This thesis presents an account of the roles played by social actors in the implementation of unemployment policy in the UK. Lipsky’s (1980) theory of street-level bureaucracy has been adopted, updated to the contemporary context of the managerial state (Clarke & Newman, 1997) and developed in the specific case of the Jobcentre. The analysis is based on data collected during an ethnographic investigation of one case study Jobcentre office in Central Scotland. The methods consisted of six months of direct observation, interviews with 48 members of Jobcentre staff, semi-structured interviews with 35 users and analysis of notified vacancies and guidance documents. The argument is that front-line workers re-create policy as they implement it. They do so in reaction to a series of influences, constraints and incentives. Users therefore receive a service that is a modified version of the official policy. Users do not necessarily accept the policy that they are subjected to. They do not identify with the new managerialist notion of customer service because as benefit recipients they are denied purchasing power, choice and power. Unemployment policy is not delivered uniformly or unilaterally because front-line staff are active in developing work habits that influence the outcomes of policy. Policy is accomplished by staff in practice by categorising users into client types. This is significant because staff represent the state to the citizen in their interaction. Users are also active in accomplishing policy, whether they conform with, contest, negotiate or co-produce policy. Understanding what unemployment policy actually is, and what it means to people, depends on understanding these social processes by which policy emerges in practice.

This thesis examines the process by which an Australian policy of post-war economic reconstruction, the main focus of which was the achievement and maintenance of full employment, was developed in preparation for the return of peace at the conclusion of World War II, and the consequences which that policy had within the Australian community. Development of a policy of economic reconstruction took place largely at the instigation of the Curtin Labor government, which had come to power in October 1941, and which in December 1942 established a Ministry of Post War Reconstruction with J.B. Chifley as Minister. Those who were associated with the work of the Ministry in formulating economic policy were Ministers of the Labor Government and professional economists. In the contribution which they made, each was conditioned by the experience of the Great Depression, which motivated them to formulate a policy of full employment, by their adherence to the attitudes and values of the groups to which they belonged: the Labor Party which advocated a move to centralized powers and socialism on the one hand, and the school of Keynesian economic thought which gave the economic initiative to governments on the other, and by the pervasive climate of stringent government direction and control which the war had brought about. This thesis argues that the attitudes and values which were brought to the task of economic reconstruction policy defined the character of that policy, set limits on its scope, and created difficulties in reconciling political and economic views. As a consequence, the policy proposals which were put forward for public debate and endorsement were inadequately thought through, poorly co-ordinated, and too radical to be accepted by the Australian electorate. Because the response of the various interest groups within the community had not been taken into account when the policy was framed, nor had been considered when deciding on the measures to implement the policy, there was considerable opposition to the proposed program of post-war economic reconstruction. This program, when associated with other apparently radical policies such as the nationalization of the banking system, notably contributed to the defeat of the Labor Government in the 1949 elections. The rejection of the post-war reconstruction program might have been avoided or at least ameliorated had a broader perspective been taken in formulating the policy and assessing its consequences.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au problème du chômage et de la dette en économie — problème que l’on peut considérer comme majeur dans nos économies contemporaines occidentales. Cependant, ce n’est pas pour en dresser des bilans et des constats supplémentaires que cette recherche fut engagée mais plutôt pour tenter de résoudre de manière convenable ce problème, ce que, dans les faits, aucune théorie économique n’est parvenue à obtenir jusqu’à présent. Ces travaux abordent plus particulièrement la conjecture du plein emploi et la thèse repose sur une triple ambition : montrer comment espérer accéder à un plein emploi total et durable, prouver comment sortir économiquement du capitalisme, impulser une révolution scientifique en économie, ces