Thesis (MSc.(Chemical pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-131).

No description available.

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Being able to detect if drugs were used in the commission of a crime, and if so what drugs, is of great importance. For many cases these tests can be carried out on an intimate blood or urine sample (one recovered directly from the subject in question), however this may not always be the case. In cases where a dried bloodstain is the only source of biological material, identifying the presence of drugs affecting an individual at the time of stain deposition has not been well studied. Towards this goal, two methods of detection of drugs of abuse in dried bloodstains were evaluated: lateral flow immunoassay test cards and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Stains were created using certified drug-free blood spiked with analytes of interest, and were then extracted and introduced into each testing method. Both methods proved effective for the detection of one or two of the five chosen analytes (amphetamine, cocaine, morphine 3-ß-D-glucuronide, phencyclidine and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydracannabinol), even after 24 hours of drying at room temperature. With further method optimization and more thorough method development, these methods may, in the future, be effectively used for drug detection in forensic stains. However, neither method evaluated in this study was able to detect all of the drugs tested.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_apa_dr_araiq.pdf: 1244248 bytes, checksum: c31c8ba9a10569c696642941b0232500 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em 2005, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) através do Programa de Análise de Resíduos em Alimentos (PARA) indicou que a população brasileira está exposta aos resíduos de pesticidas. Considerando este contexto, foi proposto um projeto temático, coordenado pelo Prof. Dr. João Lauro Viana de Camargo (Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP), com o apoio da Fapesp. Para investigar o efeito da exposição a baixas doses de misturas de pesticidas quanto à carcinogenicidade e alteração do sistema endócrino em ratos machos de Lewis, foram escolhidos quatro pesticidas dentre os mais encontrados pela ANVISA (2005) em frutas e vegetais consumidos no país: diclorvos, dicofol, permetrina (cis-trans), dieldrin e endosulfan (α- ß). Na avaliação da toxicidade destes pesticidas e sua eventual importância para a saúde humana foram utilizados modelos com ratos machos da linhagem de Lewis expostos a esses agentes por via oral durante 8 semanas alimentados com uma ração basal enriquecida com os pesticidas nas concentrações NOEL e LOEL. Como parte do referido projeto temático, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho contempla a otimização e validação de métodos analíticos para a quantificação dos pesticidas selecionados em amostras de ração e tecidos provenientes dos animais de experimentação (fígado e cérebro). É parte fundamental deste projeto, a garantia da dose que estará sendo ingerida pelo animal, por isso foi desenvolvido e validado um método para análise dos pesticidas na ração animal. 0,5 g da amostra de ração triturada e homogeneizada foi extraída com 5 mL de acetato de etila em banho de ultrassom por 20 minutos seguido de centrifugação. O sobrenadante foi concentrado até à secura sob suave corrente de nitrogênio, redissolvido em 1,0 mL de isooctano e 1µL foi analisado por GC/ECD. Os parâmetros de validação... / In 2005, the National Health Surveillance Agency through the program for the analysis of residues in foods indicated that the Brazilian population was exposed to pesticide residues. Considering this context, a thematic project was proposed, under Prof. Dr. João Lauro Viana de Camargo (Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP), with FAPESP financial support. In order to investigate the carcinogenic and endocrine effect of exposure to low doses of pesticide mixtures in Lewis male mice, were chosen four types of pesticides found in fruits and vegetables by ANVISA survey in 2005. The selected pesticides were: dichlorvos, dicofol, permethrin (cis-trans), dieldrin and endosulfan (α- β). The toxicity evaluation of these pesticides was carried out in Lewis male mice fed for 8 weeks with a basal ration enriched with pesticides at concentrations NOEL and LOEL. The main purpose of this work was to optimize and validate analytical methods for determination pesticides in samples of feed and tissue from the experimental animals (liver and brain). The security of dose in animal feed was also developed and validated; 0.5 g sample of feed was triturated, homogenized and extracted with 5 mL of ethyl acetate in ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was concentrated to dryness in a gentle stream of nitrogen, dissolved in 1.0 mL of isooctane and 1 µL was analyzed by GC / ECD. The validation parameters of the method were: recovery of 70 to 99 %, accuracy of less than 10 % (coefficient of variation) and quantification limits LQ between 0.4 and 0.8 mg/g. The proposed method for analysis of mice liver samples was the extraction of pesticides with ethyl acetate in ultrasonic bath followed by cleanup on florisil cartridges (500 mg). The triturated and homogenized liver sample was initially transferred to a glass tube with lid containing 5 mL of ethyl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O controle da superfície química em colunas capilares abertas é de fundamental importância para atingir um alto desempenho na análise cromatográfica, sendo muito estudada ao longo das décadas de 70 e 80, mas tendo pouco destaque nos últimos anos por parte dos pesquisadores. A atividade da superfície de uma coluna capilar é causada por grupos silanol (Si-OH) e impurezas como metais, por exemplo. A presença destes grupos silanol faz com que alguns compostos sofram adsorção, principalmente pela formação de pontes de hidrogênio, originando picos com longas caudas no cromatograma. Por isso, a eliminação dos sítios ativos faz-se necessária quando uma amostra apresenta interação com a superfície da coluna. Esta desativação pode ser feita por meio de agentes silanizantes que reagem com os grupos hidroxila. Visto que a maioria dos artigos publicados sobre este assunto envolve colunas de vidro, o presente trabalho estudou os efeitos de cada fase do pré-tratamento de tubos aplicado para as colunas atuais de sílica fundida, verificando os agentes silanizantes HMDS, DPTMDS e TPDMDS que seriam mais adequados para suportar as fases estacionárias OV-73 e OV-17. Também se avaliou o uso de filmes finos de 0,01 , 0,05 e 0,10 ?m de polietileno glicol (PEG) como alternativa para a desativação da parede interna do capilar, o qual mostrou resultados satisfatórios de estabilidade e inatividade. / The control of the inner surface in open tubular capillary columns has fundamental importance to reach a high performance in gas chromatography analysis. It was very studied during 1970´s and 1980´s, but has not interested the researches along last years, not excluding also, the possibility of commercial secrets regarding column preparation. The activity on the surface of capillary column is mainly caused by silanol groups (Si-OH) and impurities such as metal ions and water. These groups favours reversible and irreversible adsorption of polar compounds, which results in tailed peak shapes and incomplete elution from the column. Therefore, the elimination of the active sites is necessary. The deactivation procedures are based on blocking of silanol groups by means of chemical reaction. This present work studied the effects of the surface pretreatment steps applied to fused silica capillary columns. Some silylating agents such as HMDS, DPTMDS and TPDMDS were valued. The coating behavior using OV-73 and OV-17 stationary phases was studied too. Film thickness of 0,01 , 0,05 and 0,10 ?m of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was applied as alternative procedure, showing good stability and column deactivation.

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