O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de uma sobremesa aerada simbiótica tipo musse, com baixo teor de gordura, processada com a adição da cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, dos ingredientes prebióticos oligofrutose e inulina e de concentrado protéico de soro de leite (WPC), para ser armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, e a comparação do efeito desses ingredientes sobre as características do produto e a resistência in vitro do probiótico adicionado. Utilizando o delineamento experimental para misturas de três fatores e um ponto central, 7 formulações de musses de goiaba foram estudadas durante o armazenamento a 4°C, durante 28 dias, e a -18°C, durante 112 dias. As maiores populações de L. acidophilus foram alcançadas nas musses congeladas, com valores sempre superiores a 7 log UFC/g por até 12 semanas de armazenamento a -18°C. A viabilidade de L. acidophilus se mostrou satisfatória até o 28º dia nas musses refrigeradas adicionadas de WPC, com populações variando entre 7,7 e 6,2 log UFC/g. Para as demais musses, a população do probiótico chegou a reduzir, em média, até 2 log após 28 dias. L. acidophilus apresentou grande redução da viabilidade, tanto para as musses refrigeradas como para as congeladas, nos ensaios de sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro. Nas musses refrigeradas, a substituição total ou parcial da gordura láctea por inulina resultou em melhor sobrevivência do probiótico durante o ensaio in vitro na primeira semana. Ao considerar o período completo de armazenamento, a menor redução da viabilidade de L. acidophilus ao longo dos ensaios in vitro foi observada para as musses congeladas. A substituição da gordura láctea por inulina e WPC e o congelamento resultaram em diferenças significativas nos parâmetros de textura das musses (p<0,05), não interferindo, porém, na sua aceitabilidade sensorial. Considerando as populações máximas do probiótico ao longo do armazenamento e a sua sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro, observou-se os melhores resultados com a substituição parcial da gordura láctea adicionada no produto refrigerado por WPC, na proporção de 2 a 3% da formulação. A adição simultânea de WPC e inulina para musses armazenadas sob refrigeração e congelamento é recomendada desde que a proporção conjunta desses ingredientes não ultrapasse 2,6%, no sentido de não prejudicar a textura e as características sensoriais do produto. De modo especial para as musses congeladas, também é aconselhada a proporção de 2% de gordura láctea e 2% de inulina, para a qual foram obtidos os melhores resultados nos ensaios de sobrevivência in vitro do probiótico. / The aim of the present study was to develop a mousse-type synbiotic aerated dessert with low fat content, supplemented with the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture, the prebiotic ingredients oligofructose and inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC), to be stored refrigerated and frozen, and to compare the effect of these ingredients on the product characteristics and the in vitro resistance of the added probiotic microorganism. Using a simplex centroid design, seven guava mousse-making trials were studied during storage at 4°C for 28 days and at -18°C for 112 days. The highest populations of L. acidophilus were achieved in frozen products, always above 7 log CFU/g at up to 12 weeks of storage at -18°C. L. acidophilus viability was satisfactory up to 28 days in the refrigerated mousses supplemented with WPC, with populations between 6.2 and 7.7 log CFU/g. For the other mousses, the populations decreased around 2 log cycles afier 28 days of refrigerated storage. Reductions in L. acidophilus survival during the in vitro assays were high both for refrigerated and frozen mousses. For the refrigerated mousses, the total or partial substitution of milk fat by inulin increased the probiotic survival during the in vitro assays in the first week. In terms of the whole storage, L. acidophilus survival decreased less during the in vitro assays for the frozen mousses. The substitution of milk fat by inulin and WPC and the frozen storage lead to significant differences in the texture of mousses (p<0.05), without affecting their sensory acceptability. Considering the maximum probiotic populations during storage and the survival under the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the best results for the refrigerated product were obtained with the partial substitution of milk fat by WPC at 2 to 3%. The simultaneous addition of inulin and WPC is recommended. However, the total proportion of both ingredients together should not exceed 2.6%, so as to obtain a texture profile and a sensory acceptance similar to the traditional product. Particularly for frozen mousses, the mixture of 2% milk fat and 2% inulin in the formulation is also suggested, for which the best results on probiotic survival in the in vitro assays were observed.