trois thématiques étant indissociables. La recherche vise à expliquer les raisons conduisant à devoir forger un nouveau modèle d’entreprise — nommé SARS : Société à responsabilité sociale. Cette conceptualisation se caractérise par trois innovations fondamentales destinées à conférer aux SARS des avantages concurrentiels imparables, si tant est que ces entreprises puissent entrer en concurrence avec les modèles existants (EURL, SARL, SA, SCOP, SNC, SAS, SCIC, SOSE, etc.). L’idée centrale prend pour hypothèse que ce modèle doté de propriétés émergentes bénéfiques grâce à de puissants avantages concurrentiels, finirait à long terme par devenir dominant et à faire disparaître les anciens modèles devenus désuets face à l’attrait de cette nouveauté économiquement et socialement performative. Alors introduite dans l'économie et amenée à se développer, cette forme entrepreneuriale inédite contribuerait à fonder les bases d’un nouveau régime économique autre que le capitalisme et le collectivisme. Ce futur régime économique, permettant un changement de procès dans la répartition des richesses à petite puis à grande échelle, conduirait (contrairement au capitalisme) à un plein emploi total et durable. Par-delà la prédiction, propriété essentielle d’une théorie scientifique, cette étude entend fournir les clés d’accès pour engager une épreuve expérimentale, celle d’une réalité en devenir, à laquelle chaque théorie doit être soumise afin d’établir sa validité. S’appuyant sur le champ de la prospective, elle s’essaye à une description d’un avenir possible dans la mesure où, cette thèse obtenait quelque crédit et que l’opération expérimentale devienne une réussite. / This thesis addresses the problem of unemployment and of the debt in the economic context—problem that could be regarded as a major issue in our Western contemporary societies. However, it is not with the goal of making some more assessments and additional findings that this research was hired, but in order to try to resolve in a proper manner this problem, fact that, in practice, no single economic theory has been able to obtain so far. These studies focus in particular on the conjecture of full employment and the thesis is based on a threefold ambition: showing how to access to a comprehensive and lasting full employment, proving how to get out of capitalism from an economic point of view, stimulating a scientific revolution in the economic field, as these three subject areas are intrinsically linked. The research aims to explain the reasons that lead to the creation of a new business model — called SARS: Society with a social responsibility. This conceptualization is characterized by three fundamental innovations aimed at giving to the SARS unstoppable competitive benefits, if these companies can compete with existing models (EURL, SARL, SA, SCOP, SNC, SAS, SCIC, SOSE, etc.). The central idea assumes that this model endowed with beneficial emergent properties thanks to powerful competitive benefits, would eventually become dominant in the long term and make disappear the older models that became outdated with regard to this novelty seen as being economically and socially performative. Then, inserted into the economy and set to develop, this innovative entrepreneurial form would contribute to lay the foundations for a new economic system different from capitalism and collectivism. This future economic regime, allowing a change in the distribution of wealth in a small-scale and afterwards in a large-scale, would lead (unlike capitalism) to a comprehensive and lasting full employment. Across the prediction, essential property of the scientific theory, this study intends to provide access keys in order to institute an experimental testing, experimental testing of a reality in the state of becoming, to which each theory has to be submitted to establish its validity. Building on the prospective field, it is trying to provide the description of a possible future to the extent that this thesis got some credits and that the experimental operating would become a success.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-02-01T15:31:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1072759 bytes, checksum: 6d5d8090a4a00efed39ca81ba4012b5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-01T15:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1072759 bytes, checksum: 6d5d8090a4a00efed39ca81ba4012b5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / With the enactment of the 1988 Federal Constitution, the concept of employment has been extended and uncut to hold the idea of the quota system for disabled access to positions and jobs, public and private. This system of affirmative action currently unfolding force as the constitutional prohibition of any discrimination, both with respect to wages as the admission criteria of the disabled worker, established since the paragraph XXXI of art. 7 this brazilian Policy Letter. It happens that, according to Decree No. 3,298 / 99, which