Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die interpersoonlike komponent van psigologiese welsyn te verhelder. Vanuit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat psigologiese welsyn 'n interpersoonlike komponent bevat, maar ook dat dit op verskillende wyses gekonseptualiseer word. Die aard van interpersoonlike welsyn is dus nog nie duidelik nie, en dit is ook nie duidelik in watter mate indikatore van interpersoonlike welsyn oorvleuel met indikatore van algemene psigologiese welsyn nie. In 'n empiriese ondersoek het 'n multi-kulturele beskikbaarheidsteekproef van 384 persone, 8 rneetinstrumente of hul sub-skale voltooi ter meting van algemene psigologiese welsyn en konstrukte wat interpersoonlike welsyn verteenwoordig. Interpersoonlike welsyn is geoperasiodi met behulp van die BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) van Bar-ON (1997), die Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ) van Pretorius (1998), die Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) van Costa & Mc Crae (1992) en die Attachmeat Style Questionnaire (AS) van Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan (1994). Psigologiese welsyn is geoperasionaliseer vanuit 'n fortigene persperktief met die Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) van Antonovsky (1989), die Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) van Diener, Emmons, Larsen en Griffen (1985), en die Affectometer 2 (AFM) van Kammann en Flett (1983), sowel as vanuit 'n patogene perspektief, met behulp van die General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) van Goldberg en Hillier (1979). Goeie betroubaarheidsindekse is vir alle skale en subskale gevind. Gemiddeldes van alle skale en subskale was vergelykbaar met die wat in die literatuur gerapporteer is vir ander soortgelyke groepe. Die resultate toon dat interpersoonlike welsyn in 'n mate oorvleuel met algemene psigologiese welsyn, maar as dit ook 'n afsonderlike komponent of dimensie van van psigologiese welsyn vorm. Bevindings toon ook twee onderskeibare patrone van interpersoonlike welsyn. Die eerste een word primer uitgedruk in die uitreiking na ander, omgee-gedrag, 'n houding van nederigheid in nabye verhoudings asook verantwoordelikheid teenoor ander in die groter sosiale konteks. Die tweede patroon word gekenmerk deur 'n geniet van sosiale interaksie en 'n houding van gemak en assertiwiteit in nabye sowel as wyer sosiale kontekst Hierdie onderskeid hou moontlik verband met persoonlikheidsverskille soos inskiklikheid versus ekstraversie. Implikasies van die bevindinge vir psigoterapie en lewensvaardigheidsontwikkeling word aangedui. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

<p>This research study employs a strengths perspective. This means that, instead of the traditional deficits or pathology-based approach of focusing on weaknesses, the focus is on positive outcomes. Fortitude, more specifically, is the strength gained from appraising oneself, one&rsquo / s family, and one&rsquo / s social support, in a positive manner. This strength equips people to cope successfully in stressful situations. Fortitude as a construct in the strengths perspective promises to give insight into student success because it takes more than one level of analysis into account. The current research study investigates whether there is a link between fortitude and academic achievement in first year students at the University of the Western Cape.</p>