Bombom é o produto constituído por massa de chocolate ou por um núcleo formado de recheios diversos, recobertos por uma camada de chocolate. Alimentos para fins especiais (diet) são aqueles nos quais ocorrem modificações no conteúdo de nutrientes, e são adequados à utilização em dietas diferenciadas, atendendo às necessidades de pessoas em condições metabólicas e fisiológicas específicas. O termo light pode ser utilizado quando for cumprido o atributo de redução mínima de 25% no valor energético total ou no conteúdo de nutrientes de alimentos comparados. Propriedade funcional é aquela relativa ao papel metabólico ou fisiológico que o nutriente ou não nutriente tem nas funções do organismo humano. O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de recheios diet e light para bombons com adição de ingrediente com propriedade funcional (inulina). Foram desenvolvidos um bombom controle e dez formulações de bombom diet e light, sendo apenas uma (F9) selecionada. Um bombom comercial foi utilizado como referência. Foram feitas as análises de atividade de água, pH, umidade, lipídios totais, proteína, fibra alimentar, carboidrato por diferença, perfil de textura (dupla compressão, em analisador de textura TA-XT2) em diferentes temperaturas e tempos de armazenamento. Os bombons (controle e F9) foram comparados através de análise sensorial, sendo apresentados como amostras independentes em um teste de aceitação com escala hedônica híbrida. A substituição dos açúcares por edulcorantes e agentes de corpo foi satisfatória, assim como o uso do substituto de gordura Benefat&#174;. A inulina Raftiline&#174; ST apresentou textura melhor que a inulina Raftiline&#174; HP-Gel, não sendo percebida na boca. A análise do perfil de textura mostrou que o bombom comercial e o de controle apresentaram maior durabilidade que o bombom F9, que apresentou perda de dureza e aumento da mastigabilidade. Na análise sensorial, o bombom F9 obteve altos níveis de intenção de compra, podendo nesta análise ser considerado como um produto de grande potencial de mercado. / Chocolate confectionery is a product consisting of either chocolate mass or a nucleus containing several fillings covered with a chocolate layer. Food for special purposes are those in which modifications are made in what is related to the nutrients content, adapted to the utilization in differentiated diets, in order to fulfill the needs of people showing specific metabolic and physiological disorders. The term light is applied to a product providing it accomplishes the attribute of a 25% minimum reduction in the total energetic value or nutrients content if compared to a similar, standard product. The functional property is relative to the metabolic or physiological role (function) the nutrient or the non-nutrient plays in the human organism o The present work aimed at the development of diet and light fillings for chocolate confectionery using an ingredient (inulin) with a functional property. Two series of chocolate confectionery samples were prepared: a control sample and ten diet and light formulations. One of these formulations, F9, was selected. A commercial chocolate confectionery was used as reference. Analyses were performed to evaluate the water activity, pH, humidity, total lipids, protein, carbohydrate per difference (including fibers), texture profile (double compression, using a texturometer HAS-XT2) in several controlled environments at different temperatures and stored during different periods of time. The chocolate confectionery samples (Control and F9) were compared using sensorial analysis. Independent samples were offered in an acceptance test with hedonic hybrid scale. The substitution of sugars by sweeteners and body agents was satisfactory, as well as the use of a fat substitute, Benefat&#174;. The Inulin Raftiline&#174; ST presented better texture than the Inulin Raftiline&#174; HP-Gel, but no difference was noticed on the mouth feel test. The texture profile showed that both the commercial and the control chocolate confectionery samples presented longer durability than the F9 sample, which presented increased hardness and loss of chewiness. In the sensorial analysis, the chocolate confectionery F9 obtained high levels of purchase intention and thus can be considered as a great product from a market potential point of view.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2012 / The chronic diseases of lifestyle, tuberculosis and Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have a high prevalence in South Africa. These diseases are characterised by oxidative stress and a chronic inflammatory state that contribute to both the development and the acceleration of these diseases. Research into the phytochemical plant food components suggest that these substances could possibly play a vital role in the prevention of such disease. Corn steep liquor (CSL) is a waste product with an exceptionally high polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). This led to the suggestion that it could be utilised in the development of food products with functional food characteristics. Stock cubes, due to the widespread use among consumers of different socio-economic backgrounds, were identified as vehicle for the delivery of the CSL with its phytochemical content. This lead to the development of a stock cube utilising CSL as a source of phytochemical polyphenolic antioxidants with the micronutrients zinc, selenium and copper as added support to immunonutrition, along with iron due to the wide spread prevalence of iron deficiency in the South African population. The acceptability of the developed stock cube was tested by preparing savoury rice and pea soup and having blue collar (n = 50) and white collar (n = 49) participants rate the acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale, ranging from “dislike extremely” to “like extremely”. The savoury rice received a 41% “like very much” rating followed by a 24% “like moderately” rating. The pea soup was rated even more positively as it received a 42% “like very much” rating and a 29% “like extremely” rating. In addition, among the blue collar participants, significant (p < 0.05 for each) findings occurred with a greater liking of the sample dishes prepared with the developed stock cube by participants of the ethnic Black grouping, with Xhosa as home language and being married, as