Les structures fibreuses, formées d'une assemblée d'objets longilignes flexibles, sont très présentes dans notre environnement quotidien, notamment dans des systèmes biologiques tels que les végétaux ou les cheveux. Ces dernières années ont vu se développer diverses techniques de numérisation de la géométrie de fibres, soit par synthèse manuelle, soit par capture automatique. Parallèlement, de nombreux modèles physiques de simulation dynamique de fibres enchevêtrées ont été créés pour animer automatiquement ces objets complexes. Le but de cette thèse est d'établir un pont entre ces deux domaines: la géométrie de fibres d'une part, leur simulation dynamique d'autre part. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons à la mise en correspondance d'une géométrie de fibres donnée en entrée, représentant un système mécanique à l'équilibre stable sous l'action de forces extérieures (gravité, forces de contact), avec les paramètres d'un modèle physique de fibres en contact. Notre objectif est de calculer les paramètres physiques des fibres de manière à garantir l'état d'équilibre de la géométrie donnée. Nous proposons de résoudre ce problème en choisissant comme modèle physique de fibres une assemblée de super-hélices en contact frottant. Nous proposons deux contributions principales. La première répond au besoin de convertir la géométrie d'une fibre numérisée quelconque, représentée comme une courbe 3d, en la géométrie du modèle des super-hélices, à savoir une courbe $G^1$ en hélices par morceaux. Nous proposons pour cela l'algorithme des tangentes flottantes 3d, qui consiste, en s'appuyant sur la condition de co-hélicité récemment énoncée par Ghosh, à interpoler N+1 tangentes réparties sur la courbe d'origine par N morceaux d'hélice, tout en minimisant l'écart en position. Par ailleurs nous complétons la démonstration partielle de Ghosh pour prouver la validité de notre algorithme dans le cas général. L'efficacité et la précision de notre méthode sont ensuite mises en évidence sur des jeux de données variés, d'abord synthétiques, créés par une artiste, puis issus de la capture de données réelles telles que des cheveux, des fibres musculaires ou des lignes de champ magnétique stellaire. Notre seconde contribution est le calcul de la géométrie au repos du modèle physique d'une assemblée de super-hélices, de sorte que la configuration de ce système à l'équilibre sous l'action des forces extérieures corresponde à la géométrie d'entrée. D'abord, nous considérons une fibre isolée soumise à des forces dérivant d'un potentiel, et montrons que le calcul est trivial dans ce cas. Nous proposons alors un critère simple permettant de décider si l'état d'équilibre est stable, et dans le cas contraire, de le stabiliser. Ensuite, nous considérons une assemblée de fibres soumises à des forces de contact frottant, modélisées par la loi non-régulière de Signorini-Coulomb. En considérant le matériau homogène, de masse et de raideur connues, et en nous appuyant sur une estimation de la géométrie au repos, nous construisons un problème d'optimisation quadratique convexe avec contraintes du second ordre. Nous montrons que ce problème inverse peut être résolu efficacement en utilisant un solveur conçu initialement pour le problème dynamique direct. Pour une géométrie d'entrée constituée de quelques milliers de fibres soumises à plusieurs dizaines de milliers de contacts frottants, nous calculons en quelques secondes une approximation plausible de la géométrie au repos des fibres, ainsi que des forces de contact en jeu. Nous appliquons finalement la combinaison de nos deux contributions à la synthèse automatique de coiffures physiques. Notre méthode permet d'initialiser un moteur physique de cheveux avec la géométrie issue des captures de coiffures réelles les plus récentes, et d'animer ensuite ces coiffures. / Fibrous structures, which consist of an assembly of flexible slender objects, are ubiquitous in our environment, notably in biological systems such as plants or hair. Over the past few years, various techniques have been developed for digitalizing fibers, either through manual synthesis or with the help of automatic capture. Concurrently, advanced physics based models for the dynamics of entangled fibers have been introduced in order to animate these complex objects automatically. The goal of this thesis is to bridge the gap between those two areas: on the one hand, the geometric representation of fibers; on the other hand, their dynamic simulation. More precisely, given an input fiber geometry assumed to represent a mechanical system in stable equilibrium