Teaching is a stressful occupation. Teacher stress can be described as the experiences by teachers of psychological distress such as anxiety, depression and nervousness and languishing, resulting from aspects of their workload and school setting. Stress manifests itself in various ways including psychological, emotional, and social changes. Teachers demonstrate individual discrepancies in their responses to stressors. South Africa is as a multicultural environment with previously segregated school settings based on race. Research revealed that it is possible that the functionality of schools, usually related to school setting, has implications for the psychological well-being of teachers. As comparative study between group White teacher-Black teacher data are limited, this study analysed aspects of psychological well-being to show that race, associated with school setting, can be pervasive determinate of positive mental health. The current study, which is a secondary analysis of the Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) 2008-2009 data, aimed at explaining the similarities and differences by identifying aspects most likely to influence psychological well-being between a White teacher group and a Black teacher group in the North West Province in South Africa. One research question was formulated to reach the purpose of the research and is: How does the psychological well-being of Black and White teachers in different school settings in the North West Province in the South African context compare? A sample consisting of White (208) and Black (200) teachers completed the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2002) to measure positive mental health: the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001) to measure depression, the Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ: Pretorius, 1998) to measure social support, and the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI, Boyle, Borg, Falzon, & Baglioni Jr., 1995) during the SABPA study. Data from various self-reported psychological questionnaires completed by the two teacher groups were included and analysed by means of bivariate correlations of the two teacher groups, t-test comparisons, cross tabulations of categories of positive mental health as well as of depression, and multiple regression. Significant associations were found for the following: teacher stress related to general resources (TSI), teacher stress related to teaching and classroom management (TSI), positive self-appraisal, social support from family, social support from friends and others (FORQ), emotional well-being, and psychological well-being (MHC), for both the White and Black teacher groups. According to regression analysis, in the White teacher group, 11.9% of total variance in teacher stress was accounted for by depression while positive metal health explained 7% of teacher stress. For the Black teacher group, only 2.4% of the total variance of teacher stress was explained by depression and 0.1% by positive mental health. The conclusion is that all teachers experience stress and depression, but according to these results, the effect of stress on well-being seems to be higher among the White group. Although the Black teachers report higher levels of stress, they flourish. In closing, from this comparative study, it was recommended that data between resource availability and school setting pertaining to White-Black teacher groups matched by psychological well-being need to be obtained. Much needed consideration should be given to the development of interventions that explore aspects of psychological well-being of teachers in different school settings. Furthermore, cultural background in the school setting that contributes towards psychological well-being should be considered and applied to guide interventions in the North West Province in South Africa. / MSc (Research Psychology)|cNorth-West University, Potchefstroom Campus|d2014

Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die interpersoonlike komponent van psigologiese welsyn te verhelder. Vanuit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat psigologiese welsyn 'n interpersoonlike komponent bevat, maar ook dat dit op verskillende wyses gekonseptualiseer word. Die aard van interpersoonlike welsyn is dus nog nie duidelik nie, en dit is ook nie duidelik in watter mate indikatore van interpersoonlike welsyn oorvleuel met indikatore van algemene psigologiese welsyn nie. In 'n empiriese ondersoek het 'n multi-kulturele beskikbaarheidsteekproef van 384 persone, 8 rneetinstrumente of hul sub-skale voltooi ter meting van algemene psigologiese welsyn en konstrukte wat interpersoonlike welsyn verteenwoordig. Interpersoonlike welsyn is geoperasiodi met behulp van die BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) van Bar-ON (1997), die Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ) van Pretorius (1998), die Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) van Costa & Mc Crae (1992) en die Attachmeat Style Questionnaire (AS) van Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan (1994). Psigologiese welsyn is geoperasionaliseer vanuit 'n fortigene persperktief met die Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) van Antonovsky (1989), die Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) van Diener, Emmons, Larsen en Griffen (1985), en die Affectometer 2 (AFM) van Kammann en Flett (1983), sowel as vanuit 'n patogene perspektief, met behulp van die General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) van Goldberg en Hillier (1979). Goeie betroubaarheidsindekse is vir alle skale en subskale gevind. Gemiddeldes van alle skale en subskale was vergelykbaar met die wat in die literatuur gerapporteer is vir ander soortgelyke groepe. Die resultate toon dat interpersoonlike welsyn in 'n mate oorvleuel met algemene psigologiese welsyn, maar as dit ook 'n afsonderlike komponent of dimensie van van psigologiese welsyn vorm. Bevindings toon ook twee onderskeibare patrone van interpersoonlike welsyn. Die eerste een word primer uitgedruk in die uitreiking na ander, omgee-gedrag, 'n houding van nederigheid in nabye verhoudings asook verantwoordelikheid teenoor ander in die groter sosiale konteks. Die tweede patroon word gekenmerk deur 'n geniet van sosiale interaksie en 'n houding van gemak en assertiwiteit in nabye sowel as wyer sosiale kontekst Hierdie onderskeid hou moontlik verband met persoonlikheidsverskille soos inskiklikheid versus ekstraversie. Implikasies van die bevindinge vir psigoterapie en lewensvaardigheidsontwikkeling word aangedui. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / This research study employs a strengths perspective. This means that, instead of the traditional deficits or pathology-based approach of focusing on weaknesses, the focus is on positive outcomes. Fortitude, more specifically, is the strength gained from appraising oneself, one’s family, and one’s social support,in a positive manner. This strength equips people to cope successfully in stressful situations. Fortitude as a construct in the strengths perspective promises to give insight into student success because it takes more than one level of analysis into account. The current research study investigates whether there is a link between fortitude and academic achievement in first year students at the University of the Western Cape / South Africa

