Erro médico é uma importante causa de morte na medicina humana, estimando-se ser a terceira causa de morte nos Estados Unidos. Podemos enquadrar de modo geral os erros em imperícia, imprudência e negligência. Há ainda na medicina humana um impasse ético entre revelar ou não ao paciente e/ou familiares a ocorrência do erro, o qual estudos revelam que divulgar o erro seja o mais apropriado. Observa-se também a importância de erros médicos em medicina veterinária, que apresenta similaridades com os casos humanos. Tanto em medicina humana quanto em veterinária o profissional envolvido em erro pode responder juridicamente nas esferas civil e/ou criminal. O Código de Ética do Médico Veterinário do CFMV, no artigo 14 inciso I prevê a responsabilização do médico veterinário em casos de imprudência, imperícia e negligência. O profissional da saúde deve sempre atualizar seus conhecimentos, a fim de se evitar a ocorrência de casos de erro médico. Especificamente no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico, a depender da natureza da enfermidade e resposta do organismo do paciente frente a doença, não há obrigatoriedade do profissional no acerto, mas sim na utilização de todos os meios disponíveis para se chegar ao diagnóstico, sempre em comum acordo com o proprietário. Dada a maior demanda tanto de atendimento médico veterinário, pela maior expectativa de vida dos pacientes e maior preocupação dos proprietários em fornecer os cuidados médico veterinários devidos, quanto pela crescente ocorrência de processos judiciais contra os profissionais envolvidos em casos suspeitos de erro, há a necessidade de se desenvolver estudos multidisciplinares nas esferas médico veterinária, jurídica e da relação proprietário-médico veterinário. Assim, este estudo levantou os casos de erro médico veterinário com foco nos erros em diagnóstico da casuística de necropsia do Serviço de Patologia Animal do Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo FMVZ-USP dos anos de 2012 a 2016. Foi analisada a casuística geral e separada a relativa às necropsias documentadas. Os cães forma os animais que apresentaram maior frequência na casuística de erros, tanto na geral quanto de necropsias documentadas. A negligência foi a ocorrência mais frequente, e na casuística geral observou-se uma maior frequência de animais adultos, enquanto nas necropsias documentadas houve mais casos de filhotes. O sistema respiratório se mostrou o mais suscetível a sofrer negligência no diagnóstico clínico, e as doenças mais comumentes negligenciadas são as infecciosas e neoplásicas, respectivamente. Assim, este estudo sugere a necessidade de maior atenção por parte dos médicos-veterinários quanto à anamnese e exame físico, que devem ser cuidadosos, bem como a solicitação adequada de exames complementares necessários para uma abordagem diagnóstica efetiva. / Medical malpractice is an important cause of death in human medicine, estimating to be the third leading cause of death in the United States. We can generally frame errors in incompetence, imprudence and negligence. There is still in human medicine an ethical impasse between revealing or not to the patient and / or relatives the occurrence of the error, which studies reveal that disclosing the error is most appropriate. It is also observed the importance of medical errors in veterinary medicine, which presents similarities with human cases. In both human and veterinary medicine, the professional involved in error may be legally blamedin the civil and/or criminally. The Code of Ethics of the Veterinarian, in article 14, section I provides for the responsibility of the veterinarian in cases of incompetence, imprudence and negligence. The health professional should always update his knowledge in order to avoid the occurrence of cases of medical malpractice. Specifically regarding the diagnosis, depending on the nature of the disease and the response of the patient\'s body to the disease, there is no obligation on the professional to correct it, but on the use of all available means to arrive at the diagnosis, always in common according to the owner. Given the greater demand for both veterinary care, longer patient life expectancy, and greater concern of owners to provide due veterinary care, and the increasing occurrence of legal proceedings against professionals involved in suspected cases of error, there is a need to develop multidisciplinary studies in the veterinary, legal and veterinary-veterinarian relations. Thus, this study has raised the cases of veterinary error with focus on errors in the necropsy diagnosis of the Animal Pathology Service of the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo - FMVZ-USP for the years 2012 to 2016. We analyzed the general and separate case series on documented necropsies. Dogs form the animals that presented the highest frequency in the series of errors, both in general and documented necropsies. Neglect was the most frequent occurrence, and in the general casuistry a greater frequency of adult animals was observed, whereas in documented necropsies there were more cases of pups. The respiratory system has been shown to be most susceptible to negligence in clinical diagnosis, and the most commonly neglected diseases are infectious and neoplastic, respectively. Thus, this study suggests the need for greater attention on the part of the veterinarians regarding anamnesis and physical examination, which should be careful, as well as the appropriate request for complementary tests necessary for an effective diagnostic approach.