under external forces (gravity, contact forces), we are interested in the mapping of such a geometry onto the static configuration of a physics-based model for a fiber assembly. Our goal thus amounts to computing the parameters of the fibers that ensure the equilibrium of the given geometry. We propose to solve this inverse problem by modeling a fiber assembly physically as a discrete collection of super-helices subject to frictional contact. We propose two main contributions. The first one deals with the problem of converting the digitalized geometry of fibers, represented as a space curve, into the geometry of the super-helix model, namely a $G^1$ piecewise helical curve. For this purpose we introduce the 3d floating tangents algorithm, which relies upon the co-helicity condition recently stated by Ghosh. More precisely, our method consists in interpolating N+1 tangents distributed on the initial curve by N helices, while minimizing points displacement. Furthermore we complete the partial proof of Ghosh for the co-helicity condition to prove the validity of our algorithm in the general case. The efficiency and accuracy of our method are then demonstrated on various data sets, ranging from synthetic data created by an artist to real data captures such as hair, muscle fibers or lines of the magnetic field of a star. Our second contribution is the computation of the geometry at rest of a super-helix assembly, so that the equilibrium configuration of this system under external forces matches the input geometry. First, we consider a single fiber subject to forces deriving from a potential, and show that the computation is trivial in this case. We propose a simple criterion for stating whether the equilibrium is stable, and if not, we show how to stabilize it. Next, we consider a fiber assembly subject to dry frictional contact (Signorini-Coulomb law). Considering the material as homogeneous, with known mass and stiffness, and relying on an estimate of the geometry at rest, we build a well-posed convex quadratic optimization problem with second order cone constraints. For an input geometry consisting of a few thousands of fibers subject to tens of thousands frictional contacts, we compute within a few seconds a plausible approximation of both the geometry of the fibers at rest and the contact forces at play. We finally apply the combination of our two contributions to the automatic synthesis of natural hairstyles. Our method is used to initialize a physics hair engine with the hair geometry taken from the latest captures of real hairstyles, which can be subsequently animated physically.

Objetivos: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a resistência ao deslocamento de fios de níquel e titânio superelásticos termoativados sobrepostos, em braquetes ortodônticos metálicos autoligáveis passivos. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizadas três espessuras de fios de níquel e titânio superelásticos termoativados (NiTi-TA): 0,014 sobreposto ao 0,016 e 0,020 (FlexyNiTi Thermal - Orthometric, Marília, SP, BR), associados a dois tipos de braquetes metálicos autoligáveis passivos: SmartClip SL3® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, EUA) e OrthoClip SLB® (Orthometric, Marília, SP, BR). Um dispositivo que continha 5 braquetes de cada tipo (do incisivo central superior direito ao 2º pré-molar superior direito) foi desenvolvido para realização dos testes. O braquete do canino foi colado em uma barra de aço inoxidável móvel que permitia alterar sua posição vertical, enquanto os demais braquetes foram colados a uma barra fixa de acrílico. As forças obtidas por meio do deslocamento vertical do braquete do canino de 0mm para 1,5mm, 3,0 mm, 4,5mm e 6,0 mm foram registradas. O ambiente de teste foi seco com temperatura controlada de 36,5º C ± 1º C. Um total de 160 testes foi realizado na máquina de ensaios universal Instron. Os testes estatísticos de Shapiro-Wilk, teste t de Student não pareado e ANOVA com testes post-hoc de Tukey foram aplicados aos dados (p<0,05). Resultados: A distribuição normal da amostra foi confirmada, e os testes paramétricos demonstraram que houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no braquete SmartClip SL3® quando associados aos fios de NiTi-TA 0,020 e 0,014 sobreposto ao 0,016 nas alturas de 1,5mm (p=0,003) e 6mm (p0,0001). Porém, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nas alturas de 3mm (p=0,76) e 4,5mm (p=0,09). No braquete OrthoClip SLB® houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os fios de NiTi-TA 0,020 e 0,014 sobreposto ao 0,016 em todas