well as those participants who habitually prepare the meals in the household. A significant (p < 0.05) finding with the white collar participants was a greater liking of the sample dishes prepared with the developed stock cube among those participants who would be willing to make use of a stock cube with health benefits. The developed stock cube was also subjected to six months accelerated shelf-life stability testing, reflecting twelve months real time storage. The parameters measured were microbial growth, oxidative rancidity, antioxidant status and organoleptic changes. All microbial growths tested remained within the acceptable specification ranges. Oxidative rancidity, measured as the peroxide value, was detected analytically at the fifth and sixth samplings, but was not detectable organoleptically. The antioxidant status, measured as the TAC and the total polyphenol content, remained relatively stable during the testing period. Though no noticeable organoleptic changes were observed during the stability testing, there was a darkening of the colour by the second sampling. The results of the acceptance testing, as well as the shelf-life stability testing, support the conclusions that the study objectives of developing a stock cube with functional food characteristics and it being received positively by consumers were achieved. Keywords: stock cubes; corn steep liquor; phytochemicals; consumer acceptance; new product development

A possibilidade de se obter um produto com grande aceitabilidade nacional, principalmente voltado ao público infantil, com propriedades microbiológicas, nutricionais, físico-químicas e organolépticas ótimas associadas aos benefícios creditados aos probióticos é bastante promissora. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 isolados e em co-cultura, em queijo tipo petit-suisse processado com a adição de Streptococcus thermophilus como cultura starter, sobre as características do produto, ao longo do seu armazenamento refrigerado. Quatro tratamentos de queijo petit-suisse foram estudados (em triplicata): T1 (controle - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04) e T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) e armazenados a 4±1ºC. Foram avaliados parâmetros microbiológicos (população de probióticos, starter e contaminantes), de textura, físico-químicos e sensoriais (aceitabilidade). As análises sensoriais foram realizadas após 7 e 14 dias e as demais análises, após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento dos produtos a 4±1oC. As populações dos probióticos estiveram sempre superiores ao mínimo recomendado para um alimento probiótico, tendo variado de 7,22 a 7,60 log UFC/g e de 8,56 a 8,72 log UFC/g durante o armazenamento, para L. acidophilus e B. animalis subsp. lactis, respectivamente. A cultura starter apresentou populações entre 9,20 e 9,61 log UFC/g no mesmo período. As populações máximas para coliformes totais, bolores e leveduras foram de 2,79 e 3,60 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Os valores de pH diminuíram ao longo do armazenamento, devido à atividade dos microrganismos acidificantes presentes. A umidade variou entre 67,16% e 70,26% no mesmo período. Todos os queijos apresentaram queda na dureza e adesividade ao longo do armazenamento. Na análise sensorial, o queijo T4, com a co-cultura, revelou uma aceitabilidade significativamente maior em todos os atributos avaliados (p<0,05). Após 14 dias de armazenamento, o queijo T3 apresentou uma aceitabilidade significativamente inferior aos demais (p<0,05). A suplementação de queijo petit-suisse T4 com Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04 em co-cultura com a cultura starter resultou em um produto com excelente potencial comercial, tendo apresentado características sensoriais, microbiológicas e de textura bastante vantajosas. / The possibility of obtaining a product with wide acceptability in Brazil, and which is mainly targeted at children and has excellent microbiological, nutritional, physical-chemical and organoleptic properties associated with the benefits ascribed to probiotic microorganisms is rather promising. Thus, the aim of the present work was to examine the influence of the probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04, isolated and in co-culture, on the characteristics of petit-suisse cheese produced with the addition of Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter culture, throughout the period of refrigerated storage. Four petit-suisse cheese trials were studied (in triplicates): T1 (control - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04) and T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) and stored at 4±1ºC. Microbiological (population of probiotic bacteria, of the starter and of contaminants), instrumental texture, physical-chemical and sensory (acceptability test) parameters were evaluated. The sensory evaluation was carried out after 7 and 14 days of storage of the products at 4±1ºC, and further analyses were carried out after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The populations of the probiotics always remained above the minimum level recommended for a probiotic food, having varied between 7.22 and 7.60 log CFU/g, and between 8.72 and 8.56 log CFU/g during storage, respectively, for L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis. The starter culture presented populations between 9.20 and 9.61 log CFU/g in the same period. Coliforms, yeasts and molds presented maximum populations of, respectively, 2.79 and 3.60 log CFU/g. The pH values decreased throughout storage, due to the activity of the acidifying microorganisms present. The moisture ranged from 67.16% up to 70.26% in the same period. All the cheeses studied presented a decrease in hardness and adhesiveness throughout storage. Both after 7 and 14 days, cheese T4 presented the highest sensory acceptance for all attributes evaluated and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). After 14 days of storage, cheese T3 presented the lowest acceptance and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). The supplementation of petit-suisse cheese T4 with both L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis in coculture with a starter culture resulted in a product with excellent market potential, as it presented favorable sensory, microbiological and texture features.

