In the present study Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy were used to examine the effects of simvastatin on structure, composition and function of macromolecules of three different rat skeletal muscles EDL (Extensor Digitorium Longus), DIA (Diaphragm) and SOL (Soleus) containing different amount of slow and fast twitch fibers, at molecular level. Simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, is widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases due to its higher efficacy. However, long term usage of statins give rise to many adverse effects on different tissues and organs. Skeletal muscle accounts for around 45 % of the total body weight and has a high metabolic rate and blood flow. As a consequence, it is highly exposed to drugs within the circulation. Therefore, it is one of the target tissues of statins. The two main types of muscle fibers are type I (slow-twitch) and type II (fast-twitch) fibers / having different structural organization and metabolic features. EDL is a fast twitch muscle while SOL is slow twitch muscle. On the other hand, DIA shows intermediate properties between slow and fast twitch muscle. The results of ATR-FTIR and FTIR spectra revealed a considerable decrease in protein and lipid content of simvastatin treated skeletal muscles, indicating protein breakdown or decreased protein synthesis and increased lipolysis. Moreover changes in protein structure and conformation were observed. In simvastatin treatment, muscle membrane lipids were more ordered and the amount of unsaturated lipids was decreased possibly due to lipid peroxidation. The drug treatment caused a decrease in the content of nucleic acids, especially RNA, and hydrogen and non-hydrogen bonded phospholipids in the membrane structures of skeletal muscles. In all of the spectral parameters investigated EDL muscle was more severely affected from statin treatments while SOL was less affected from the drug treatments. Thus, FTIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy appear to be useful methods to evaluate the effects of statin on skeletal muscle tissues at molecular level.

Type I Diabetes is a multisystem disease having both biochemical and structural consequences. It causes alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolisms due to hyperglycemia. Type I diabetes is also correlated with increased formation of free radicals and decreased levels of antioxidant potential. Lower endogeneous antioxidant amounts and elevated lipid peroxidation levels in diabetes constitute the basis of risk factors for the development of diabetic complications. These complications lead to irreversible damages in nearly all vital organs and systems. Since the antioxidant capacity lowered in diabetic conditions, it becomes important to be able to use some common antioxidants, as a complementary treatment strategy for diabetes. The effect of type I diabetes and the recovery role of Vitamin C on the structure, composition and function of the macromolecular content of testicular tissue is still unknown. Therefore, in the current study, it was aimed to investigate the alterations in the macromolecules of rat testes due to Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and FTIR microspectroscopic techniques. Furthermore it was iv aimed to gain useful information about the recovery role of Vitamin C, as an antioxidant, against the diabetic complications. The detailed spectral analysis revealed that, the macromolecular structure and composition of rat testes are highly affected due to the development of diabetes. The lipid and protein content of diabetic rat testes were shown to decrease considerably, indicating an increase in lipolysis and proteolysis processes. Diabetes was also shown to lead to a decrease in the content of fatty acids and nucleic acids. In addition to the compositional alterations, protein conformation, and protein secondary structural components were also found to alter in diabetic state. Besides, lipid peroxidation levels were found to increase, and the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products end up with increased levels of unsaturation, and also end up with increased levels of disorderness in diabetic conditions. On the other hand, with the administration of Vitamin C, the diabetes-induced alterations were found to be partially recovered, indicating that after more confirmative researches, Vitamin C may have a chance to be used as a complementary therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

No description available.

Isolierte Molekülcluster können durch Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie von Überschallexpansionen untersucht werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie Multischlitzdüsen verschiedener Geometrien sowohl zur Aufklärung des Strukturverhaltens von Wasseraggregaten bei thermischer Anregung als auch zur Erzeugung von Mischclustern bei gleichzeitiger Unterdrückung von Isotopenaustauschreaktionen eingesetzt werden können. Zusätzlich wurde ein Aufbau zur chemischen Bildgebung von Expansionen entwickelt und zur ortsaufgelösten Visualisierung von Aggregationsprozessen sowie Dichte- und Temperaturentwicklungen verwendet.

Die Schwingungsspektroskopie, besonders die Raman-Spektroskopie, stellt ein wichtiges Werkzeug für Untersuchungen von Biomineralien dar. Raman-Spektroskopie wurde zur Untersuchung der organischen und anorganischen Bestandteile von Schwammskeletten eingesetzt. Die Raman-Spektroskopie trug auch zur Charakterisierung von biomimetischen Silikat-Präzipitaten bei. Durch ortsaufgelöste Raman-Spektroskopie konnte erstmalig die Verteilung von organischem Material in den extrahierten Silikatzellwänden von Kieselalgen nachgewiesen werden. Die ortsaufgelöste Raman-Spektroskopie wurde ebenfalls zur Untersuchung des SERS-Effekts an Zellwänden von Kieselalgen an die Silber-Nanopartikel gekoppelt waren eingesetzt.