as alturas avaliadas (p0,0001). Na comparação entre os braquetes, quando associados ao fio 0,020 de NiTi-TA houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na altura de 1,5mm; 3mm e 6mm (p0,0001). No entanto, na altura de 4,5mm as diferenças não foram significativas estatisticamente (p=0,32). Quando associados aos fios de NiTi-TA 0,014 e 0,016 sobrepostos, as diferenças em todas as alturas avaliadas foram significativas estatisticamente (1,5mm - p=0,0006; nas demais alturas p0,0001). Conclusão: Nos braquetes SmartClip SL3®, em desnivelamentos de 1,5mm, os fios de NiTi-TA 0,014 e 0,016 sobrepostos apresentaram menor resistência ao deslocamento, enquanto que na altura de 6mm a menor resistência foi obtida com o fio de NiTi-TA 0,020. Nas demais alturas não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os fios. Para os braquetes OrthoClip SLB®, os fios de NiTi-TA 0,014 e 0,016 sobrepostos apresentaram menor resistência ao deslocamento em todas as alturas avaliadas. Na comparação entre os dois tipos de braquetes, associados ao fio de NiTi-TA 0,020 na altura de 1,5mm, o braquete OrthoClip SLB® apresentou menor resistência ao deslocamento, ao passo que nas alturas de 3mm e 6mm foi o braquete SmartClip SL3®. Na altura de 4,5mm não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois braquetes avaliados. / Objective: The objective of this research was to compare the displacement resistance of overlapped heat-activated superelastic nickel titanium wires, in passive self-ligating metallic brackets. Material and Methods: Three thicknesses of heat-activated superelastic nickel titanium wires (NiTi-TA) were used: 0.014 overlapped with 0.016 and 0.020 (FlexyNiTi Thermal - Orthometric, Marília, SP, BR), associated with two types of passive self-ligating metallic brackets: SmartClip SL3® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, EUA) and OrthoClip SLB® (Orthometric, Marília, SP, BR). A device with 5 brackets of each type (from right central incisor to the second maxillary premolar) was developed for this research. The canine bracket was attached to a sliding stainless steel bar which allowed the alteration of its vertical position, while the remaining brackets were attached to a fixed acrylic bar. The forces generated by means of the canine bracket vertical displacement from 0mm to 1.5mm; 3.0mm; 4.5mm and 6.0mm were recorded. The test environment was dry with a controlled temperature of 36.5º C ± 1º C. A total of 160 tests were carried out in the Instron Testing Machine. The Shapiro-Wilk test, non-paired Student t-test and ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test were applied to the data (p<0.05). Results: The normal distribution was confirmed, and the parametric tests showed that there were statistically significant differences in the SmartClip SL3® when associated with the NiTi-TA 0.020 and 0.014 wires overlapped to the 0.016 wire in the height of 1.5mm (p=0.003) and 6mm (p<0.0001). However, statistically significant differences were not found in the heights of 3mm (p=0.76) and 4.5mm (p=0.09). For the OrthoClip SLB® brackets, there were statistically significant differences between the NiTi-TA 0.020 and 0.014 wires overlapped with the 0.016 wire in all the heights assessed (p<0.0001). In the comparison between the brackets when associated with the NiTi-TA 0.020 wire, there were statistically significant differences in the heights of 1.5mm, 3mm and 6mm (p<0.0001). However, in the height of 4.5mm the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.32). When associated with the overlapped NiTi-TA 0.014 and 0.016 wires, the differences in all assessed heights were statistically significant (1.5mm - p=0.0006; other height - p0.0001). Conclusion: For the SmartClip SL3® brackets, with 1.5mm of displacement, the overlapped NiTi-TA 0.014 and 0.016 wires showed less displacement resistance, while in the height of 6mm the least displacement resistance was found with the NiTi-TA 0.020. In the remaining heights, there were no statistically significant differences between the wires. For the OrthoClip SLB® brackets, the overlapped NiTi-TA 0.014 and 0.016 wires showed the least displacement resistance in all the assessed heights. In the comparison between the two types of brackets, associated with the NiTi-TA 0.020 wire, for the height of 1.5mm, the OrthoClip SLB® bracket showed less displacement resistance, while for the heights of 3mm and 6mm the SmartClip SL3® brackets showed less displacement resistance. For the height of 4.5mm there were no statistically significant differences found between the assessed brackets.