regulates Law No. 7,853, of October 24, 1989, which provides for a National Policy for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities, people with mild disabilities are not considered disabled for purposes of this legislation, as is the case of people with monocular vision and unilateral deafness. To exclude the protection of these persons with disabilities, the normative act collides head-on with full employment, constitutionally guaranteed value and with the Decree n ° 6949/09, by which Brazil ratified the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities and its Optional Protocol, signed in New York on March 30, 2007 this scenario, the object of this dissertation is the case law and the rules relating to matters relating to access to employment for people with disabilities carriers of monocular vision and deafness unilateral, in accordance with the realization of the principle of full employment and consistent with international norms of human rights protection. As a result of this analysis, we propose a scheduling in three degrees of disability (severe, moderate and mild, pursuant to Art. 3 of the Supplementary Law No. 142/13) for the purpose of consideration of admission into procurement at the federal level. It is complex and urgent issue that demands attention and specific affirmative action policies, because the current time requires immediate correction of social injustices. Considering especially the case under consideration, there is the establishment, direct or indirect implications of continuous and impeding the full development of individuals and society as a whole; substantiating such a situation in the event of unconstitutionality to be quelled in the light of careful human rights of people with mild disabilities constitutional hermeneutics. / Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, o conceito de emprego foi ampliado e lapidado para comportar a ideia de sistema de cotas para acesso de deficientes a cargos e empregos, públicos e privados. Esse sistema de ação afirmativa, atualmente, vigora como desdobramento da vedação constitucional de toda e qualquer discriminação, tanto no tocante a salário quanto a critérios de admissão do trabalhador com deficiência, instituída desde o inciso XXXI, do art. 7º dessa Carta Política brasileira. Ocorre que, segundo o Decreto n° 3.298/99, o qual regulamenta a Lei nº 7.853, de 24 de outubro de 1989, que dispõe sobre a Política Nacional para a Integração da Pessoa com Deficiência, as pessoas com deficiência de grau leve não são consideradas deficientes, para efeito dessa legislação, como é o caso dos portadores de visão monocular e de surdez unilateral. Ao excluir a proteção dessas pessoas com deficiência, o ato normativo colide frontalmente com o pleno emprego, valor constitucionalmente assegurado, bem como com o Decreto n° 6.949/09, por meio do qual o Brasil ratificou a Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência e seu Protocolo Facultativo, assinados em Nova York, em 30 de março de 2007. Nesse cenário, constitui objeto desta dissertação a jurisprudência e a normativa referente à matéria, relativa ao acesso ao trabalho das pessoas com deficiência portadoras de visão monocular e de surdez unilateral, em conformidade com a efetivação do princípio do pleno emprego e em consonância com a normativa internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos. Como resultado dessa análise, propõe-se um escalonamento em três graus de deficiências (grave, moderada e leve, nos termos do Art. 3º da Lei Complementar nº 142/13) para efeito de consideração da admissão em concursos públicos na esfera federal. Trata-se de tema complexo e urgente, que reclama atenção e políticas afirmativas específicas, porquanto o tempo atual requer a imediata correção de injustiças sociais. Considerando-se, especialmente, o caso em exame, há o estabelecimento, direto ou indireto, de implicações continuas e impeditivas do desenvolvimento pleno das pessoas e da sociedade como um todo; consubstanciando tal situação em hipótese de inconstitucionalidade a ser debelada à luz de uma hermenêutica constitucional atenta aos direitos humanos de pessoas com deficiências leves.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T22:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calvete_CassiodaSilva_D.pdf: 716978 bytes, checksum: bcfb9daca77a7a8c843924074174170a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A tese faz uma análise econômica da Redução da Jornada de Trabalho (RJT) para o Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma investigação sobre as condições da economia brasileira em assimila-la como política pública. Também foram analisados, através de um modelo econômico, o potencial dessa política como efeito multiplicador na economia e as conseqüências na geração de postos de trabalho, na massa salarial, na demanda agregada e na produção. Inicialmente, quatro questões polêmicas são examinadas, observando as particularidades existentes no País. A primeira