Uran kann sowohl durch geogene als auch anthropogene Vorgänge in die Umwelt gelangen. Dazu zählen natürliche Uranerzvorkommen und deren Leaching sowie die Auswaschung von Uran aus den Hinterlassenschaften des ehemaligen Uranerzbergbaus. Die Aufklärung des Verhaltens von Uran in der Geo- und Biosphäre ist für eine Risikoabschätzung des Migrationsverhaltens von Radionukliden in der Umwelt notwendig. Algen sind in der Natur weit verbreitet und die wichtigste Organismengruppe in den aquatischen Lebensräumen. Durch ihre ubiquitäre Verbreitung in der Natur ist ihr Einfluss auf das Migrationsverhalten von Uran in der Umwelt von grundlegendem Interesse z.B. um effektive und wirtschaftliche Remediationsstrategien für Wässer zu entwickeln. Außerdem stehen Algen am Beginn der Nahrungskette und spielen eine wirtschaftlich relevante Rolle als Nahrung beziehungsweise Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. Die Möglichkeit des Transfers von algengebundenem Uran entlang der Nahrungskette könnte eine ernsthafte Gesundheitsgefahr für den Menschen darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die quantitative und strukturelle Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Uran(VI) und der Grünalge Chlorella vulgaris im umweltrelevanten Konzentrations- und pH-Wertbereich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stoffwechselaktivität. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse der Sorptionsexperimente zeigen deutlich den maßgeblichen Einfluss des Stoffwechselstatus von Chlorella auf die Wechselwirkung mit Uran. So kann in Gegenwart von umweltrelevanten Urankonzentrationen eine Remobilisierung von zuvor passiv gebundenem Uran durch die stoffwechselaktiven Algen erfolgen. Die in Abhängigkeit von der Stoffwechselaktivität, der Urankonzentration und dem pH-Wert mit den Algenzellen gebildeten Uran(VI)-Komplexe wurden strukturell mit Hilfe der spektroskopischen Methoden TRLF-, EXAFS- und ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Mittels TEM konnte Uran in Form von 30-70 nm großen nadelförmigen Ablagerungen in der Zellwand der lebende Algenzellen nachgewiesen werden. Die in dieser Arbeit erhaltenen Ergebnisse leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Vorhersage des Migrationsverhaltens von Uran unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen und der radiologischen Risikobewertung von geogen und anthropogen auftretendem Uran.