Orientador: Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:57:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos_AndersonAlmeida_M.pdf: 15995318 bytes, checksum: baaba56f9c2c8d35c3ae72468050a525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Em baixas temperaturas, as condições de partida do motor tornam-se mais difíceis devido a diversos fatores, como por exemplo, a menor lubrificação devido ao aumento da viscosidade do óleo lubrificante, a diminuição da massa de ar e a diminuição das folgas entre as partes móveis do motor como virabrequim, pistão e conseqüentemente o aumento do atrito entre estas partes. Foi construído um dispositivo para estimar o torque resistivo em baixas temperaturas na faixa entre - 20°C a 0ºC em um motor diesel NGD 3,0 litros, quatro cilindros de fabricação da MWM International com o objetivo de estudar a correlação entre o rendimento do motor de partida nestas condições e o torque resistivo solicitado na partida. Este dispositivo permite o levantamento do torque resistivo nos motores diesel sem combustão, onde a lubrificação é mínima e o atrito entre as partes móveis do motor são máximas. Para a medição do torque foi utilizada uma flange de torque modelo T40 de fabricação da HBM acoplada ao dispositivo de arraste, composto por um volante e motor de partida de um motor com 9,3 litros também de fabricação MWM International e o volante do motor que foi testado, através de um eixo cardam. Os testes para o levantamento dos dados foram realizados em um "contêiner" frigorífico utilizado para transportes de cargas perecíveis, como carnes congeladas, adaptado para realização de ensaios de motores diesel a temperaturas negativas (-50ºC + temperatura ambiente) e instalado nas dependências do Centro Tecnológico da MWM International / Abstract: In lower temperatures, the conditions for starting the engine become more difficult due to several factors, eg, less lubrication due to increased viscosity of lubricating oil, the decrease in air mass and reducing the clearances between moving parts the engine crankshaft, piston and consequently increases the friction between these parts. A device was built to estimate the resistive torque at low temperatures in the range between -20°C to 0°C in a diesel engine NGD 3.0-liter four-cylinder manufacturing MWM International aiming to study the correlation between the starter motor efficiency in these conditions and the resistive torque at startup. The device allows the removal of the resistive torque without combustion in diesel engines, where lubrication is minimal and the friction between the moving parts of the engine is maximum. For measuring torque was used a model T40 torque flange from HBM manufacturing device coupled to the drag, comprising a flywheel and starter motor with a 9.3 liters also manufacturing MWM International and the flywheel was tested through a cardan shaft. Tests for the survey data were conducted in a "container" refrigerator used to transport perishable cargo such as frozen meat, suitable for testing diesel freezing temperatures (-50 ° C + ambient temperature) and installed in the premises of the Centre Technological MWM International / Mestrado / Eletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

In endoprosthesis surgery there are typically a high percentage of implant defects, these can lead to failure of the whole prosthesis. One type of total hip replacement function loss is acetabular cup loosening from the pelvic bone. This disertation examines manufacture perturbations as one of the possible reasons for this kind of failure. Both dimension and geometry manufacturing perturbations of ceramic head and polyethylen cup were analyzed. We find that perturbations in the variables analysed here affect considered values of contact pressure and frictional moment. Furthermore, contact pressure and frictional moment are quantities affecting replacement success and durability. From obtained results it can be recommended to fit head and cup with a clearance of between 0 mm and 0.05 mm. It can not be recommend using interference type of fit because of strong deterioration of the contact conditions. Roundness perturbation of ceramic head should not exceed 0.025 mm.

Visual effects for film and animation often require simulated granular materials, such as sand, wheat, or dirt, to meet a director's needs. Simulating granular materials can be time consuming, in both computation and labor, as these particulate materials have complex behavior and an enormous amount of small-scale detail. Furthermore, a single cubic meter of granular material, where each grain is a cubic millimeter, would contain a billion granules, and simulating all such interacting granules would take an impractical amount of time for productions. This calls for a simplified model for granular materials that retains high surface detail and granular behavior yet requires significantly less computational time. Our proposed method simulates a minimal number of individual granules while retaining particulate detail on the surface by supporting surface particles with simplified interior granular models. We introduce a multi-state model where, depending on the material state of the interior granules, we replace interior granules with a simplified simulation model for the state they are in and automate the transitions between those states. The majority of simulation time can thus be focused on visible portions of the material, reducing the time spent on non-visible portions, while maintaining the appearance and behavior of the mass as a whole.