Este trabalho analisa a influência da qualidade na elaboração dos laudos periciais, e seu impacto nas decisões judiciais. Mostra os pontos aos quais o perito deve se ater para que seu laudo atinja o objetivo: transmitir corretamente a mensagem desejada, o resultado da perícia, através de um discurso compreensível para o magistrado, que possui um modo de pensar diferente do profissional tecnológico. Vários fatores influenciam na qualidade do laudo, e um laudo bem elaborado, bem como a proposição dos quesitos, envolve conhecimentos multidisciplinares em sua confecção. / This work analyzes the influence of quality in the preparation of forensic reports, and its impact on judicial decisions. It shows the key aspects that the expert should take care for his/her report get to its main objective: to correctly convey the desired message, the result of expertise, in a way that is understandable to the magistrate, who has a different way of thinking that is different from the technology professional. Several factors influence the quality of a forensic report. The development process of a well prepared report and the proposition of the issues of fact to be clarified, involve multi and inter disciplinary knowledge.

Erro médico é uma importante causa de morte na medicina humana, estimando-se ser a terceira causa de morte nos Estados Unidos. Podemos enquadrar de modo geral os erros em imperícia, imprudência e negligência. Há ainda na medicina humana um impasse ético entre revelar ou não ao paciente e/ou familiares a ocorrência do erro, o qual estudos revelam que divulgar o erro seja o mais apropriado. Observa-se também a importância de erros médicos em medicina veterinária, que apresenta similaridades com os casos humanos. Tanto em medicina humana quanto em veterinária o profissional envolvido em erro pode responder juridicamente nas esferas civil e/ou criminal. O Código de Ética do Médico Veterinário do CFMV, no artigo 14 inciso I prevê a responsabilização do médico veterinário em casos de imprudência, imperícia e negligência. O profissional da saúde deve sempre atualizar seus conhecimentos, a fim de se evitar a ocorrência de casos de erro médico. Especificamente no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico, a depender da natureza da enfermidade e resposta do organismo do paciente frente a doença, não há obrigatoriedade do profissional no acerto, mas sim na utilização de todos os meios disponíveis para se chegar ao diagnóstico, sempre em comum acordo com o proprietário. Dada a maior demanda tanto de atendimento médico veterinário, pela maior expectativa de vida dos pacientes e maior preocupação dos proprietários em fornecer os cuidados médico veterinários devidos, quanto pela crescente ocorrência de processos judiciais contra os profissionais envolvidos em casos suspeitos de erro, há a necessidade de se desenvolver estudos multidisciplinares nas esferas médico veterinária, jurídica e da relação proprietário-médico veterinário. Assim, este estudo levantou os casos de erro médico veterinário com foco nos erros em diagnóstico da casuística de necropsia do Serviço de Patologia Animal do Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo FMVZ-USP dos anos de 2012 a 2016. Foi analisada a casuística geral e separada a relativa às necropsias documentadas. Os cães forma os animais que apresentaram maior frequência na casuística de erros, tanto na geral quanto de necropsias documentadas. A negligência foi a ocorrência mais frequente, e na casuística geral observou-se uma maior frequência de animais adultos, enquanto nas necropsias documentadas houve mais casos de filhotes. O sistema respiratório se mostrou o mais suscetível a sofrer negligência no diagnóstico clínico, e as doenças mais comumentes negligenciadas são as infecciosas e neoplásicas, respectivamente. Assim, este estudo sugere a necessidade de maior atenção por parte dos médicos-veterinários quanto à anamnese e exame físico, que devem ser cuidadosos, bem como a solicitação adequada de exames complementares necessários para uma abordagem diagnóstica efetiva. / Medical malpractice is an important cause of death in human medicine, estimating to be the third leading cause of death in the United States. We can generally frame errors in incompetence, imprudence and negligence. There is still in human medicine an ethical impasse between revealing or not to the patient and / or relatives the occurrence of the error, which studies reveal that disclosing the error is most appropriate. It is also observed the importance of medical errors in veterinary medicine, which presents similarities with human cases. In both human and veterinary medicine, the professional involved in error may be legally blamedin the civil and/or criminally. The Code of Ethics of the Veterinarian, in article 14, section I provides for the responsibility of the veterinarian in cases of incompetence, imprudence and negligence. The health professional should always update his knowledge in order to avoid the occurrence of cases of medical malpractice. Specifically regarding the diagnosis, depending on the nature of the disease and the response of the patient\'s body to the disease, there is no obligation on the professional to correct it, but on the use of all available means to arrive at the diagnosis, always in common according to the owner. Given the greater demand for both veterinary care, longer patient life expectancy, and greater concern of owners to provide due veterinary care, and the increasing occurrence of legal proceedings against professionals involved in suspected cases of error, there is a need to develop multidisciplinary studies in the veterinary, legal and veterinary-veterinarian relations. Thus, this study has raised the cases of veterinary error with focus on errors in the necropsy diagnosis of the Animal Pathology Service of the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo - FMVZ-USP for the years 2012 to 2016. We analyzed the general and separate case series on documented necropsies. Dogs form the animals that presented the highest frequency in the series of errors, both in general and documented necropsies. Neglect was the most frequent occurrence, and in the general casuistry a greater frequency of adult animals was observed, whereas in documented necropsies there were more cases of pups. The respiratory system has been shown to be most susceptible to negligence in clinical diagnosis, and the most commonly neglected diseases are infectious and neoplastic, respectively. Thus, this study suggests the need for greater attention on the part of the veterinarians regarding anamnesis and physical examination, which should be careful, as well as the appropriate request for complementary tests necessary for an effective diagnostic approach.