Bombom é o produto constituído por massa de chocolate ou por um núcleo formado de recheios diversos, recobertos por uma camada de chocolate. Alimentos para fins especiais (diet) são aqueles nos quais ocorrem modificações no conteúdo de nutrientes, e são adequados à utilização em dietas diferenciadas, atendendo às necessidades de pessoas em condições metabólicas e fisiológicas específicas. O termo light pode ser utilizado quando for cumprido o atributo de redução mínima de 25% no valor energético total ou no conteúdo de nutrientes de alimentos comparados. Propriedade funcional é aquela relativa ao papel metabólico ou fisiológico que o nutriente ou não nutriente tem nas funções do organismo humano. O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de recheios diet e light para bombons com adição de ingrediente com propriedade funcional (inulina). Foram desenvolvidos um bombom controle e dez formulações de bombom diet e light, sendo apenas uma (F9) selecionada. Um bombom comercial foi utilizado como referência. Foram feitas as análises de atividade de água, pH, umidade, lipídios totais, proteína, fibra alimentar, carboidrato por diferença, perfil de textura (dupla compressão, em analisador de textura TA-XT2) em diferentes temperaturas e tempos de armazenamento. Os bombons (controle e F9) foram comparados através de análise sensorial, sendo apresentados como amostras independentes em um teste de aceitação com escala hedônica híbrida. A substituição dos açúcares por edulcorantes e agentes de corpo foi satisfatória, assim como o uso do substituto de gordura Benefat&#174;. A inulina Raftiline&#174; ST apresentou textura melhor que a inulina Raftiline&#174; HP-Gel, não sendo percebida na boca. A análise do perfil de textura mostrou que o bombom comercial e o de controle apresentaram maior durabilidade que o bombom F9, que apresentou perda de dureza e aumento da mastigabilidade. Na análise sensorial, o bombom F9 obteve altos níveis de intenção de compra, podendo nesta análise ser considerado como um produto de grande potencial de mercado. / Chocolate confectionery is a product consisting of either chocolate mass or a nucleus containing several fillings covered with a chocolate layer. Food for special purposes are those in which modifications are made in what is related to the nutrients content, adapted to the utilization in differentiated diets, in order to fulfill the needs of people showing specific metabolic and physiological disorders. The term light is applied to a product providing it accomplishes the attribute of a 25% minimum reduction in the total energetic value or nutrients content if compared to a similar, standard product. The functional property is relative to the metabolic or physiological role (function) the nutrient or the non-nutrient plays in the human organism o The present work aimed at the development of diet and light fillings for chocolate confectionery using an ingredient (inulin) with a functional property. Two series of chocolate confectionery samples were prepared: a control sample and ten diet and light formulations. One of these formulations, F9, was selected. A commercial chocolate confectionery was used as reference. Analyses were performed to evaluate the water activity, pH, humidity, total lipids, protein, carbohydrate per difference (including fibers), texture profile (double compression, using a texturometer HAS-XT2) in several controlled environments at different temperatures and stored during different periods of time. The chocolate confectionery samples (Control and F9) were compared using sensorial analysis. Independent samples were offered in an acceptance test with hedonic hybrid scale. The substitution of sugars by sweeteners and body agents was satisfactory, as well as the use of a fat substitute, Benefat&#174;. The Inulin Raftiline&#174; ST presented better texture than the Inulin Raftiline&#174; HP-Gel, but no difference was noticed on the mouth feel test. The texture profile showed that both the commercial and the control chocolate confectionery samples presented longer durability than the F9 sample, which presented increased hardness and loss of chewiness. In the sensorial analysis, the chocolate confectionery F9 obtained high levels of purchase intention and thus can be considered as a great product from a market potential point of view.

