The aim of the diploma thesis "Alfred Fuchs (1892 - 1941)" is to describe the life and work of Alfred Fuchs. This excellent journalist, writer and translator has been unjustly neglected for a long time even though all he belonged to the important personalities of the Czech culture and political scene. He devoted a great deal of his work to the Christian theology, morality, diplomacy, culture, policy and current social issues. Regarded as an outstanding member of the Czech Jewish movement he was also a promoter of the idea of assimilation presented at his lecturers. As a journalist contributing to dozens of newspapers, he also wrote more than twenty books in his life. For example, Česká kultura, Rozvoj, Lidové listy, Lidové noviny or Přítomnost. Well-known for his entrefilets published as DRAF in the newspaper Tribuna, he was also in charge of editing Pondělník Českého slova and Prager Abendblatt. In 1921, Alfred Fuchs made a big step in his life and converted to catholicism. Considered to be an acclaimed expert on religious issues he became an important mediator between the Church and society. Since 1921 he had worked at the Press Department of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, until 1939, when he was persecuted for racial reasons. Due to his Jewish origin he was martyred at the...

This dissertation is dedicated to the weekly magazine Zítřek published by the Czechoslovak Socialist Party and to the historical period of the years 1968 - 1969. The study presents social and political context, the formation of the civil society, and the role of the weekly Zítřek in the following period. The study is focused on the origins of this weekly magazine Zítřek, its short duration, the long discussion about its stopping, and on its next course, as well. The weekly magazine Zítřek was established as a pro-reform magazine and that is the reason why the study is focused particularly on the press relationships, the history of the Czechoslovak Socialist Party, and its publishing house Melantrich. The study contains interviews with contemporary witnesses, Mrs. Sylva Daníčková and Mr. Aleš Fuchs, as well. In one part the study selects and evaluates articles published by Zítřek. The study is from a methodical view focused on the archive research and historical documents, the method of oral - history in the case of interviews with contemporary witness, and the method of content analysis.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de l’anatomie de la cornée après 3 techniques de greffe soient, la greffe totale traditionnelle (GTT) et des techniques de greffe lamellaire postérieur (GLP) telles que la greffe lamellaire endothéliale profonde (DLEK) et la greffe endothélium/membrane de Descemet (EDMG) pour le traitement des maladies de l’endothélium, telles que la dystrophie de Fuchs et de la kératopathie de l’aphaque et du pseudophaque. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse contribue également à démontrer l’utilité de la tomographie de cohérence optique (OCT) pour l’étude de l’anatomie des plaies chirurgicales la cornée post transplantation. Au cours de ce travail nous avons étudié l'anatomie de la DLEK, avant et 1, 6, 12 et 24 mois après la chirurgie. Nous avons utilisé le Stratus OCT (Version 3, Carl Zeiss, Meditec Inc.) pour documenter l’anatomie de la plaie. L'acquisition et la manipulation des images du Stratus OCT, instrument qui à été conçu originalement pour l’étude de la rétine et du nerf optique, ont été adaptées pour l'analyse du segment antérieur de l’oeil. Des images cornéennes centrales verticales et horizontales, ainsi que 4 mesures radiaires perpendiculaires à la plaie à 12, 3, 6 et 9 heures ont été obtenues. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés: (1) Les espaces (gap) entre les rebords du disque donneur et ceux du receveur, (2) les dénivelés de surface postérieure (step) entre le les rebords du disque donneur et ceux du receveur, (3) la compression tissulaire, (4) le décollement du greffon, 6) les élévations de la surface antérieure de la cornée et 7) la pachymétrie centrale de la cornée. Les mesures d’épaisseur totale de la cornée ont été comparées et corrélées avec celles obtenues avec un pachymètre à ultra-sons. Des mesures d’acuité visuelle, de réfraction manifeste et de topographie ont aussi été acquises afin d’évaluer les résultats fonctionnels. Enfin, nous avons comparé les données de DLEK à celles obtenues de l’EDMG et de la GTT, afin de caractériser les plaies et de cerner les avantages et inconvénients relatifs à chaque technique chirurgicale. Nos résultats anatomiques ont montré des différences importantes entre les trois techniques chirurgicales. Certains des paramètres étudiés, comme le sep et le gap, ont été plus