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / South Africans are exposed to many traumatic events and exposure to such events is associated with negative emotional and behavioural outcomes. However, there are those who are still able to remain psychologically well amidst their difficulties. Resilience is the motivation to be strong in the face of unwarranted demands and this study proposes that it could serve as a buffer against the harmful effects of traumatic events. It is assumed that traumatic events present with demanding circumstances and further that resilience plays a role in the relationship between trauma, the challenges these events present and one’s ability to function in these circumstances. Furthermore, ‘race’ may have a particular influence on this relationship as the level and severity of trauma among different ‘racial’ groups may vary. The link between resilience and trauma has been investigated, but little focus has been given to how ‘race’ may influence this relationship among students in the South African context. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the interaction between these three variables and add to existing knowledge related to resilience. Constructs related to resilience include sense of coherence, potency, hardiness, learned resourcefulness and fortitude. The two ‘racial’ groups included in the sample include ‘African’ and ‘Coloured’ students (categories created by the past apartheid government). Resilience was measured by the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), trauma was measured by the Harvard Trauma Scale (HTS) and violence exposure was measured by the Childhood Exposure to Community Violence Scale (CECV). Participants included 249 students at the University of the Western Cape. Results indicate that ‘Coloured’ students report similar levels of violence exposure and trauma symptoms as ‘African’ students do. ‘Coloured’ students report higher scores on overall resilience and resilience sub-scales (except the structured style sub-scale) than ‘African’ students as measured on the RSA. With regard to the trauma versus no trauma groups, the results indicate that ‘African’ students who form part of the no trauma group score higher on resilience than those who form part of the trauma group and within the trauma group ‘Coloured’ students score higher on resilience than ‘African’ students. In analyses amongst the high and the low trauma groups, the results indicate that those who form part of the low trauma group score higher on resilience than those who are among the high trauma group; ‘African’ students who form part of the low trauma group score higher on resilience than those who form part of the high trauma group; and ‘Coloured’ students who form part of the low trauma group score higher on resilience than those who form part of the high trauma group. The results yielded in the current study are both similar to and differ from findings presented in previous studies and highlight the complexity of the construct of resilience. Limitations of the study are outlined and recommendations for future research are also provided.

