The Lord of the Rings is one of the most read novels throughout history. Its popularity is huge and it has a fan-base matched only by that of Star Trek and Star Wars. It is believed that its popularity is due to its applicability and its many interesting characters – which all have different personalities and appeal to different people. One of the most popular main characters is the powerful wizard Gandalf. In this essay, I argue that in Tolkien’s novel The Lord of the Rings, Gandalf's relationship to Frodo is constructed as a mentorship as defined by the modern pedagogical research, in order to examine what affect Gandalf's mentoring has on Frodo. In order to confirm this, it will first be established that Gandalf and Frodo has the potential to be in a mentoring relationship. Second, a close reading of the novel will be undertaken, analyzing Gandalf's and Frodo's interaction, comparing it to the interaction between a "good mentor" and his mentee, as defined by modern pedagogical research. Third, I will analyze how Gandalf's actions as a mentor influence Frodo's development and actions in the novel. This study shows that Gandalf and Frodo did indeed interact in the way of a mentor and his mentee. Furthermore, Gandalf performed his role the way a "good mentor" should; he asked questions, challenged productivity, encouraged risk-taking, helped to identify goals, listened actively, offered encouragement, promoted independence, provided feedback, shared critical knowledge, provided structure and gradually granted Frodo more responsibilities – the way a "good mentor" should. This all contributed to Frodo's success in helping him develop confidence, competence, self-knowledge, self-sufficiency and determination.

Secure and reliable communication have always been critical part of todays infrastructure. Various asymmetric encryption schemes, such as RSA, have been used to achieve this goal. However, with advancements in quantum computing, current encryption schemes are becoming more vulnerable since they are weak to certain quantum attacks, such as Shor’s Algorithm. Therefore demand for post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is not vulnerable to quantum attacks, is apparent. This work’s goal is to evaluate and compare PQC algorithms.

This work arose primarily from two circumstances: my appreciation for J. R. R. Tolkien and his work, and my propensity towards those literary words that evoke images to be not only seen, but also felt. The more I read Tolkien, the more this appreciation grows. My overall goal in this research is to track the spatial elements presented in The Lord of the Rings (1954), centering on the imagetic formations that make abstract ideas into concrete images. Such images enable the reader to visualize those abstractions and connect them to the protagonist of the narrative, Frodo Baggins. Frodo got involved in the Great War of the Ring without meaning to. Nevertheless, he is the only one who can take the Ring back to place where it was forged, in order to destroy it. In spite of considering himself fragile when contrasted with the great enemy, the little hobbit opens his way towards the dark land. The crossing from the Shire (where the hobbits live) to Mordor (the Dark Lord’s land) is long, full of surprises, has unknown places and unexpected meetings. In this sense, the fact that Frodo undertakes a journey is really significant, because it makes him an active character in space and time within the plot. This way, while he wanders through many symptomatic different places (allowing us to keep up with him in this travelling), Frodo provides many pertinent associations between landscape and character, and this plays essential rode in highlighting the antithetical meanings contained in the plot. By connecting the fictional and theoretical readings, I analyse Tolkien’s narrative structure, along with the constitution of space in Middle-earth, to understand the use of the lexicon space and identify how the work’s imagery is composed. In the end of this journey (which becomes our journey, as we keep up with Frodo), I aim to establish in what ways the walkway and the meeting with different places may change the protagonist. / Este trabalho surgiu, principalmente, de duas circunstâncias: minha apreciação por J. R. R. Tolkien e toda a sua obra; e o meu gosto por aquelas palavras literárias que evocam imagens possíveis de serem não só vistas, mas também sentidas. A partir de então, ele cresceu conforme foi sendo desenvolvido. O objetivo geral aqui é estabelecer a pesquisa que rastreia diversos elementos do espaço romanesco em The Lord of the Rings (1954). Através deste estudo, pode-se encontrar muitas constituições imagéticas que tornam ideias abstratas em imagens concretas, possibilitando a sua visualização por parte do leitor. Ademais, interessa o modo como esse espaço se relaciona com o protagonista da narrativa: Frodo Baggins. Frodo foi envolvido na Grande Guerra do Anel sem intenções de o fazer. Entretanto, é ele o único que pode levar o Anel até o local onde foi forjado, a fim de destruí-lo. Apesar de pensar a si mesmo como frágil diante do grande inimigo, o pequeno hobbit inicia seu caminho, em direção à terra sombria. A travessia do Shire (local onde moram os hobbits) até Mordor (a terra do Senhor do Escuro) é longa, repleta de surpresas, lugares desconhecidos e encontros inesperados. Nesse sentido, o fato de Frodo empreender uma jornada é bastante significativo, pois essa condição faz dele um personagem ativo dentro do espaço-tempo do enredo. Dessa forma, ao percorrer lugares sintomaticamente diferentes, e permitindo que o acompanhemos nessa travessia, proporciona muitas associações pertinentes entre paisagem e personagem, constituindo papel essencial nos significados antitéticos da obra. Com a convergência entre as leituras fictícias e teóricas, buscou-se analisar a estrutura narrativa de Tolkien, ao constituir o espaço da Terra-média. Para isso, observa-se a maneira como os diversos elementos romanescos são empregados – como o léxico referente ao espaço, por exemplo – com a finalidade de identificar a composição imagética na obra. Ao fim dessa que, ao acompanhar Frodo, se torna também a nossa jornada, procurou-se estabelecer as maneiras como a passagem e a vivência em diferentes espaços altera a personalidade do protagonista.