A presente dissertação trata de um estudo teórico-experimental sobre a perda de pressão em canais de diâmetro reduzido durante escoamento bifásico de refrigerantes halogenados. Trocadores de calor baseados na ebulição convectiva, em condições de micro-escala são amplamente estudados devido à intensificação da troca de calor proporcionada e a possibilidade de compactação de sistemas de resfriamento. Proporcionam também a redução do inventário de refrigerante e do material utilizado no processo de fabricação do trocador. Porém, o incremento da transferência de calor é acompanhada pelo aumento da perda de pressão, parâmetro também fundamental para o desempenho do sistema. Para o projeto satisfatório e otimizado destes dispositivos são necessários métodos de previsão de transferência de calor e perda de pressão. Entretanto, no caso de canais de diâmetro reduzido, tais ferramentas não encontram-se disponíveis e trocadores de calor baseados em escoamentos bifásicos no interior de canais de diâmetro reduzido vêm sendo desenvolvidos heuristicamente. Desta forma, inicialmente neste estudo, realizou-se uma revisão crítica da literatura envolvendo critérios de transição entre padrões de escoamento, fração de vazio superficial, perda de pressão no interior de canais com diâmetro reduzido durante escoamento bifásico e os principais métodos de estimativa da perda de pressão para macro e micro-escala. Resultados experimentais para perda de pressão levantados neste estudo em condições adiabáticas para os fluidos R245fa e R134a e tubo com 1,1 mm de diâmetro interno foram descritos e comparados aos métodos preditivos encontrados na literatura. Finalmente um novo método da previsão da perda de pressão foi proposto baseado na correlação de Müller-Steinhagen e Heck (1986), ajustando os valores do coeficiente e do expoente com base nos resultados experimentais levantados. / A theorical and experimental study on two-phase pressure drop inside micro-scale channels has been developed. Recently, the study of flow boiling in micro-scale channel have received special attention from academia and industry due to several advantages that they offer such as minimization of fluid inventory, high degree of compactness of the heat exchangers, better performance and the capacity of dissipate extremely high heat fluxes. The significant heat transfer coefficient enhancement provided by micro-scale channels comes together with a huge pressure drop penalty that impacts the efficiency of the overall cooling system. So, accurate predictive methods to evaluate the pressure drop are necessary for the appropriate design of the system and for its optimization. In the present study, firstly, a critical review on studies from literature was performed that covers criteria of transition between micro- and macro-scale flow boiling, void fraction, frictional pressure drop on micro-scale channels and the leading frictional pressure drop predictive methods. Experimental pressure drop results were acquired under adiabatic conditions for R245fa and R134a fluids and internal diameter tube of 1.1 mm. Then, the leading pressure drop predictive methods were compared against the present database. Also a new correlation based on Muller-Steinhagen e Heck (1986) method was proposed in this work by adjusting new empirical constants based on the present database together with previous results obtained by Tibiriçá et al. (2011) for a 2.3 mm ID tube.

Il est intéressant d'observer qu'une grande partie des objets déformables qui nous entourent sont caractérisés par une forme élancée : soit filiforme, comme les cheveux, les plantes, les fils ; soit surfacique, comme le papier, les feuilles d'arbres, les vêtements ou la plupart des emballages. Simuler (numériquement) la mécanique de telles structures présente alors un intérêt certain : cela permet de prédire leur comportement dynamique, leur forme statique ou encore les efforts qu'elles subissent. Cependant, pour pouvoir réaliser correctement ces simulations, plusieurs problèmes se posent. Les modèles (mécaniques, numériques) utilisés doivent être adaptés aux phénomènes que l'on souhaite reproduire ; le modèle mécanique choisi doit pouvoir être traité numériquement ; enfin, il est nécessaire de connaître les paramètres du modèle qui permettront de reproduire l'instance du phénomène souhaitée. Dans cette thèse nous abordons ces trois points, dans le cadre de la simulation de structures élancées.Dans la première partie, nous proposons un modèle discret de tiges de Kirchhoff dynamiques, de haut degré, basé sur des éléments en courbures et torsion affines par morceaux : les Super-Clothoïdes 3D. Cette discrétisation spatiale est calculée de manière précise grâce à une méthode dédiée, adaptée à l'arithmétique flottante, utilisant des développements en séries entières. L'utilisation des courbures et de la torsion comme degrés de liberté permet d'aboutir à un schéma d'intégration stable grâce à une implicitation, à moindres frais, des forces élastiques. Le modèle a été utilisé avec succès pour simuler la croissance de plantes grimpantes ou le mouvement d'une chevelure. Nos comparaisons avec deux modèles de référence de la littérature ont montré que pour des tiges bouclées, notre approche offre un meilleur compromis en termes de précision spatiale, de richesse de mouvements générés et d'efficacité en temps de calcul.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à l'élaboration d'un algorithme capable de retrouver la géométrie au repos (non déformée) d'une coque en contact frottant, connaissant sa forme à l'équilibre et les paramètres physiques du matériau qui la compose. Un tel algorithme trouve son intérêt lorsque l'on souhaite simuler un objet pour lequel on dispose d'une géométrie (numérisée) « à l'équilibre » mais dont on ne connaît pas la forme au repos. En informatique graphique, un exemple d'application est la modélisation de vêtements virtuels sous la gravité et en contact avec d'autres objets : simplement à partir de la forme objectif et d'un simulateur de vêtement, le but consiste à identifier automatiquement les paramètres du simulateur tels que la forme d'entrée corresponde à un équilibre mécanique stable. La formulation d'un tel problème inverse comme un problème aux moindres carrés nous permet de l'attaquer avec la méthode de l'adjoint. Cependant, la multiplicité des équilibres, donnant au problème direct son caractère mal posé, nous conduit à « guider » la méthode en pénalisant les équilibres éloignés de la forme objectif. On montre enfin qu'il est possible de considérer du contact et du frottement solide dans l'inversion, en reformulant le calcul d'équilibres en un problème d'optimisation sous contraintes coniques, et en adaptant la méthode de l'adjoint à ce cas non-régulier. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus sont très encourageants et nous ont permis de résoudre des cas complexes où l'algorithme se comportait de manière intuitive. / It is interesting to observe that many of the deformable objects around us are characterized by a slender structure: either in one dimension, like hair, plants, strands, or in two dimensions, such as paper, the leaves of trees or clothes. Simulating the mechanical behavior of such structures numerically is useful to predict their static shape, their dynamics, or the stress they undergo. However, to perform these simulations, several problems need to be addressed. First, the model (mechanical, numerical) should be adapted to the phenomena which it is aimed at reproducing. Then, the chosen mechanical model should be discretized consistently. Finally, it is necessary to identify the parameters of the model in order to reproduce a specific instance of the phenomenon. In this thesis we shall discuss these three points, in the context of the simulation of slender structures.In the first part, we propose a discrete dynamic Kirchhoff rod model of high degree, based on elements with piecewise affine curvature and twist: the Super-Space-Clothoids. This spatial discretization is computed accurately through a dedicated method, adapted to floating-point arithmetic, using power series expansions. The use of curvature and twist as degrees of freedom allows us to make elastic forces implicit in the integration scheme. The model has been used successfully to simulate the growth of climbing plants or hair motion. Our comparisons with two reference models have shown that in the case of curly rods, our approach offers the best trade-off in terms of spatial accuracy, richness of motion and computational efficiency.In the second part, we focus on identifying the undeformed configuration of a shell in the presence of frictional contact forces, knowing its shape at equilibrium and the physical parameters of the material. Such a method is of utmost interest in Computer Graphics when, for example, a user often wishes to model a virtual garment under gravity and contact with other objects regardless of physics. The goal is then to interpret the shape and provide the right ingredients to the cloth simulator, so that the cloth is actually at equilibrium when matching the input shape. To tackle such an inverse problem, we propose a least squares formulation which can be optimized using the adjoint method. However, the multiplicity of equilibria, which makes our problem ill-posed, leads us to "guide" the optimization by penalizing shapes that are far from the target shape. Finally, we show how it is possible to consider frictional contact in the inversion process by reformulating the computation of equilibrium as an optimization problem subject to conical constraints. The adjoint method is also adjusted to this non-regular case. The results we obtain are very encouraging andhave allowed us to solve complex cases where the algorithm behaves intuitively.

In this study, radial solid density distributions in upward flowing water-feldspar mixtures through a concentric annulus were investigated. Local solid density measurements were performed at a test cross-section in the fully developed flow region of a concentric annulus, which is a part of a closed-loop system consisting of a head tank, a variable speed slurry pump, an orificemeter, a heat exchanger, an annulus, a temperature probe, and a drain line. The solid particles with mean diameters of 72 and 138 &amp / #61549 / m at two different feed solid concentrations of 1 and 2 % v/v were used in the prepared slurries. The dependent variables being local solid density, local mixture velocity, and axial frictional pressure drop along the test-section, an experimental work was performed to obtain the radial solid density profiles and axial pressure gradients at different operating conditions. To determine the local solid densities, a sampling probe was used. At the beginning, this probe was used as a pitot tube to measure the local velocities in the test cross-section. Making use of these data, local solid densities were measured with the same probe under isokinetic and nonisokinetic conditions to compare both. For this purpose, an isokinetic sampling unit was designed and constructed to withdraw the samples under isokinetic flow conditions, at which the sampling velocity in the probe equated to the true flow velocity in the annulus very closely. The required constant back-pressure was supplied by pressurized N2 gas to equate these velocities to each other. The amounts of solids in the slurry samples collected at seven different radial locations in the test area under isokinetic and non-isokinetic conditions were determined by the gravimetric method. Local solid densities showed more uniform trends at the feed solid concentration of 1% v/v than those at 2% v/v. Increasing the feed solid concentration and particle size changed the shape of these profiles. The obtained local solid densities were generally higher near the outer wall than those near the inner wall / this result was consistent with the literature. As a general trend, local solid densities showed a decreasing trend at around a dimensionless radial distance of &amp / #61548 / =0.4, where the slurry velocity profile had its maximum value. It was observed that the two-phase axial frictional pressure gradients along the test section in the fully developed flow region increased with increasing feed solid concentration and the particle size at a constant slurry flow rate. Isokinetic sampling results showed that the local solid densities increased consistently with the increasing slurry velocity at all radial distances in the annular gap, while this trend was not observed clearly in the non-isokinetic measurements. Also the variations of the local solid densities along the radial distance were more obvious in the isokinetic results while these variations were obscured under nonisokinetic conditions by the experimental error at a higher level.