Le phénomène d’intérêt de la présente étude était l’expérience vivante (living) de santé continuer dans les moments difficiles. Tout en étant un phénomène courant au point d’être universellement vécue, cette expérience n’a pas fait l’objet d’une attention par les praticiens et par les chercheurs. Lorsque questionnés sur le sujet, les praticiens dans le domaine de la santé reconnaissent l’importance et la pertinence du phénomène tout en avouant ne pas avoir de connaissances et ne pas échanger sur le sujet avec leurs patients ou d’autres, dont les membres des familles. Spontanément, l’expérience de continuer dans les moments difficiles évoque la persévérance dans des moments difficiles qui sont souffrants, tout en espérant le meilleur possible qui soit. Les premières observations sur des expériences qui se rapprochent du phénomène à l’étude sont présentées dans des études portant sur les concepts apparentés de persévérance, souffrance et espérance. Le but de cette étude était de dégager la structure des significations de l’expérience vivante de continuer dans les moments difficiles à partir de l’expérience de personnes qui ont décrit le phénomène et ce, afin d’en améliorer la compréhension. La présente étude se veut une contribution au développement de connaissances utiles aux professionnels qui souhaitent satisfaire les attentes exprimées par les personnes en matière de présence attentive au vécu avec leur santé. Ils peuvent ainsi favoriser la promotion des soins centrés sur la personne alors que celle-ci cherche à clarifier sa situation et à mobiliser ses ressources pour prendre des décisions et réaliser des activités au sujet de sa santé. La méthode de recherche Parse, qui est phénoménologique-herméneutique, a été utilisée pour répondre à la question de recherche : Quelle est la structure de l’expérience vivante de continuer dans les moments difficiles? Douze adultes vivant dans deux régions du Québec au Canada ont participé à cette étude. Les données ont été recueillies par engagement dialogique et ont été analysées avec les processus d’extraction-synthèse. Les résultats sont décrits à partir des verbatim synthétisés jusqu’à une abstraction conceptuelle au niveau de l’ontologie choisie. Des concepts centraux ont été proposés et joints en une structure afin de répondre à la question de recherche. Le résultat central de cette étude est la structure suivante : continuer dans les moments difficiles, c’est la fortitude résolue au sein des vicissitudes avec la quête équivoque du contentement alors qu’émerge un horizon élargi avec des alliances bienveillantes. Cette structure a été jointe à l’ontologie de l’Humaindevenant et aux écrits empiriques et autres. L’interprétation heuristique comprend des émergeants métaphoriques et une expression artistique qui offrent un point de vue différent sur les résultats. À travers des formes d’art, les résultats sont partagés avec tous les publics. Cette étude contribue aux connaissances en sciences infirmières, étend la portée de l’ontologie choisie et améliore la compréhension au sujet de continuer dans les moments difficiles, en la reconnaissant comme une expérience vivante universelle de santé alors que les personnes souhaitent entrevoir une ouverture aux possibles avec leur santé et leur qualité de vie. Enfin, les implications pour la recherche, pour la formation et pour la pratique infirmière sont présentées. / The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding of the living experience of health, continuing on during difficult times. While it is an everyday phenomenon that is universally experienced, it has not been under the attention of health practitioners and researchers. When inquired about this topic, health practitioners are recognizing the phenomenon’s significance and relevance while acknowledging a lack of knowledge and being silent about it when they are with their patients or others, such as family members. Spontaneously, the experience of continuing on during difficult times is reminiscent of persevering on during difficult times that make us suffer, while hoping for whatever could be the best possible. The first observations of experiences that are close to the phenomenon under study appeared in/were introduced in studies about persevering, suffering and, hoping. This study’s objective was to uncover the structure of meaning for the living experience of continuing on during difficult times, from the experience of persons who described it. This current study is a contribution to the development of a knowledge base that can be useful for health practitioners who wish to meet the persons’ expectations related to an attentive presence to their living experience of health. Hence, health practitioners may foster health promotion that is patient centered while the latter is seeking the clarification of his/her situation and mobilizing his/her resources in order to make decisions and implement health related activities. Parse’s phenomenological-hermeneutic research method was used to answer the research question : What is the structure of the living experience of continuing on during difficult times? Twelve adults living in two regions of Québec in Canada took part in the study. Data were collected through dialogical engagement and analysed through the extraction-synthesis processes. The descriptions of results came from the synthesized verbatim and up to the conceptual abstraction in the chosen ontology. Core concepts were identified and joined in a structure in order to answer the research question. The central result of this study is the following structure: continuing on during difficult times is the resolute fortitude amid vicissitudes with the equivoqual quest for contentment as an expanded horizon is emerging with benevolent alliances. This structure was joined to the humanbecoming ontology and extant literature. The heuristic interpretation includes some metaphorical emergings and an artistic expression that offer a different point of view on the results. Through artform, the results can be shared with all audiences. This study is contributing to nursing knowledge, expanding the chosen ontology, and enhancing the understanding about continuing on during difficult times. The latter phenomenon may be acknowledged as a universal living experience of health as persons are wishing to foresee overtures with possibles for their health and quality of life. Finally, implications for research, for education and for nursing practice are presented.

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This work deals with the comparison of Plato and Aristotle's conception of virtue ethics. The first part describes Plato's view of this area of philosophy. Plato puts his ethics based on the analogy between the municipality and the soul. Plato also operates with good ideas. In the second part, Aristotle view. First, I discuss the objectives of its philosophy, which is good, and then bliss. Then there is the division of the moral virtues and intellectual. Then describe each of Aristotle's virtues. The third main section consists of two subsections, the first of which generally compare both concepts when I find the first differences in the overall approach of both authors. In the second subsection I compare other points of doctrine, especially community, friendship and goodness.

A qualitative approach was taken to explore Canadian Congolese refugees’ experience of war trauma recovery. Six volunteers (three men and three women), who self-identified as traumatized by their experience of war in Congo and had lived in Canada for less than ten years, participated in in-depth interviews. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach to analysis, a core construct of Surviving War was identified. A hierarchical model of surviving war was developed that subsumed all other categories. By extrapolating principles from this model, a theory of Surviving War was developed which identifies factors that contribute to surviving war. Limitations of the current research are presented along with suggestions for further research. Recommendations for professionals working with a refugee population are also presented.