O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de uma sobremesa aerada simbiótica tipo musse, com baixo teor de gordura, processada com a adição da cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, dos ingredientes prebióticos oligofrutose e inulina e de concentrado protéico de soro de leite (WPC), para ser armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, e a comparação do efeito desses ingredientes sobre as características do produto e a resistência in vitro do probiótico adicionado. Utilizando o delineamento experimental para misturas de três fatores e um ponto central, 7 formulações de musses de goiaba foram estudadas durante o armazenamento a 4°C, durante 28 dias, e a -18°C, durante 112 dias. As maiores populações de L. acidophilus foram alcançadas nas musses congeladas, com valores sempre superiores a 7 log UFC/g por até 12 semanas de armazenamento a -18°C. A viabilidade de L. acidophilus se mostrou satisfatória até o 28º dia nas musses refrigeradas adicionadas de WPC, com populações variando entre 7,7 e 6,2 log UFC/g. Para as demais musses, a população do probiótico chegou a reduzir, em média, até 2 log após 28 dias. L. acidophilus apresentou grande redução da viabilidade, tanto para as musses refrigeradas como para as congeladas, nos ensaios de sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro. Nas musses refrigeradas, a substituição total ou parcial da gordura láctea por inulina resultou em melhor sobrevivência do probiótico durante o ensaio in vitro na primeira semana. Ao considerar o período completo de armazenamento, a menor redução da viabilidade de L. acidophilus ao longo dos ensaios in vitro foi observada para as musses congeladas. A substituição da gordura láctea por inulina e WPC e o congelamento resultaram em diferenças significativas nos parâmetros de textura das musses (p<0,05), não interferindo, porém, na sua aceitabilidade sensorial. Considerando as populações máximas do probiótico ao longo do armazenamento e a sua sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro, observou-se os melhores resultados com a substituição parcial da gordura láctea adicionada no produto refrigerado por WPC, na proporção de 2 a 3% da formulação. A adição simultânea de WPC e inulina para musses armazenadas sob refrigeração e congelamento é recomendada desde que a proporção conjunta desses ingredientes não ultrapasse 2,6%, no sentido de não prejudicar a textura e as características sensoriais do produto. De modo especial para as musses congeladas, também é aconselhada a proporção de 2% de gordura láctea e 2% de inulina, para a qual foram obtidos os melhores resultados nos ensaios de sobrevivência in vitro do probiótico. / The aim of the present study was to develop a mousse-type synbiotic aerated dessert with low fat content, supplemented with the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture, the prebiotic ingredients oligofructose and inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC), to be stored refrigerated and frozen, and to compare the effect of these ingredients on the product characteristics and the in vitro resistance of the added probiotic microorganism. Using a simplex centroid design, seven guava mousse-making trials were studied during storage at 4°C for 28 days and at -18°C for 112 days. The highest populations of L. acidophilus were achieved in frozen products, always above 7 log CFU/g at up to 12 weeks of storage at -18°C. L. acidophilus viability was satisfactory up to 28 days in the refrigerated mousses supplemented with WPC, with populations between 6.2 and 7.7 log CFU/g. For the other mousses, the populations decreased around 2 log cycles afier 28 days of refrigerated storage. Reductions in L. acidophilus survival during the in vitro assays were high both for refrigerated and frozen mousses. For the refrigerated mousses, the total or partial substitution of milk fat by inulin increased the probiotic survival during the in vitro assays in the first week. In terms of the whole storage, L. acidophilus survival decreased less during the in vitro assays for the frozen mousses. The substitution of milk fat by inulin and WPC and the frozen storage lead to significant differences in the texture of mousses (p<0.05), without affecting their sensory acceptability. Considering the maximum probiotic populations during storage and the survival under the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the best results for the refrigerated product were obtained with the partial substitution of milk fat by WPC at 2 to 3%. The simultaneous addition of inulin and WPC is recommended. However, the total proportion of both ingredients together should not exceed 2.6%, so as to obtain a texture profile and a sensory acceptance similar to the traditional product. Particularly for frozen mousses, the mixture of 2% milk fat and 2% inulin in the formulation is also suggested, for which the best results on probiotic survival in the in vitro assays were observed.