This paper deals with the embalming process in ancient Egypt. Samples were collected from six objects from Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm. The objects were one supposed ladle and five different contents from pottery. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas- chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize the components of the materials. The result was then correlated with previously made analysis of embalming materials to discover similarities. The results show complex mixtures mainly consisting of resin from Pinaceae origin, also beeswax, vegetable oil and Castor oil. Some samples show differences in the mixture, one dominated by cholesterylacetat. The results of the ladle samples is comparable to previous samples from other analysis and can therefore be confirmed as an embalming ladle.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo - Claudemir carvalho.pdf: 30337 bytes, checksum: cec0b031ed734679cb6e0604a451360f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study, the primary recycling of ABS Poli(acrilonitrile butadiene styrene) inside the industry was the main subject of the analyses. Many studies have been running on recycling of end life cycle of manufactured products, however a source of rejects inside the industry can be explored and be used to reduce costs and optimize expensive raw materials. Each kilogram of rejects inside the productive cycle that is recycled for the same part that was destined, represents a economy for the company and a benefit to the environment too. The ABS as commodity has been target of a lot of studies how much to its performance in the product and also how much to the recycling of rejects from the end of life cycle products as lower requests products. In fact, the present study has as the material object a specific grade of ABS used in the industry of refrigerators. Has also the objective to evaluate the behavior of the virgin ABS with ABS scrap and to reintroduce it in the productive process for the same application that was destined. It was evaluated the chemical, mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of mixtures of the virgin ABS with scrap in five different concentrations. This ABS is used for injection process and the material scrap was carefully gotten and mixed mechanically to the virgin ABS. The samples had been characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical tensile testing, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and rheometry. The values of elasticity modulus (E), maximum tensile and elongation at break remained steady with the addition of scrap. The viscosity of the ABS measured by capillary rheomether reduced with the addition of scrap, accordingly with the increase of shear rate and temperature. From the results of flow index obtained with the Plastometer it was possible to determine the end correction of Bagley (e). Using this correction it was possible to correct the viscosity curves, however it was not possible to define a commom index for the hole temperatures. The FTIR spectra had not indicated significant changes in the concentration of the characteristic components, only to styrene in most than 20% scrap, as well as had not pointed out the starting of degradation. The glass transition temperature presented a reduction with the addition of scrap and the starting loss of mass temperature remained steady with the addition of scrap. / A reciclagem primária do ABS Poli(acrilonitrila butadieno estireno) para fins de incorporação dos rejeitos dentro do processo produtivo foi o tema principal desse trabalho. Muito se têm pesquisado sobre reciclagem de rejeitos oriundos do final do ciclo de vida de um produto manufaturado, no entanto existe uma fonte de resíduos poliméricos originados dentro da própria indústria que pode ser explorada e aproveitada como fonte de redução de custos e reutilização de matérias-primas nobres. Cada quilo de material rejeitado dentro do ciclo produtivo que é reaproveitado para o mesmo fim que foi previamente destinado, representa uma economia financeira para essa empresa e um benefício ao meio ambiente. O ABS como commodity tem sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas quanto ao seu desempenho no produto acabado e também quanto à reintrodução de resíduos do final de ciclo de vida como artefatos de menor valor agregado. Enfim, o presente trabalho tem como material um grade de ABS específico utilizado na indústria de refrigeradores e tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento desse ABS virgem com refugo do mesmo material para fins de reintrodução no processo produtivo para a mesma aplicação que foi destinado inicialmente. Foram avaliados o comportamento químico, mecânico, reológico e térmico de misturas do ABS virgem com refugo em seis proporções diferentes. Esse ABS é destinado para injeção sob pressão e o refugo foi cuidadosamente obtido e misturado mecanicamente ao ABS virgem. As amostras foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TG), ensaios mecânicos de tração e reometria capilar. Os valores de módulo de elasticidade (E), tensão máxima e alongamento na ruptura mantiveram-se estáveis com a adição de refugo. A viscosidade do ABS medida no reômetro capilar reduziu com a adição de refugo, acentuando-se com o aumento da taxa de cisalhamento e temperatura. A partir dos resultados de índice de fluidez obtidos com o Plastômetro foi possível determinar o índice de correção de Bagley (e) em relação à viscosidade do reômetro capilar. Utilizando-se este índice foi possível corrigir as curvas de viscosidade determinadas por meio do Plastômetro, no entanto não foi possível definir um índice de correção comum para todas as temperaturas. Os espectros de FTIR não indicaram alterações significativas das ligações características dos componentes do ABS, apenas uma pequena redução das ligações de estireno para as misturas com mais de 20% e não indicaram o surgimento de produtos de degradação. A temperatura de transição vítrea apresentou uma ligeira redução com o incremento da quantidade de refugo, e a temperatura de início de perda de massa manteve-se estável em todas as misturas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIA WANGUESTEL SERRATE.pdf: 2083533 bytes, checksum: 5cf73c3ea6d475ef41d5225fb6f858da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-16 / O conhecimento das substâncias que constituem as obras de arte é imprescindível para direcionar intervenções nos processos de restauração e conservação, além de fornecer informações sobre o período histórico da elaboração da obra, entendimento da técnica construtiva utilizada pelo artista e reconhecimento de falsificações. Foi escolhida para o estudo deste trabalho uma escultura de madeira policromada, a imagem de Nossa Senhora do Amparo proveniente da paróquia de mesmo nome em Itapemirim. Esta se encontrava no Núcleo de Restauração e Conservação da UFES (NCR-UFES) para ser restaurada. As técnicas utilizadas para estudar os pigmentos e cargas constituintes de algumas regiões dessa obra foram os testes microquímicos, microscopia de luz polarizada (PLM) e análises por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Para a análise de aglutinantes foram usados testes de solubilidade e FTIR. Alguns dos pigmentos e cargas puderam ser identificados pelas três técnicas, sendo a combinação dos testes microquímicos e PLM o que apresentou melhor sensibilidade, fornecendo o maior número de resultados. A análise por FTIR possibilitou visualizar apenas as substâncias que se encontravam em grande quantidade. Os espectros de FTIR também forneceram informações sobre os aglutinantes que constituem as repinturas, porém essa análise não foi feita para amostras da pintura original, pois exigiam uma quantidade de amostra que comprometeria a integridade da obra. Testes de solubilidade forneceram resultados condizentes com os resultados da análise por FTIR, mas esse tipo de análise é de difícil visualização, podendo gerar resultados ambíguos se não confrontada com outra técnica / Knowing the substances that constitute the works of art is indispensable to direct the intervention in the processes of restoration and conservation, also provides information about the historical time of the confection of the work, the understanding of the artist s technique and the recognition of forgeries. To the present work a polychrome sculpture was chosen. This sculpture consists in an image of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, from the parish with the same name in Itapemirim, witch would be restored at the Center of Conservation and Restoration of UFES (NCR-UFES). The techniques used to study the pigments and grounds witch constitute this work was the micro-chemical tests, polarized light microscopy (PLM) and infrared spectroscopy with transformed of Fourier (FTIR). To analyze the media it was used tests of solubility and FTIR. Some of the pigments and grounds could be identified by the three techniques, and the combination of micro-chemical tests and PLM presented the best sensibility, providing further results. The FTIR analyses enabled to detect only the substances witch were in great quantity. FTIR spectrum also provided information about the media that constitutes the repaints, but this analyses could not be done in the original painting, for this would require an amount of sample that would harm the work integrity. Test of solubility provided consistent results, but this kind of analyze is not easy to visualize, and can generate ambiguous results if it is not confronted with another technique