refere-se à capacidade da RJT gerar novos postos de trabalho e de exercer um efeito multiplicador no crescimento econômico. A segunda trata da existência, ou não, de um trade-off, mediado pela jornada, entre emprego e salário. A terceira questão investiga as razões que motivariam o movimento sindical de países em desenvolvimento a lutar pela RJT, com os salários sendo tão baixos e com a constante ameaça de desemprego. E, finalmente, examina as dificuldades adicionais do Brasil para implantar a RJT e se elas são capazes de tornar sem efeito prático a adoção dessa política pública com o fim de gerar novos postos de trabalho. Posteriormente, o estudo detém-se na apreciação dos argumentos contrários à RJT, sendo os principais: a incapacidade das empresas de arcarem com o aumento de custo; a diminuição da competitividade da indústria nacional; e, no caso brasileiro, a ameaça da pressão inflacionária. O estudo conclui que a RJT não pode ser transformada numa panacéia para o combate ao desemprego; que ela pode, sim, ser um instrumento útil, se adotado em período de crescimento econômico e acompanhada de outras medidas que potencializem seus resultados; que, atualmente, seria importante para a geração de novos postos de trabalho que ela fosse significativa e acompanhada de maior limitação da utilização de horas extras, maior controle sobre a intensidade do trabalho, regras mais rígidas no banco de horas, melhoria na fiscalização pelas delegacias regionais do trabalho e maiores restrições às contratações atípicas / Abstract: The present work undertakes economical analyses of work time reduction (WTR) in Brazil. For that purpose, an investigation is made on the Brazilian economical conditions to assimilate WTR as a public policy. A macroeconomic model was used to analyze the potential of such policy to exert a multiplying effect in the economy, along with the consequences on job generation, salary impact, aggregate demand, and production. At first four polemic issues are examined by observing the particularities of the country. The first issue concerns the capacity of WTR to generate new jobs and to have a multiplying effect in economical growth. The second regards whether there is a trade-off, mediated by work time, jobs and salary. The third issue investigates the reasons which could cause the trade unions of developing countries to fight for WTR, even when wages are low and with a constant threat of unemployment. Finally, the fourt issue concerns the additional difficulties Brazil faces to enforce WTR, and whether such difficulties are bound to neutralize the adoption of this public policy. Moreover, this study focuses on the appreciation of arguments contrary to the WTR, which are: the impossibility of companies to tackle the increase in their costs; the decrease of competitivity of national industries; and the threat of a boom in inflation. The results indicate that WTR cannot be made into a panacea to fight unemployment; rather, it can be a useful tool if it is used, along with other measures which can potentialize its results, in a period of economic growth. Moreover, it would be important for it to generate new jobs if it were coupled by a major limitation in the use of extra time, as well as by stricter rules in the bank of hours. Finally, an improvement in the enforcement of WTR in the Labour Councils and higher constraints to the hiring of atypical hiring of workforce can also contribute for the success of adopting such a measure / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs. / Series: WWWforEurope

The arguments concerning the unviability of Social Democracy at the beginning of new century within the context of globalization, and the accusations for its shift towards the New Right/Neo-Liberalism in the case of the Third Way has been criticized in a historico-critical way in this thesis. It is claimed that the insufficiency of these arguments arises from their analysis of Social Democracy merely through policies, or party politics, which have displayed great variety in the evolution of Social Democracy. Their shortage also stems from misunderstandings concerning Social Democracy before 1980, such as that it was against the market economy, that it was a working class ideology, and that it neglected the individual. Against the arguments of unviability and the accusations directed to Social Democracy, the thesis will assert that the theorization of Social Democracy should be based on its principles, such as democracy, progressiveness (movement) and social justice. By focusing on social democratic conception of social justice, this thesis defends that there is continuity within the tradition of Social Democracy, even in the face of globalization and in its encounters with the developments after 1980.