prononcés dans la GTT que dans la DLEK et complètement absents dans l’EDMG. D’autres, comme la compression tissulaire et le décollement du greffon n’ont été observés que dans la DLEK. Ceci laisse entrevoir que la distorsion de la plaie varie proportionnellement à la profondeur de la découpe stromale du receveur, à partir de la face postérieure de la cornée. Moins la découpe s’avance vers la face antérieure (comme dans l’EDMG), moins elle affecte l’intégrité anatomique de la cornée, le pire cas étant la découpe totale comme dans la GTT. Cependant, tous les paramètres d’apposition postérieure sous-optimale et d’élévation de la surface antérieure (ce dernier observé uniquement dans la GTT) finissent par diminuer avec le temps, évoluant à des degrés variables vers un profil topographique plus semblable à celui d’une cornée normale. Ce processus paraît plus long et plus incomplet dans les cas de GTT à cause du type de plaie, de la présence de sutures et de la durée de la cicatrisation. Les valeurs moyennes d’épaisseur centrale se sont normalisées après la chirurgie. De plus, ces valeurs moyennes obtenues par OCT étaient fortement corrélées à celles obtenues par la pachymétrie à ultra-sons et nous n’avons remarqué aucune différence significative entre les valeurs moyennes des deux techniques de mesure. L’OCT s’est avéré un outil utile pour l’étude de l’anatomie microscopique des plaies chirurgicales. Les résultats d’acuité visuelle, de réfraction et de topographie des techniques de GLP ont montré qu’il existe une récupération visuelle rapide et sans changements significatifs de l’astigmatisme, contrairement à la GTT avec et sans suture. La GLP a permis une meilleure conservation de la morphologie de la cornée, et par conséquence des meilleurs résultats fonctionnels que la greffe de pleine épaisseur. Ceci nous permet d’avancer que la GLP pourrait être la technique chirurgicale à adopter comme traitement pour les maladies de l’endothélium cornéen. / This thesis aims to study the anatomy of the corneal wound following 3 techniques of corneal graft: traditional penetrating keratoplasy (PK) and two techniques of posterior lamellar keratoplasy (PLK) which are deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasy (DLEK) and Endothelial-Descemet’s Membrane Graft (EDMG) for the treatment of the endothelial corneal diseases, such as Fuch’s dystrophy and aphakic and pseudopakic bullous keratopathy. In this context, this thesis also contributes to show the utility of the time domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) for studying the anatomy of surgical wounds after corneal transplantation. In this work we studied the anatomy of DLEK, before and 1,6,12 and 24 months after surgery. We used the Stratus OCT. (Version 3, Carl Zeiss, Meditec Inc.) to document the anatomy of the wound. The acquisition and the handling of the images of the Stratus OCT, an instrument originally designed for the study of the retina and the optic nerve, were adapted to analyse the anterior segment of the eye. Vertical and horizontal central images of the cornea, in addition to 4 radial measurements perpendicular to the wound at 12, 3, 6 and 9 hours were obtained. The following parameters were studied: (1) the gap between the edges of the donor disc and those of the recipient, (2) posterior surface mismatch (step) between the edges of the disc donor and those of the recipient, (3) tissue compression, (4) graft detachment, 6) elevations of the anterior corneal surface and 7) the central pachymetry of the cornea. Measurements of the total thickness were compared and correlated with those obtained with an ultrasound pachymeter. Measurements of visual acuity, manifest refraction and topography were also acquired in order to evaluate the functional results. Lastly, we compared the data of DLEK with those obtained from the EDMG and the PK, in order to characterize the wounds and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages relative to each surgical technique.Our anatomical results showed important differences between the three surgical techniques. Some of the studied parameters, like the step and the gap, were more pronounced in PK than in DLEK and completely absent in the EDMG group. Others, like tissue compression and graft detachment were observed only in the DLEK group. This let us predict that the distortion of the wound varies proportionally with the depth of recipient posterior stromal dissection. The less dissection towards the anterior surface (as in EDMG), the less it affects the anatomical integrity of the cornea, the worst case being full thickness trephination as in PK. However, all the parameters of sub-optimal posterior surface apposition and anterior surface elevation (this last only