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho clínico e laboratorial de uma resina composta, considerando diferentes fontes de luz e densidades de potência, mantendo-se padronizada a densidade total de energia. O grau de conversão da resina composta foi determinado através de espectroscopia por transformada de Fourier. O grau de amolecimento em etanol foi obtido pela determinação da dureza Wallace, antes e após o armazenamento da resina composta em etanol a 75%. O desgaste foi mensurado por dois métodos: o teste da ACTA e o teste de escovação simulada. Paralelamente, investigou-se o desempenho clínico de restaurações de resina composta em dentes posteriores, submetidas aos mesmos protocolos de fotoativação. Restaurações de classe I de resina composta foram confeccionadas e fotoativadas por lâmpada de quartzo-tungstênio ou diodo emissor de luz a 300 mW/cm2, durante 40 segundos, ou a 600 mW/cm2, durante 20 segundos. As restaurações foram avaliadas, imediatamente e após 6 e 12 meses, por dois examinadores calibrados, de acordo com os critérios modificados de Ryge. Os dados laboratoriais foram submetidos à análise de variância a dois critérios e teste de comparações múltiplas de Newman-Keuls, ou ao teste t-pareado. Os dados clínicos foram analisados pelos testes Kappa, Fisher e McNemar (\'alfa\' = 0,05). Não foram constatadas diferenças significantes quanto aos diferentes protocolos no grau de conversão, no grau de amolecimento em etanol e no desgaste produzido pelo método da ACTA (p > 0,05). Para o teste de desgaste por escovação simulada, a fotoativação com diodos emissores de luz a 300 mW/cm2, durante 40 segundos, resultou em maior desgaste que os demais protocolos testados (p < 0,05). Adicionalmente, não foram observadas diferenças significantes quanto aos diferentes protocolos de fotoativação no desempenho clínico das restaurações, ao final de um ano de avaliação (p > 0,05) / The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratorial performance of a resin composite light-cured with different light-curing units and power densities, at a standard energy density level. Degree of conversion of the resin composite was determined by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The degree of softening of the resin composite in ethanol was obtained by Wallace hardness measurements before and after storage in a 75% ethanol solution. Wear of the resin composite was acquired by two methods: ACTA wear and toothbrush abrasion. Additionally, the clinical performance of resin composite restorations submitted to the same light-curing protocols was followed up. Class I resin composite restorations were light-cured using either halogen lamp or light emitting diode at 300 mW/cm2 during 40 seconds or 600 mW/cm2 during 20 seconds. Restorations were evaluated immediately and after 6 and 12 months by two calibrated dentists, according to the modified Ryge criteria. The laboratorial data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Newman- Keuls multiple comparison test, or t-test. Clinical data were analyzed by Kappa, Fisher and McNemar tests (\'alpha\' = 0.05). No significant differences were observed for the different light-curing protocols in the degree of conversion, degree of softening in ethanol, and wear produced by the ACTA method (p > 0.05). For the toothbrush abrasion test, irradiation with the light emitting diode unit for 40 seconds at 300 mW/cm2 resulted in higher wear than the other light-curing protocols (p < 0.05). No significant differences were detected at the one-year clinical follow-up of the resin composite restorations submitted to the various light-curing protocols investigated in this study (p > 0.05).