Submitted by SERGIO RICARDO PERASSOLI JUNIOR null (sergio.perassoli@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-24T12:47:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Sérgio Ricardo Perassoli Junior.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T14:30:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perassoli_sr_me_arafcl.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T14:30:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perassoli_sr_me_arafcl.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e investigar o processo de individuação da personagem Frodo Bolseiro em O Senhor dos Anéis [The Lord of The Rings, 1950], romance mais importante do escritor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. O processo de individuação, conceito desenvolvido pelo psiquiatra suíço Carl G. Jung, é um tema sobremaneira relevante, caracterizado como a tendência da psique de encontrar o equilíbrio e a completude. Essa tendência aparece frequentemente na extensa obra de Tolkien e é muito explorada na jornada da personagem Frodo, o principal herói do romance em questão. Frodo passa por diversas experiências e encontra diversas figuras arquetípicas que, pode-se afirmar, apontam para um processo de individuação nos termos junguianos. Para aprofundar e enriquecer a análise, serão apresentados teóricos da literatura como Northrop Frye e Gaston Bachelard, que foram influenciados pela psicologia arquetípica de Carl Jung. O trabalho que ora se apresenta também pretende ilustrar a importância das ideias de Jung e dos principais conceitos da psicologia arquetípica para o estudo da personagem e para a própria crítica literária. / This research aims to analyse the individuation process of the character Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings (1951), J.R.R. Tolkien’s masterpiece. The individuation process, a concept developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, is a most relevant theme characterized as the psyche tendency to reach balance. This tendency is frequently shown in Tolkien’s extensive work and it is very much explored in Frodo’s journey, the main hero of the novel. Frodo goes through several life experiences and meets lots of archetypal figures that point to an individuation process. To go deeper, enriching the analysis, literature theorists as Northrop Frye and Gaston Bachelard, who were influenced by Jung’s psychology, will be introduced. This research also intends to make clear the importance of Jung’s archetypal psychology for literary criticism.

This thesis is a development of the theories presented by Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell, and Bruno Bettelheim concerning archetypes, the anima/animus concept, the Hero Cycle, and identity development through fairy tales. I argue that there are vital rites of passage missing in Anglo-Saxon culture, and while bibliotherapy cannot replace them, it can help adolescents synthesize their experiences. The theories of Jung, Campbell, and Bettelheim demonstrate this concept by defining segments of the story and how they apply to the reader. Because of the applicability, readers, despite their age, can use the examples in the book to help reconcile their own experiences and understand life as it relates to them. The works I examine include J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Orson Scott Card's Alvin Maker series, J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea trilogy, and David Eddings' Belgariad. Though it is impossible to test the effects of reading such works on readers, the possibility of those effects exists. Bettelheim's work, The Uses of Enchantment, discusses similar themes and he provides scientific support through his use of anecdotal evidence. Following his example, I have tried to include evidence from my own life that exemplifies the effect reading epic fantasy has had on me. The aspects of epic fantasy in relation to going through adolescence I examine include the concept of responsibility and its relation to progress and maturity; gaining a social identity; and reconciling oneself to the dark side within and without, in society. These aspects are found within the superstructure of the Hero Cycle and the actions and motivations of the characters—archetypes—within the cycle. They are also present in real life and necessary concepts to understand to be accepted into society as a mature contributor.

Concluding on this note, the thesis argues that reading The Lord of the Rings in this way renders postcolonial concepts accessible to a whole generation of readers already familiar with the series, and points to the possibility of examining other contemporary texts, or even further analysis of Tolkien's to reveal more postcolonial sensitivities engendered in the texts.; This thesis examines J.R.R. Tolkien's texts The Hobbit, The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King from a postcolonial literary perspective. By examining how these texts, written at the decline of the British Empire, engage with the theoretical polemics of imperialism, this thesis takes a new look at these popular and widely regarded books from a stance of serious academic interest. The first chapter examines how certain characters, who are Othered temporally in the realm of Middle-earth, manage to find a place of narrative centrality from the defamiliarized view of Merry, Pippin, Samwise, and Frodo, uncannily reoccurring throughout the narrative in increasingly disturbing manifestations. From there, the thesis moves on to uncanny places, examining in detail Mirkwood, Moria, Dunharrow, and the Shire at the end of The Return of the King. Each of these locations in Middle-earth helps Tolkien to explore the relationship between colonizer, colonized, and fetishism; the colonizer(s) disavow their own fears of these places by fetishizing the pathways they colonize for their safe passage. Since their paths are unsustainable colonially, these fetishes cannot fulfill their function, as the places are marked with unavoidable reminders of wildness and uncontrollability which cannot successfully be repressed for long. Ending this chapter with a discussion of the hobbit's return to the Shire, the argument moves into the next chapter that discusses the small-scale colonization that takes place in the heart of Frodo himself, making the Shire he used to know firmly unavailable to him. The Ring, in this case, is the colonizer, doubling, fracturing, and displacing Frodo's selfhood so that he becomes unfamiliar to himself. The uncanniness that this produces and Frodo's inability to heal from his experience with the Ring, this thesis argues, echoes the postcolonial themes of irreconcilability and the fantasy of origin.