A tecnologia de fabricação de bebidas lácteas envolve a mistura de leite e soro, podendo ser fermentada por bactérias do iogurte ou probióticas e adicionada de polpa de fruta e outros aditivos permitidos. O produto final deve conter bactérias lácticas viáveis em número adequado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver bebidas lácteas probióticas a partir das misturas leite-soro e estudar sua vida-de-prateleira. O efeito da composição da cultura probiótica (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis em co-cultura com Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) e o efeito do pH final da fermentação na cinética de acidificação, pós-acidificação e contagem de bactérias probióticas foram estudados em soro de queijo Minas frescal e em diferentes misturas leite-soro. Bebidas lácteas probióticas foram desenvolvidas a partir das diferentes misturas leite-soro e a vida-de-prateleira foi determinada ao longo de 28 dias de armazenamento do produto a 4°C. As características dos produtos foram seguidas pelas determinações físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. O soro apresentou efeito positivo sobre a velocidade máxima das co-culturas estudadas, bem como as diferentes composições das co-culturas influenciaram o parâmetro estudado. Todas as culturas apresentaram contagens maiores em pH final de fermentação 4,5, quando comparadas às obtidas em pH 5,5. A co-cultura StLb foi a mais rápida a fermentar os diferentes meios estudados e, a StLr, a mais lenta. Com a adição de açúcar e de estabilizante, os parâmetros cinéticos mostraram comportamento diferenciado daqueles obtidos em misturas leite-soro. Nas bebidas lácteas, as contagens de B. lactis mantiveram-se acima do limite exigido pela legislação até 28 dias de armazenamento do produto refrigerado. A pós-acidificação, cor e reologia variaram durante o período de armazenamento, influenciando a análise sensorial, cujos atributos obtiveram maior aceitação em bebidas elaboradas com 10% de sólidos lácteos. Os resultados indicaram que a bebida láctea elaborada com a co-cultura StBl foi a melhor alternativa para desenvolvimento de uma bebida funcional com boas características sensoriais. / The technology of production of lactic beverages involves the mixture of milk fermented by yoghurt or probiotic bacteria and whey in appropriate proportions, and the addition of fruit pulp and other allowed additives. The final product should contain viable lactic bacteria in appropriate counts. The objective of this work was to develop a probiotic lactic beverage from milk-whey mixtures and to study its shelf-life. The effect of the composition of the probiotic culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis in co-culture with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) and the effect of the pH of the end of fermentation in the acidification kinetics, post-acidification and counts of probiotic bacteria were studied in Minas frescal cheese whey and in different mixtures milk-whey. Probiotic lactic beverages were developed from different milk-whey mixtures and the shelf-life was determined along 28 days of storage of the product at 4°C. The characteristics of the products were followed by determination of post-acidification, total acidity, color, rheology, probiotic viability and sensorial analysis. Whey presented positive effect on maximum acidification rates of the studied co-cultures, as well as the different compositions of the co-cultures influenced the studied parameter. All cultures presented higher counts when fermentation was stopped at pH 4.5, when compared to pH 5.5. The co-culture StLb presented the fast acidification performance while StLr, the slowest. The addition of sucrose and stabilizer affected the acidification kinetic parameters. In probiotic lactic beverages, counts of B. lactis were higher than the limit required by the legislation until 28 days of cool storage of the product. The post-acidification, color and rheological parameters varied during shelf-life, influencing the sensorial analysis, whose attributes obtained higher acceptance in the elaborated beverage with 10% of total solids. The results indicated that the lactic beverage elaborated with the co-culture StBl was the best alternative for development of a functional lactic beverage with good sensorial characteristics.