In this thesis work we present CLIK, a new, automated, remote attack on the control logic of a programmable logic controller (PLC) in industrial control systems. The CLIK attack modifies the control logic running in a remote target PLC automatically to disrupt a physical process. We implement the CLIK attack on a real PLC. The attack is initiated by subverting the security measures that protect the control logic in a PLC. We found a critical (zero-day) vulnerability, which allows the attacker to overwrite password hash in the PLC during the authentication process. Next, CLIK retrieves and decompiles the original logic and injects a malicious logic into it and then, transfers the infected logic back to the PLC. To hide the infection, we propose a virtual PLC that engages the software the virtual PLC intercepts the request and then, responds with the original (uninfected) control logic to the software.

This research presents a new and unique technique called SÁDI, statistical analysis data identification, for identifying the type of data on a digital device and its storage format based on data type, specifically the values of the bytes representing the data being examined. This research incorporates the automation required for specialized data identification tools to be useful and applicable in real-world applications. The SÁDI technique utilizes the byte values of the data stored on a digital storage device in such a way that the accuracy of the technique does not rely solely on the potentially misleading metadata information but rather on the values of the data itself. SÁDI provides the capability to identify what digitally stored data actually represents. The identification of the relevancy of data is often dependent upon the identification of the type of data being examined. Typical file type identification is based upon file extensions or magic keys. These typical techniques fail in many typical forensic analysis scenarios, such as needing to deal with embedded data, as in the case of Microsoft Word files or file fragments. These typical techniques for file identification can also be easily circumvented, and individuals with nefarious purposes often do so.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has played a major role in human population studies over the past decade due to its maternal inheritance and negligible recombination (Macaulay, 1999). The mtDNA control region has been the focus of these studies due to the highly polymorphic nature of this non-coding region. Forensic scientists also use mtDNA to help determine the identity of missing individuals when nuclear DNA is not present. However, when skeletal remains are unclaimed, identification becomes near impossible. Therefore, mtDNA can play a valuable role in identification in terms of population affiliation, especially in conjunction with morphological analysis. The goals of this research were two-fold: 1) to determine population affiliation of unknown skeletal samples using phylogenetics and 2) to find a method of extraction that leaves a majority of the remains intact. This research depended on the donation of samples from sixteen skeletal remains from the Hillsborough County Medical Examiners office. Mitochondrial DNA from ten of these cases were extracted, amplified, and sequenced in order to determine population affiliation via phylogenetic analysis of hypervariable region I (HVR I). These sequences were aligned and compared to that of sequences in a pre-existing mtDNA control region database (Handt, 1998). The crania of the skeletal remains were measured and subsequently analyzed by the forensic anthropology program FORDISC 2.0 to morphologically determine population affiliation. A secondary morphological analysis included input of the measurements into SPSS, a statistical program package, as a separate discriminant function assessment. This analysis was dependent on a database of craniometrics from known individuals (Jantz, and Moore-Jansen, 2000). The results were compared to those of FORDISC 2.0 as well as that of the phylogenetic tree constructed using molecular techniques. This study will determine whether phylogenetic analysis is a legitimate way to determine population affiliation of unknown individuals, thereby benefiting future forensic studies.