This study aims to investigate hydraulics and the flow characteristics of drilling fluids inside annulus and to understand the mechanism of cuttings transport in horizontal and deviated wellbores. For this purpose, initially, extensive experimental studies have been conducted at Middle East Technical University, Petroleum &amp / Natural Gas Engineering Flow Loop using water and numerous drilling fluids for hole inclinations from horizontal to 60 degrees, flow velocities from 0.64 m/s to 3.05 m/s, rate of penetrations from 0.00127 to 0.0038 m/s, and pipe rotations from 0 to 120 rpm. Pressure loss within the test section and stationary and/or moving bed thickness are recorded. New friction factor charts and correlations as a function of Reynolds number and cuttings bed thickness with the presence of pipe rotation for water and drilling fluids in horizontal and deviated wellbores are developed by using experimental data. Meanwhile empirical correlations that can be used easily at the field are proposed for predicting stationary bed thickness and frictional pressure loss using dimensional analysis and the effect of the drilling parameters on hole cleaning is discussed. It has been observed that, the major variable influencing cuttings transport is fluid velocity. Moreover, pipe rotation drastically decreases the critical fluid velocity that is required to prevent the stationary cuttings bed development, especially if the pipe is making an orbital motion. A decrease in the pressure loss is observed due to the bed erosion while rotating the pipe. Cuttings transport in horizontal annulus is modeled using a CFD software for different fluid velocities, pipe rotation speeds and rate of penetrations. The CFD model is verified by using cuttings transport experiments. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the flow characteristics of Newtonian fluids in concentric horizontal annulus with drillpipe rotation. The Navier-Stokes equations of turbulent flow are numerically solved using finite differences technique. A computer code is developed in Matlab 2007b for the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model is compared with the experimental data which were available in the literature and gathered at METU-PETE Flow Loop as well as Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) software. The results showed that the mechanistic model accurately predicts the frictional pressure loss and the velocity profile inside the annuli. The model&rsquo / s frictional pressure loss estimations are within an error range of &plusmn / 10%.

The upper 8-12 km of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand, accommodates relative Australia-Pacific plate boundary motion through coseismic slip accompanying large-magnitude earthquakes. Earthquakes occur due to frictional instabilities on faults, and their nucleation, propagation, and arrest is governed by tectonic forces and fault zone properties. A multi-disciplinary dataset is presented on the lithological, microstructural, mineralogical, geochemical, hydrological, and frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks collected from natural fault exposures and from Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) drillcore. Results quantify and describe the physical and chemical processes that affect seismicity and slip accommodation. Oblique dextral motion on the central Alpine Fault in the last 5-8 Myr has exhumed garnet-oligoclase facies mylonitic fault rocks from depths of up to 35 km. During the last phase of exhumation, brittle deformation of these mylonites, accompanied by fluid infiltration, has resulted in complex mineralogical and lithological variations in the fault rocks. Petrophysical, geochemical, and lithological data reveal that the fault comprises a central alteration zone of protocataclasites, foliated and nonfoliated cataclasites, and fault gouges bounded by a damage zone containing fractured ultramylonites and mylonites. Mineralogical results suggest that at least two stages of chemical alteration have occurred. At, or near, the brittle-to-ductile transition (c. >320 °C), metasomatic alteration reactions resulted in plagioclase and feldspar replacement by muscovite and sausserite, and biotite (phlogopite), hornblende (actinolite) and/or epidote replacement by chlorite (clinochlore). At lower temperatures (c. >120°C), primary minerals were altered to kaolinite, smectite and pyrite, or kaolinite, smectite, Fe-hydroxide (goethite) and carbonate, depending on redox conditions. Ultramylonites, nonfoliated and foliated cataclasites, and gouges in the hanging wall and footwall contain the high-temperature phyllosilicates chlorite and white mica (muscovite/illite). Brown principal slip zone (PSZ) gouges contain the low-temperature phyllosilicates kaolinite and smecite, and goethite and carbonate cements. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of central Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges and cataclasites were investigated in room temperature experiments conducted at 30-33 MPa effective normal stress (σn') using a double-direct shear configuration and controlled pore fluid pressure in a triaxial pressure vessel. Surface-outcrop samples from Gaunt Creek, location of DFDP-1, displayed, with increasing distance (up to 50 cm) from the contact with footwall fluvioglacial gravels: (1) an increase in fault normal permeability (k = 7.45 x 10⁻²⁰ m² to k = 1.15 x 10⁻¹⁶ m²), (2) a transition from frictionally weak (μ=0.44) fault gouge to frictionally strong (μ=0.50’0.55) cataclasite, (3) a change in friction rate dependence (a–b) from solely velocity strengthening to velocity strengthening and weakening, and (4) an increase in the rate of frictional healing. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of southern Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges were also investigated in room temperature double-direct shear experiments conducted at σn'= 6-31 MPa. Three complete cross-sections logged from outcrops of the southern Alpine Fault at Martyr River, McKenzie Creek, and Hokuri Creek show that dextral-normal slip is localized to a single 1-12 m-thick fault core comprising impermeable (k=10⁻²⁰ to 10⁻²² m²), frictionally weak (μ=0.12 – 0.37), velocity-strengthening, illite-chlorite and trioctahedral smectite (saponite)-chlorite-lizardite fault gouges. In low velocity room temperature experiments, Alpine Fault gouges tested have behaviours associated with aseismic creep. In a triaxial compression apparatus, the frictional properties of PSZ gouge samples recovered from DFDP-1 drillcore at 90 and 128 m depths were tested at temperatures up to T=350°C and effective normal stresses up to σn'=156 MPa to constrain the fault's strength and stability under conditions representative of the seismogenic crust. The chlorite/white mica-bearing DFDP-1A blue gouge is frictionally strong (μ=0.61–0.76) across a range of experimental conditions (T=70–350°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa) and undergoes a stability transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 210°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa. The coefficient of friction of smecite-bearing DFDP-1B brown gouge increases from μ=0.49 to μ=0.74 with increasing temperature and pressure (T=70–210°C, σn'=31.2–93.6 MPa) and it undergoes a transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 140°C, σn'=62.4 MPa. In low velocity hydrothermal experiments, Alpine Fault gouges have behaviours associated with potentially unstable, seismic slip at temperatures ≥140°C, depending on mineralogy. High-velocity (v=1 m/s), low normal stress (σn=1 MPa) friction experiments conducted on a rotary shear apparatus showed that the peak coefficient of friction (μp) of Alpine Fault cataclasites and fault gouges was consistently high (mean μp=0.69±0.06) in room-dry experiments. Variations in fault rock mineralogy and permeability were more apparent in experiments conducted with pore fluid, wherein the peak coefficient of friction of the cataclasites (mean μp=0.64±0.04) was higher than the fault gouges (mean μp=0.24±0.16). All fault rocks exhibited very low steady state coefficients of friction (μss) (room-dry mean μss=0.18±0.04; saturated mean μss=0.10±0.04). Three high-velocity experiments conducted on saturated smectite-bearing principal slip zone (PSZ) fault gouges had the lowest peak friction coefficients (μp=0.13-0.18), lowest steady state friction coefficients (μss=0.02-0.10), and lowest breakdown work values (WB=0.07-0.11 MJ/m²) of all the experiments performed. Lower strength (μ < c. 0.62) velocity-strengthening fault rocks comprising a realistically heterogeneous fault plane represent barrier(s) to rupture propagation. A wide range of gouges and cataclasites exhibited very low steady state friction coefficients in high-velocity friction experiments. However, earthquake rupture nucleation in frictionally strong (μ ≥ c. 0.62), velocity-weakening material provides the acceleration necessary to overcome the low-velocity rupture propagation barrier(s) posed by velocity-strengthening gouges and cataclasites. Mohr-Coulomb theory stipulates that sufficient shear stress must be resolved on the Alpine Fault, or pore fluid pressure must be sufficiently high, for earthquakes to nucleate in strong, unstable fault materials. A three-dimensional stress analysis was conducted using the average orientation of the central and southern Alpine Fault, the experimentally determined coefficient of friction of velocity-weakening DFDP-1A blue gouge, and the seismologically determined stress tensor and stress shape ratio(s). Results reveal that for a coefficient of friction of μ ≥ c. 0.62, the Alpine Fault is unfavourably oriented to severely misoriented for frictional slip.