A possibilidade de se obter um produto com grande aceitabilidade nacional, principalmente voltado ao público infantil, com propriedades microbiológicas, nutricionais, físico-químicas e organolépticas ótimas associadas aos benefícios creditados aos probióticos é bastante promissora. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 isolados e em co-cultura, em queijo tipo petit-suisse processado com a adição de Streptococcus thermophilus como cultura starter, sobre as características do produto, ao longo do seu armazenamento refrigerado. Quatro tratamentos de queijo petit-suisse foram estudados (em triplicata): T1 (controle - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04) e T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) e armazenados a 4±1ºC. Foram avaliados parâmetros microbiológicos (população de probióticos, starter e contaminantes), de textura, físico-químicos e sensoriais (aceitabilidade). As análises sensoriais foram realizadas após 7 e 14 dias e as demais análises, após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento dos produtos a 4±1oC. As populações dos probióticos estiveram sempre superiores ao mínimo recomendado para um alimento probiótico, tendo variado de 7,22 a 7,60 log UFC/g e de 8,56 a 8,72 log UFC/g durante o armazenamento, para L. acidophilus e B. animalis subsp. lactis, respectivamente. A cultura starter apresentou populações entre 9,20 e 9,61 log UFC/g no mesmo período. As populações máximas para coliformes totais, bolores e leveduras foram de 2,79 e 3,60 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Os valores de pH diminuíram ao longo do armazenamento, devido à atividade dos microrganismos acidificantes presentes. A umidade variou entre 67,16% e 70,26% no mesmo período. Todos os queijos apresentaram queda na dureza e adesividade ao longo do armazenamento. Na análise sensorial, o queijo T4, com a co-cultura, revelou uma aceitabilidade significativamente maior em todos os atributos avaliados (p<0,05). Após 14 dias de armazenamento, o queijo T3 apresentou uma aceitabilidade significativamente inferior aos demais (p<0,05). A suplementação de queijo petit-suisse T4 com Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04 em co-cultura com a cultura starter resultou em um produto com excelente potencial comercial, tendo apresentado características sensoriais, microbiológicas e de textura bastante vantajosas. / The possibility of obtaining a product with wide acceptability in Brazil, and which is mainly targeted at children and has excellent microbiological, nutritional, physical-chemical and organoleptic properties associated with the benefits ascribed to probiotic microorganisms is rather promising. Thus, the aim of the present work was to examine the influence of the probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04, isolated and in co-culture, on the characteristics of petit-suisse cheese produced with the addition of Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter culture, throughout the period of refrigerated storage. Four petit-suisse cheese trials were studied (in triplicates): T1 (control - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04) and T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) and stored at 4±1ºC. Microbiological (population of probiotic bacteria, of the starter and of contaminants), instrumental texture, physical-chemical and sensory (acceptability test) parameters were evaluated. The sensory evaluation was carried out after 7 and 14 days of storage of the products at 4±1ºC, and further analyses were carried out after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The populations of the probiotics always remained above the minimum level recommended for a probiotic food, having varied between 7.22 and 7.60 log CFU/g, and between 8.72 and 8.56 log CFU/g during storage, respectively, for L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis. The starter culture presented populations between 9.20 and 9.61 log CFU/g in the same period. Coliforms, yeasts and molds presented maximum populations of, respectively, 2.79 and 3.60 log CFU/g. The pH values decreased throughout storage, due to the activity of the acidifying microorganisms present. The moisture ranged from 67.16% up to 70.26% in the same period. All the cheeses studied presented a decrease in hardness and adhesiveness throughout storage. Both after 7 and 14 days, cheese T4 presented the highest sensory acceptance for all attributes evaluated and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). After 14 days of storage, cheese T3 presented the lowest acceptance and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). The supplementation of petit-suisse cheese T4 with both L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis in coculture with a starter culture resulted in a product with excellent market potential, as it presented favorable sensory, microbiological and texture features.