observed in PK) ended up decreasing with time, evolving with variable degrees to a topographic profile more similar to that of a normal cornea. This process appears longer and more incomplete in the cases of PK because of the type of wound, the presence of sutures and the longer healing period. The mean values of central thickness were normal after surgery. Moreover, these mean values obtained by OCT. were strongly correlated with those obtained by ultrasound pachymetry and we did not notice any significant difference between the mean values of the two measurement techniques. OCT proved to be a useful tool for the study of the microscopic anatomy of the corneal surgical wounds. The results of vision, refraction and topography of the techniques of posterior lamellar grafts showed that there was a fast visual recovery and without significant changes in astigmatism, contrary to PK with and without sutures. Posterior lamellar grafts allowed a better conservation of the morphology of the cornea, and consequently better functional results than PK. This enabled us to conclude that posterior lamellar corneal grafts could be the surgical technique of choice for the treatment of corneal endothelial diseases.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de l’anatomie de la cornée après 3 techniques de greffe soient, la greffe totale traditionnelle (GTT) et des techniques de greffe lamellaire postérieur (GLP) telles que la greffe lamellaire endothéliale profonde (DLEK) et la greffe endothélium/membrane de Descemet (EDMG) pour le traitement des maladies de l’endothélium, telles que la dystrophie de Fuchs et de la kératopathie de l’aphaque et du pseudophaque. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse contribue également à démontrer l’utilité de la tomographie de cohérence optique (OCT) pour l’étude de l’anatomie des plaies chirurgicales la cornée post transplantation. Au cours de ce travail nous avons étudié l'anatomie de la DLEK, avant et 1, 6, 12 et 24 mois après la chirurgie. Nous avons utilisé le Stratus OCT (Version 3, Carl Zeiss, Meditec Inc.) pour documenter l’anatomie de la plaie. L'acquisition et la manipulation des images du Stratus OCT, instrument qui à été conçu originalement pour l’étude de la rétine et du nerf optique, ont été adaptées pour l'analyse du segment antérieur de l’oeil. Des images cornéennes centrales verticales et horizontales, ainsi que 4 mesures radiaires perpendiculaires à la plaie à 12, 3, 6 et 9 heures ont été obtenues. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés: (1) Les espaces (gap) entre les rebords du disque donneur et ceux du receveur, (2) les dénivelés de surface postérieure (step) entre le les rebords du disque donneur et ceux du receveur, (3) la compression tissulaire, (4) le décollement du greffon, 6) les élévations de la surface antérieure de la cornée et 7) la pachymétrie centrale de la cornée. Les mesures d’épaisseur totale de la cornée ont été comparées et corrélées avec celles obtenues avec un pachymètre à ultra-sons. Des mesures d’acuité visuelle, de réfraction manifeste et de topographie ont aussi été acquises afin d’évaluer les résultats fonctionnels. Enfin, nous avons comparé les données de DLEK à celles obtenues de l’EDMG et de la GTT, afin de caractériser les plaies et de cerner les avantages et inconvénients relatifs à chaque technique chirurgicale. Nos résultats anatomiques ont montré des différences importantes entre les trois techniques chirurgicales. Certains des paramètres étudiés, comme le sep et le gap, ont été plus prononcés dans la GTT que dans la DLEK et complètement absents dans l’EDMG. D’autres, comme la compression tissulaire et le décollement du greffon n’ont été observés que dans la DLEK. Ceci laisse entrevoir que la distorsion de la plaie varie proportionnellement à la profondeur de la découpe stromale du receveur, à partir de la face postérieure de la cornée. Moins la découpe s’avance vers la face antérieure (comme dans l’EDMG), moins elle affecte l’intégrité anatomique de la cornée, le pire cas étant la découpe totale comme dans la GTT. Cependant, tous les paramètres d’apposition postérieure sous-optimale et d’élévation de la surface antérieure (ce dernier observé uniquement dans la GTT) finissent par diminuer avec le temps, évoluant à des degrés variables vers un profil topographique plus semblable à celui d’une cornée normale. Ce processus paraît plus long et plus incomplet dans les cas de GTT à cause du type de plaie, de la présence de sutures et de la durée de la cicatrisation. Les valeurs moyennes d’épaisseur centrale se sont normalisées après la chirurgie. De plus, ces valeurs moyennes obtenues par OCT étaient fortement corrélées à celles obtenues par la pachymétrie à ultra-sons et nous n’avons