Understanding Internet user behavior and Internet usage patterns is fundamental in developing future access networks and services that meet technical as well as Internet user needs. User behavior is routinely studied and measured, but with different methods depending on the research discipline of the investigator, and these disciplines rarely cross. We tackle this challenge by developing frameworks that the Internet usage statistics used as the main features in understanding Internet user behaviors, with the purpose of finding a complete picture of the user behavior and working towards a unified analysis methodology. In this dissertation we collected Internet usage statistics via privacy-preserving NetFlow logs of 66 student subjects in a college campus was recorded for a month long period. Once the data is cleaned and split into different groups based on different time windows, we have used Statistical Analysis and we found that Internet usage of each user exhibits statistically-strong correlation with the same user's Internet usage for the same day over multiple weeks while it is statistically different from that of other Internet users. In another attempt we have used Time Series Forecasting in order to forecast future Internet usage based on the previous statistics. Subsequently, using state-of-the-art Machine Learning algorithms, we demonstrate the feasibility of profiling Internet users by looking at their Internet traffic. Specifically, when profiled over a time window of 227-second, subjects can be classified by 93.21% precision accuracy. We conclude that understanding Internet usage behavior is valuable and can help in developing future access networks and services.

<p>With an increasingly digitally connected society comes complexity, uncertainty, and risk. Network monitoring, incident management, and digital forensics is of increasing importance with the escalation of cybercrime and other network supported serious crimes. New laws and regulations governing electronic communications, cybercrime, and data retention are being proposed, continuously requiring new methods and tools.</p><p>This thesis introduces a novel approach to real-time network risk assessment based on hidden Markov models to represent the likelihood of transitions between security states. The method measures risk as a composition of individual hosts, providing a precise, fine-grained model for assessing risk and providing decision support for incident response. The approach has been integrated with an existing framework for distributed, large-scale intrusion detection, and the results of the risk assessment are applied to prioritize the alerts produced by the intrusion detection sensors. Using this implementation, the approach is evaluated on both simulated and real-world data.</p><p>Network monitoring can encompass large networks and process enormous amounts of data, and the practice and its ubiquity can represent a great threat to the privacy and confidentiality of network users. Existing measures for anonymization and pseudonymization are analyzed with respect to the trade-off of performing meaningful data analysis while protecting the identities of the users. The results demonstrate that most existing solutions for pseudonymization are vulnerable to a range of attacks. As a solution, some remedies for strengthening the schemes are proposed, and a method for unlinkable transaction pseudonyms is considered.</p><p>Finally, a novel method for performing digital forensic reconstructions in a virtual security testbed is proposed. Based on a hypothesis of the security incident in question, the testbed is configured with the appropriate operating systems, services, and exploits. Attacks are formulated as event chains and replayed on the testbed. The effects of each event are analyzed in order to support or refute the hypothesis. The purpose of the approach is to facilitate reconstruction experiments in digital forensics. Two examples are given to demonstrate the approach; one overview example based on the Trojan defense and one detailed example of a multi-step attack. Although a reconstruction can neither prove a hypothesis with absolute certainty, nor exclude the correctness of other hypotheses, a standardized environment combined with event reconstruction and testing can lend credibility to an investigation and can be a valuable asset in court.</p>

<p><p>In order to keep up with the increasing demand on speed and reliability in modern wireless systems, new standards have to be introduced. By using Multiple Input Multiple Output technology (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technologies the performance can be increased dramatically. Forthcoming standards such as WLAN 802.11n, WiMax and 3GPP LTE are all taking advantage of MIMO technology. To perform realistic tests with these standards it is often not enough to run software simulations in for example Matlab. Instead, as many real world parameters as possible need to be included. This can be done using a testbed, like the LiUMIMO, that actually transmits and receives data through the air.</p><p>The LiUMIMO is designed as a Software Defined Radio (SDR), only the RF front end and the data log are implemented in hardware, while all signal processing will be performed in Matlab.</p></p>

<p>Initially, a pilot study was carried out in order to reconstruct the major paternal and maternal lineages of the Muslim population living in the Cape metropolitan area. The Study has shown the ability of molecular genetic tools to give insight into the origins and history of local communities. The study was also used as a point of reference for the Strand Muslim Community project. Genetic variations of the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA for the pilot study were analyzed using the RFLP technique. The SNaPshot mini-sequencing technique was used to genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA in 115 males from the Strand Muslim community.</p>