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_grb_me_arafcl.pdf: 528776 bytes, checksum: bed080991b909383ce85f860ce82066c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O (des)emprego é tema de estudo e de políticas econômicas, em todas as vertentes ideológicas. Nas Finanças Funcionais não é diferente. O presente trabalho detalha o funcionamento de uma economia operando com as ferramentas apresentadas por Abba Lerner, quando trata das Finanças Funcionais, apoiada na abordagem da moeda cartalista (moeda guiada por tributos). Apresenta, também, trabalhos teóricos e empíricos que aprofundam as análises de Abba Lerner, dentre eles, os trabalhos de Randall Wray, Hyman Minsky e os estudos de caso do Jefes de Hogar argentino e do National Rural Employment Guarantee Act indiano. Expõe ainda, sucintamente, o programa de Renda Mínima brasileiro, a contrapartida/alternativa nacional ao programa Empregador de Última Instância. / The (un)employment is a subject of study and of economic policies, in all ideological trends. With Functional Finance it is not different. This dissertation details the functioning of an economy operating with the tools provided by Abba Lerner, when he treats Functional Finance, supported by the Chartalist approach of money (money driven by taxes). It also presents theoretical and empirical works to deepen the analysis of Abba Lerner, among them, the works of Randall Wray and Hyman Minsky, the case studies of the Argentinean Jefes de Hogar and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India. Lastly, the dissertation outlines the Basic Income Guarantee in Brazil, the national alternative to the Employer of Last Resort programme.

We use new migration modelling and projection techniques in order to quantify the effect of migration in the context of ageing societies in Europe over the forthcoming decades. Using new empirical results, data and projections of migration flows developed in the framework of the WWWforEUROPE project, we inform the policy discussion concerning the role of demographic change, inequality dynamics, labour market integration of migrants and the sustainability of public finances in the continent. / Series: WWWforEurope

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Ferreira Antunes Duarte.pdf: 845772 bytes, checksum: c626e7700090ff2788479368330aff36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The job received a lot of treatments over the history of humanity, from the individual work to the collective, in the early communities, slavery, serfdom, guilds, even the proletariat work ways in a modern society, acting a directly correlation with the government ways and conducting economic order. The international economic crisis that began in 2008, and the increasing negative externalities arising from liberal capitalism unrestrained clamor for solutions, enabling delivery and satisfactory human rights in all dimensions, ensuring that all existence, which places work as an instrument. The historical analysis and cultural foundation of the recovery of human work shows there is no common unit of measure of economic value between men, which includes the society only by their individual productive force, in which everyone burns. The human work, directed the pursuit of full employment is an instrument builder of human rights in all dimensions, because the inserts in society by virtue of his work, cleansing the external economic and social effects. Therefore, the State, private entities and citizens have the challenge of ensuring every individual a job, just and dignified, whose outcome will lead to satisfactory human rights in all dimensions, according to the dictates of human capital of a fraternal company / O trabalho recebeu diversos tratamentos ao longo da história da humanidade, do trabalho individual ao coletivo, nas primeiras comunidades, escravidão, servidão, corporações de oficio, proletariado até as formas de trabalho existentes na sociedade moderna, exercendo correlação direta com as formas de governo e regência da ordem econômica. A crise econômica internacional, que se iniciou em 2008, e o crescente aumento das externalidades negativas oriundas do capitalismo liberal desenfreado clamam por soluções, que possibilite a concretização e satisfatividade dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, garantindo a todos existência digna, do qual se coloca o trabalho como instrumento. A análise histórica e cultural do fundamento da valorização do trabalho humano mostra que não há entre os homens outra unidade de medida comum de valor econômico, que o inclua na sociedade apenas por sua força produtiva individual, com a qual todos nascem. O trabalho humano, direcionado na busca do pleno emprego, serve de instrumento edificador dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, pois o insere na sociedade pela força de seu trabalho, expurgando as externalidades econômico-sociais negativas. Portanto, o Estado, os entes privados e cidadãos têm o desafio de garantir a todo individuo um posto de trabalho, justo e digno, cujo resultado culminará com a concretização e satisfatividade dos direitos humanos em todas as dimensões, segundo os ditames do capitalismo humanista de uma sociedade fraterna