remarqué aucune différence significative entre les valeurs moyennes des deux techniques de mesure. L’OCT s’est avéré un outil utile pour l’étude de l’anatomie microscopique des plaies chirurgicales. Les résultats d’acuité visuelle, de réfraction et de topographie des techniques de GLP ont montré qu’il existe une récupération visuelle rapide et sans changements significatifs de l’astigmatisme, contrairement à la GTT avec et sans suture. La GLP a permis une meilleure conservation de la morphologie de la cornée, et par conséquence des meilleurs résultats fonctionnels que la greffe de pleine épaisseur. Ceci nous permet d’avancer que la GLP pourrait être la technique chirurgicale à adopter comme traitement pour les maladies de l’endothélium cornéen. / This thesis aims to study the anatomy of the corneal wound following 3 techniques of corneal graft: traditional penetrating keratoplasy (PK) and two techniques of posterior lamellar keratoplasy (PLK) which are deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasy (DLEK) and Endothelial-Descemet’s Membrane Graft (EDMG) for the treatment of the endothelial corneal diseases, such as Fuch’s dystrophy and aphakic and pseudopakic bullous keratopathy. In this context, this thesis also contributes to show the utility of the time domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) for studying the anatomy of surgical wounds after corneal transplantation. In this work we studied the anatomy of DLEK, before and 1,6,12 and 24 months after surgery. We used the Stratus OCT. (Version 3, Carl Zeiss, Meditec Inc.) to document the anatomy of the wound. The acquisition and the handling of the images of the Stratus OCT, an instrument originally designed for the study of the retina and the optic nerve, were adapted to analyse the anterior segment of the eye. Vertical and horizontal central images of the cornea, in addition to 4 radial measurements perpendicular to the wound at 12, 3, 6 and 9 hours were obtained. The following parameters were studied: (1) the gap between the edges of the donor disc and those of the recipient, (2) posterior surface mismatch (step) between the edges of the disc donor and those of the recipient, (3) tissue compression, (4) graft detachment, 6) elevations of the anterior corneal surface and 7) the central pachymetry of the cornea. Measurements of the total thickness were compared and correlated with those obtained with an ultrasound pachymeter. Measurements of visual acuity, manifest refraction and topography were also acquired in order to evaluate the functional results. Lastly, we compared the data of DLEK with those obtained from the EDMG and the PK, in order to characterize the wounds and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages relative to each surgical technique.Our anatomical results showed important differences between the three surgical techniques. Some of the studied parameters, like the step and the gap, were more pronounced in PK than in DLEK and completely absent in the EDMG group. Others, like tissue compression and graft detachment were observed only in the DLEK group. This let us predict that the distortion of the wound varies proportionally with the depth of recipient posterior stromal dissection. The less dissection towards the anterior surface (as in EDMG), the less it affects the anatomical integrity of the cornea, the worst case being full thickness trephination as in PK. However, all the parameters of sub-optimal posterior surface apposition and anterior surface elevation (this last only observed in PK) ended up decreasing with time, evolving with variable degrees to a topographic profile more similar to that of a normal cornea. This process appears longer and more incomplete in the cases of PK because of the type of wound, the presence of sutures and the longer healing period. The mean values of central thickness were normal after surgery. Moreover, these mean values obtained by OCT. were strongly correlated with those obtained by ultrasound pachymetry and we did not notice any significant difference between the mean values of the two measurement techniques. OCT proved to be a useful tool for the study of the microscopic anatomy of the corneal surgical wounds. The results of vision, refraction and topography of the techniques of posterior lamellar grafts showed that there was a fast visual recovery and without significant changes in astigmatism, contrary to PK with and without sutures. Posterior lamellar grafts allowed a better conservation of the morphology of the cornea, and consequently better functional results than PK. This enabled us to conclude that posterior lamellar corneal grafts could be the surgical technique of choice for the treatment of corneal endothelial diseases.

