors who are deemed to have the highest audit quality (i.e., in the first quartile) are associated with lower forecast dispersion in big companies. Taken together, the empirical results indicate that audit quality affects analysts’ forecast properties. More importantly, analysts are able to identify individual auditor’s audit quality and react accordingly.

(Geo)demographic factors of consumers' behaviour Abstract The master's thesis deals with issues of consumer behavior in its theoretical plane. In order to empirically analyze behavior of consumers on the demand of housing, within the limits of population development of the Slovak Republic between the years 1990 and 2060. The objective of the analysis is the construction of housing demand query functions in the Slovak Republic, which indicates the trends of housing demand. Model translates demographic changes in the population behavior in quantitative and structural changes of the housing demand. The result is that, despite the expression of uncertainty in the development of behavioral population has forecast housing demand for the high rate of inertia. The latter starting from the stability of the age structure of the population. We are assuming that the period of the next sixty years will be characterized by changes in trends in the development of the population of a continuously aging population. What was negative and reflected in the curve of housing demand. Keywords: consumer, purchaser, demographic changes, population forcast, demand forcast, real estate, housing demand

「強制性財務預測」不但規範在何種情況下須發布財務預測，同時也規範在何種狀況下須作財務預測更新。不論第一次預測或更新均需經會計師核閱。因此，「強制性財務預測」比自願性揭露要審慎得多，但其資訊成本也高。盈餘預測的準確性為其是否有用的先決條件。一個高成本的規範，如其所產生資訊的準確性不高，則其必要性便存疑。本研究首先對此一問題加以探討。實證結果顯示， 「強制性財務預測」規範下的第一次盈餘預測和 「天真模型」(Naive Model)下的盈餘預測比較，其準確性較高。由此可推論「強制性財務預測規範」對盈餘預測資訊約有用性應有助益。 　　「財務預測更新」會增加資訊成本，而「財務預測更新與否」係依據「預測盈餘」與將來「公告盈餘」的差距來決定。「財務第一次預測準確性」影響「預測盈餘」，而「盈餘操縱」則影響「公告盈餘」。因此，「財務第一次預測準確性」、「盈餘操縱」均與 「財務預測更新與否」有關，而且「盈餘操縱」的需要性亦受「財務第一次預測準確性」的影響。本研究以單因子多變量變異數分析對此一問題加以實證。結果顯示，「財務預測未更新組」的「財務第一次預測準確性」較高，但其「盈餘操縱」情形亦較嚴重。 　　受規範公司的「盈餘操縱」會影響「預測更新」成本，因而其經濟實質。投資人投資這類股票，其投資報酬的影響因素為何？本研究以「行業別股價指數變動」代表總體面及行業面因素，以「當期盈餘」代表個別公司面因素，以「盈餘操縱」代表「財務預測成本」，並以迴歸分析探討各因素對股票投資報酬的影響。實證結果顯示，「行業別股價指數變動」、「當期盈餘」、「盈餘操縱」與「股票投資報酬」均呈正相關。 　　「盈餘操縱」除與「財務預測更新」的資訊成本有關外，尚可能影響其他契約成本。本研究懷疑「盈餘操縱」會因「財務預測曾否更新」而有不同的目的。本研究以虛擬變數迴歸分析為工具，探討「盈餘操縱」對股價變動的影響力是否會因「財務預測更新與否」而不同？實證結果顯示，「盈餘操縱」對股價變動的影響力並不因「財務預測更新與否」而不同。 　　此外，「使用一般公認會計原則的經驗」應有助於相對準確性的提升。本研究實證「盈餘第一次預測準確性」的同時，額外針對這個問題加以實證，結果顯示「非新上市年度樣本」的盈餘第一次預測準確性優於「新上市年度樣本」。此一結論應能給證管會若干鼓舞，只要持續推動「強制性財務預測規範」，「盈餘預測準確性」將因受規範公司經驗的累積而提升，預測資訊約有用性會因而加強。

近年來由於經濟景氣的因素及製造業與建築業的景氣停滯，使得銀行的逾放比率及金額大增，遂使得銀行經營更加困難。根據現行辦法規定，當企業向銀行申請融資額度超過三千萬以上者，必須檢附會計師的融資簽証報告，且融資簽証業務一直都是會計師主要的業務之一，故本研究將探討審計報告的資訊內涵－運用於財務危機之預測，即是結合財務報表的資訊及審計報告意見型態的資訊建立一套較佳的財務預警模式，以探討審計報告的資訊內涵於財務預警的貢獻。 　　本研究以金融聯合徵信中心的資料庫中於民國八十一年底及民國八十一二年底仍列為催收或呆帳的公司且在發生財務危機前三年有完整的財務報表為違約公司，運用違約公司的所屬產業別、資產總額及銷售額為配對標準，選出正常履約公司進行分析。計算十九種公司財務比率、十九種產業相對財務比率及審計報告意見型態為變數，區別前期樣本及全體樣本分別建立財務預警模式。 　　首先先檢定財務比率是否符合常態分配的假說，其次檢定財務資訊的資訊內涵，亦即比較二群體間財務比率是否有差異，最後分別運用因素分析及不採用因素分析建立Λογιτ模式，並比較模式的正確性及加權效率性以選擇出較佳的模式。 　　研究結果如下： 　　1.在前期樣本中，不論採用何種變數，僅有固定資產比率符合常態性假說；在全體樣本中，均不符合常態分配的假說。 　　2.以公司財務比率為變數時，有八種財務比率於二群體間不具差異性；但當以產業相對財務比率為變數時，則有十一種財務比率於二群體間不具差異性。 　　3.審計報告具資訊內涵，對於預測企業是否發生違約與否有所貢獻。 　　4.不論採用何種變數所建立的財務預警模式對於前期樣本及全體樣本的正確分類上均優於隨機分類，但對於後期樣本的正確預測上則不優於隨機分類，故模式的貢獻有限。

Many construction projects in the United States are facing the risk of cost overrun and schedule delays. This is also happening here in the State of Louisiana. When these things happen, it causes cost overrun which can then be passed on to the tax payers and may also cause the state to take on less projects than they normal. Many researchers have studied the reasons behind both the cost overrun and the delays resulting in private firms, developing project management tools and best practices to prevent this risk. In this research, I aim to study the historical trend in 2912 publically funded projects in the State of Louisiana. The study will reveal the overall state level of accuracy of forecasting cost and schedule. A forecasting formula based on those historical projects will be developed to assist estimators at the Parish level in predicting cost and schedule performance. The State of Louisiana has so many projects that deal with the transportation system (roadway, bridges, drainage, traffic sign, traffic signal, lighting etc...) My Dissertation will be a study and analysis of time and cost of the projects in LADOTD, whether the projects finish on time, before time or after time as well as the cost of the project that has been completed overrun or underrun or the exact amount that the bid amount was. With this study and analysis, my intention is to create time schedule and cost to be used to on reaching accuracy on finishing the project on time and the exact bid amount of the project (exclude whether condition, extra work, and some unexpected problems that may arise during the length of the project).