A tecnologia de fabricação de bebidas lácteas envolve a mistura de leite e soro, podendo ser fermentada por bactérias do iogurte ou probióticas e adicionada de polpa de fruta e outros aditivos permitidos. O produto final deve conter bactérias lácticas viáveis em número adequado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver bebidas lácteas probióticas a partir das misturas leite-soro e estudar sua vida-de-prateleira. O efeito da composição da cultura probiótica (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis em co-cultura com Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) e o efeito do pH final da fermentação na cinética de acidificação, pós-acidificação e contagem de bactérias probióticas foram estudados em soro de queijo Minas frescal e em diferentes misturas leite-soro. Bebidas lácteas probióticas foram desenvolvidas a partir das diferentes misturas leite-soro e a vida-de-prateleira foi determinada ao longo de 28 dias de armazenamento do produto a 4°C. As características dos produtos foram seguidas pelas determinações físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. O soro apresentou efeito positivo sobre a velocidade máxima das co-culturas estudadas, bem como as diferentes composições das co-culturas influenciaram o parâmetro estudado. Todas as culturas apresentaram contagens maiores em pH final de fermentação 4,5, quando comparadas às obtidas em pH 5,5. A co-cultura StLb foi a mais rápida a fermentar os diferentes meios estudados e, a StLr, a mais lenta. Com a adição de açúcar e de estabilizante, os parâmetros cinéticos mostraram comportamento diferenciado daqueles obtidos em misturas leite-soro. Nas bebidas lácteas, as contagens de B. lactis mantiveram-se acima do limite exigido pela legislação até 28 dias de armazenamento do produto refrigerado. A pós-acidificação, cor e reologia variaram durante o período de armazenamento, influenciando a análise sensorial, cujos atributos obtiveram maior aceitação em bebidas elaboradas com 10% de sólidos lácteos. Os resultados indicaram que a bebida láctea elaborada com a co-cultura StBl foi a melhor alternativa para desenvolvimento de uma bebida funcional com boas características sensoriais. / The technology of production of lactic beverages involves the mixture of milk fermented by yoghurt or probiotic bacteria and whey in appropriate proportions, and the addition of fruit pulp and other allowed additives. The final product should contain viable lactic bacteria in appropriate counts. The objective of this work was to develop a probiotic lactic beverage from milk-whey mixtures and to study its shelf-life. The effect of the composition of the probiotic culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis in co-culture with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) and the effect of the pH of the end of fermentation in the acidification kinetics, post-acidification and counts of probiotic bacteria were studied in Minas frescal cheese whey and in different mixtures milk-whey. Probiotic lactic beverages were developed from different milk-whey mixtures and the shelf-life was determined along 28 days of storage of the product at 4°C. The characteristics of the products were followed by determination of post-acidification, total acidity, color, rheology, probiotic viability and sensorial analysis. Whey presented positive effect on maximum acidification rates of the studied co-cultures, as well as the different compositions of the co-cultures influenced the studied parameter. All cultures presented higher counts when fermentation was stopped at pH 4.5, when compared to pH 5.5. The co-culture StLb presented the fast acidification performance while StLr, the slowest. The addition of sucrose and stabilizer affected the acidification kinetic parameters. In probiotic lactic beverages, counts of B. lactis were higher than the limit required by the legislation until 28 days of cool storage of the product. The post-acidification, color and rheological parameters varied during shelf-life, influencing the sensorial analysis, whose attributes obtained higher acceptance in the elaborated beverage with 10% of total solids. The results indicated that the lactic beverage elaborated with the co-culture StBl was the best alternative for development of a functional lactic beverage with good sensorial characteristics.

The aim of the dissertation is to examine the mechanisms at work when networks are formed and risk constructions made as bodies encounter frontline technology within the food sector. The concept of technoscience TS, is the link uniting the escalating technology of risk society, rebellious nature and the insidious threats of substances absorbed straight into the metabolism of our bodies through the food that we eat. The TS viewpoint is complemented by a short overview of Beck’s theory about the risk society, in order to explain how research creates risks rather than removing them. The four case studies are all concrete manifestations of technoscience. They are: 1) a study of the alliance between a research company and a bacteria culture, 2) the section about the Gaio controversy and the creation of scientific facts, 3) the case of the scientist and high-ranking official who was sued for defamation of the Danish pig, 4) and finally the scandal of the meat-eating cows. We can observe, aided by Bruno Latour, how particularly in the first two stories, the importance of networks becomes apparent. How network analysis can be a tool for understanding the high-tech development of the food industry in the late 20th century as stories of how scientific claims – or “truths” – are reconstituted and transformed. We are also able to observe how truth is dependent on our own viewpoint, in Donna Haraway’s word it is “situated” or context dependent. The case studies are also examples of the links between body, technology and risk. Because they deal with the food product trade, the link to the body becomes obvious as dangerous food products are absorbed into the body through the food and is spread through the metabolism. The thing that sets risk construction in the use of high-tech production methods in the food trade apart from other areas is the meeting or confrontation between the man-made advanced technology and the limits determined by “nature” through the body. The linking of technology and the human body becomes particularly exciting as we notice that no matter how advanced the technology that has been used to produce a food product, it is still there to be eaten and absorbed by the metabolism of our bodies. In this area of uncertainty the dividing line between the possible and the impossible is fuzzy and changing.