It is my belief that theatre is the telling of stories, and that playwrighting is the creation of those stories. Regardless of the underlying motives (to make the audience think, to make them feel, to offend them or to draw them in,) the core of the theatre world is the storyline. Some critics write of the importance of audience effect and audience reception; after all, a performance can only be so named if at least one person is there to witness it. So much of audience effect is based the storyline itself - that structure of which is created by the power characters have over others. Theatre generalists learn of Aristotle's well-made play structure. Playwrights quickly learn to distinguish between protagonists and antagonists. Actors are routinely taught physicalizations of creating "status" onstage. A plotline is driven by the power that people, circumstances, and even fate exercise over protagonists. Most audience members naturally sympathize with the underdog or victim in a given storyline, and so the submissive or oppressed character becomes (largely) the most integral. By what process, then, is this sense of oppression created in a play? How can oppression/victimization be analyzed with regard to character development? With emerging criticism suggesting that the concept of character is dying, what portrayals of victim have we seen in the late 20th century? What framework can we use to fully understand this complex concept? What are we to see in the future, and how will the concept evolve? In my attempt to answer these questions, I first analyze the definition of "victim" and what categories of victimization exist - the victim of a crime, for example, or the victim of psychological oppression. "Victim" is a word with an extraordinarily complex definition, and so for the purposes of this study, I focus entirely on social victimization - that is, oppression or harm inflicted on a character by their peers or society. I focus on three major elements of this sort of victimization: harm inflicted on a character by another (not by their own actions), harm inflicted despite struggle or protest, and a power or authority endowed on the victimizer by the victim. After defining these elements, I analyze the literary methods by which playwrights can represent or create victimization - blurred lines of authority, expressive text, and the creation of emotion through visual and auditory means. Once the concept of victim is defined and a framework established for viewing it in the theatre, I analyze the victimization of one of American theatre's most famous sufferers - Eugene O'Neill's Yank in The Hairy Ape. To best contextualize this character, I explore the theories of theatre in this time period - reflections of social struggles, the concept of hierarchy, and clearly drawn class lines. I also position The Hairy Ape in its immediate historical and theoretical time period, to understand if O'Neill created a reflection on or of his contemporaries. Finally, I look at the concept of victim through the nonrealistic and nonlinear plays of the 20th century - how it has changed, evolved, or even (as Eleanor Fuchs may suggest) died. I found that my previously established framework for "making victim" has change dramatically to apply to contemporary nonlinear theatre pieces. Through this study, I have found that the lines of victimization and authority are as blurred today in nonrealistic and nonlinear theatre as they were in the seemingly "black and white" dramas of the 1920s and 30s. In my research, I have found the very beginnings of an extraordinarily complex definition of "victim".

Until the nineteenth century, the violoncello was considered a background accompaniment instrument. By 1900 however, over eighty method books had been published for cello, and Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss were composing orchestral cello parts equal in difficulty to those of the violin, traditionally the only virtuosic string part. The emancipation from the ties of bass ostinato for the cello began with Bernhard Romberg in Dresden. The group of cellists, who came to be known as the Dresden School, included Kummer, Lee, Goltermann, Cossmann, Popper, Grutzmacher, Davidov, and other cellists that were students and colleagues of this group. The Dresden School of cellists attempted not only to bring the instrument into prominence, but to revolutionize the technique of the instrument completely. The cello pedagogues of the Dresden School achieved this by publishing their methods and advancements in technique in cello etude and method books. This efficient process of dissemination allowed for the members of the school to improve on each other's work over time. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the cello pedagogy of the Dresden School was established through the etudes published by the cellist-composers of the Dresden School, and these etudes are still considered some of the most advanced studies for cello, and are the foundation of modern cello pedagogy. At the turn of the twentieth century the Dresden School was the leading cello school in the world, and no longer tied only to the city of Dresden, but spread throughout Europe and beyond. In the publishing of their etudes, the Dresden cellists not only passed down their information to their students, but also to future generations of cellists. Descendants of the Dresden School cellists are now performing in almost every nation and teaching the ideas born in nineteenth century Germany.

There is a brief introduction explaining the themes in the literature available to date and how this thesis aims to add to available material. In chapter one I give an account of early British research into nuclear science, including collaboration between British universities and the effect the MAUD Report had on accelerating the United States atomic programme. I introduce the main British scientists here . In chapter two I focus on diplomacy between Britain and the United States in the period up to the Quebec Agreement. The two countries had their own atomic programmes at this stage and I discuss the lead up to the amalgamation of both programmes in August 1943. Chapter three examines the British raids on German heavy water facilities and the efforts to stop Germany acquiring the means to make an atomic bomb before the Allies. Co-operation between the British and U.S teams at Los Alamos is discussed, along with the crucial role played by Britain in assisting the American scientists. The British nuclear spies are featured in chapter four, focusing on Alan Nunn May and Klaus Fuchs. Their actions are discussed along with their arrests and trials. Effects of their cases on British atomic diplomacy with the Americans are highlighted. The final section sums up the legacies of Britain¿s nuclear programme and its effect on British Cold War politics with America and the U.S.S.R. The fusion, or hydrogen, bomb is mentioned briefly and an overall assessment of the achievements of the British scientists is included.

Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten nehmen die Bestandszahlen von Bodenbrütern europaweit ab, ein Prozess, der hauptsächlich auf die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft zurückzuführen ist. In diesem Zusammenhang könnte aber auch die zunehmende Prädation von Raubsäugern (Carnivora, Mammalia) eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Ziel dieser Studie war die Bewertung und Einschätzung des Prädationspotentials ausgewählter Raubsäugerarten auf Bodenbrüter im brandenburgischen Vogelschutzgebiet "Mittlere Havelniederung". Von Mai 2015 bis Juni 2017 wurde die Raumnutzung verschiedener Raubsäugerarten mittels Kamerafallen und einer Telemetriestudie untersucht und anschließend mit den Ergebnissen einer Vogelkartierung verglichen. Ergänzt wurden die Untersuchungen mit einer Losungsanalyse der am häufigsten beobachteten Raubsäugerarten Waschbär (Procyon lotor) und Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes). Waschbären wiesen eine hohe Standorttreue sowie eine hohe Präferenz für Gewässer und Feuchtgebiete auf, während Rotfüchse eine hohe intraspezifische Variabilität in Bezug auf ihre Habitatnutzung sowie ein hohes Abwanderungsverhalten zeigten. Die Ergebnisse lassen außerdem ein hohes Prädationspotential des Waschbären auf Wasservögel vermuten, während der Einfluss auf Wiesenbrüter geringer zu sein scheint. Diese scheinen den höchsten Prädationsdruck durch den Rotfuchs zu erfahren. Die Nahrungsanalysen bestätigen diese Ergebnisse und spiegeln auch räumliche Bewegungsmuster beider Arten wieder. Diese Studie liefert als eine der europaweit ersten Studien empirische Belege für ein starkes indirektes und direktes Prädationspotential des Waschbären insbesondere auf Wasservögel. Zudem hebt diese Studie die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierten Betrachtung potenzieller Auswirkungen von Raubsäugern auf Bodenbrüter hervor und gibt einen Hinweis darauf, dass das Prädationspotential einer Raubsäugerart eng mit der Strukturvielfalt eines Lebensraums und somit mit der Intensität der landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftung zusammenhängt. / Over recent decades, a general decline in ground-nesting bird species has been recorded all over Europe and this trend is mainly a result of agricultural intensification. However, increasing predation pressure by carnivores (Carnivora, Mammalia) might also play an important role in this context. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the predatory potential of selected carnivore species on ground-nesting birds in the Special Protection Area `Mittlere Havelniederung’ in Brandenburg, Germany. Between May 2015 and June 2017, camera- trapping and a telemetry study were carried out to investigate the spatial behavior of mesocarnivore species. Subsequently, spatial data were compared with results of a bird mapping and complemented by an analysis of scat contents of the most abundant carnivore species raccoon (Procyon lotor) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Camera trapping revealed a high diversity of carnivores. In addition, spatial distribution patterns showed high site fidelity and an exclusive preference for waters and swamplands in raccoons, while red foxes showed a high level of intraspecific variance in habitat use and a pronounced level of migratory activity. Predator-prey spatial overlap assumes a high potential impact of raccoons on water-associated bird species, while their impact on grassland birds appears not as important. Grassland birds seem to experience highest predatory pressure by red foxes. Dietary analysis support these results and confirm species-specific spatial patterns. As one of the first studies in Europe, this study provides empirical evidence of raccoons’ strong indirect and direct predatory potential in particular on water-associated bird species. Besides, this study highlights the need for a differentiated view on the potential impact of carnivore species on ground-nesting birds and suggests, that the predatory potential of a carnivore species is linked with landscape diversity and thus with intensity of agricultural land use practices.

1 ABSTRACT This thesis describes the theatre reform at the turn of 19th and 20th century in its wider sociocultural concept. It focuses on the reaction of theatre to the modernistic crisis of European culture and society. Modernism is understood here according to its wider thematic and chronological definition. Modernism is based on the conception of machine civilization as it was defined by a Polish sociologist Jerzy Jedlicki. Jedlicki places the rise of modernistic cultural formation into the second half of 18th century which is when a steam engine was invented and it was a time of social turbulence and changes in human spirituality. Another theoretical frame of the thesis is created by utopia phenomenon as it was defined by Jerzy Szacki. Second half of 20th century is considered to be the end of modernism, inasmuch the utopic visions which had been placed on theatre faded away. The main topic of the thesis is Juliusz Osterwa's and Mieczyslaw Limanowski's theatre studio Reduta. It was founded in Warsaw in 1919 and it was to a great extend inspired by Moscow theatre studios of Stanislavsky and by Polish theatre sources (Stanislaw Wyspianski). By studying selected examples, the thesis studies Reduta as a realisation of modernistic utopia when theatre was supposed to carry a special mission in renaissance of...