A number of books deal with the subject of the "Pall Mall Gazette", but none attempts to study in a scholarly way the journalistic, commercial and political evolution of this evening newspaper and review. Neither does the paper receive consideration In most of the official biographies and more common political works that deal with its age, even though the "P.M.G." often exerted an influence second only to that of "The Times". In addition, the "P.M.G." during its first twenty-four years provided a notable and continuous experiment in journalism. This study examines the "Pall Mall" through its first three editorships that extended from 1865 to 1889. Chapter I examines the journal under Frederick Greenwood, editor from the journal's founding until 1880. During this time the paper assumed a consciously impartial character which later gradually changed to a conservative coloration, though Greenwood never became a strict party man. Chapters II and III study the journal in the Radical garb it assumed during the editorship of John Morley, between 1880 and 1883. Chapters IV to VII are devoted to the Liberal-Radical "New Journalism" of William Thomas Stead, and Chapter VIII concludes. With the exception of Greenwood's editorship, for which material has been compiled from numerous memoirs and secondary works, the study draws its materials mainly from the daily record of the newspaper itself. Particular care has been taken to identify both permanent staff as well as contributors during the successive editorships and to relate them to the character of the paper. This activity has met with a good degree of success despite the fact that the paper's official files are lacking. The relation of the journal to other newspapers as well as to party thought are points that receive special attention, especially for the later editorships. The main emphasis remains on politics, but a general attempt is made in addition to relate the entire character of the journal to such a focus. Thus the ever-present literary ingredient is examined at some length. Finally, where monographic studies exist of given "crusades" undertaken during Stead's famous editorship, little attempt is made to retrace well-trodden ground. The present study makes a number of points about the various editorships of the paper. The pioneering work of Greenwood to establish the journalistic vehicle upon which Stead in turn built his "New Journalism," as well as the former's work to establish a strong tradition of independent journalism, are points that receive special emphasis. The study also stresses the "watershed" effect of Morley's short innings. His prestige and recruitment of staff aided the paper's recovery following its change of political banner, and girded it with inherent strengths upon which Stead both drew and built. Under Morley the "P.M.G." became recognized as the ablest supporter of Liberalism among the press. It also directly abetted the rise of the Radical leader, Joseph Chamberlain. The most impressive editorship remained that of Stead's, during which the paper succeeded in its efforts to revive the power of the press and attempted to establish its editor's aspiration of "Government by Journalism." In this way, the paper both preceded as well as guided investigation and legislation on many occasions to right outstanding social abuses. Concurrently, Stead's "Pall Mall" served as a means of educating the upper classes in many of the philosophies and movements that characterized the 'eighties, and that included Socialism in its various manifestations, the women's movement and the work of manifold secular arid religious organizations. The paper also attempted to exert a seminal influence upon Liberal thought, particularly in relation to imperialism and internationalism, and to a lesser extent, the question of Ireland. The "P.M.G." actively promoted programs in these fields in a number of instances. At all times the paper served as both bell-weather and friendly centre to the Liberal party. It was made all the more effective since it was the only newspaper of Liberal sentiment in the Metropolis that led active crusades. Its spirit directly reflected the moral ideals of its mentor, and was conspicuously broad, liberal and humanitarian. While Stead's "P.M.G." lasted, it was a remarkable example of much that was vital and admirable in late-Victorian Liberalism. Despite such a colorful and influential history, the "P.M.G." remained for the period of this study an uneconomic undertaking. This factor provided the motivation from which derived the paper's multitude of distinctive advances in journalistic technique. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis explores the dissemination and development of science in colonial America. Specifically, I examine a general periodical (or newspaper), the Pennsylvania Gazette, in the years 1729 - 1755 for articles on natural philosophy, naturalism, technics, medicine, and husbandry, among others. I approach several concerns: the role of the Gazette in the 'popularization' and accessibility of science, the image of natural philosophy that was promoted in the Gazette, how the Gazette served the interests of the public and of those doing science, and how this history influenced science and the press. Public acceptance of scientific method and results made the newspaper critical for a developing colonial American science tied to commercial interests. The image of science presented utilized rationality, empiricism, commercial viability, and opposition to superstition. The Gazette sought a reading public which embodied this epistemology. And to attract an audience, it made science entertaining and meaningful. Yet I little effort went into making science directly accessible through the Gazette. The style of science in the paper remained top down I necessitating expertise, time, and resources for any in the public interested in doing science. No theory and little in the way of explanations could be found in its pages, only what might be termed 'matters of fact' and advertisements for the lectures, texts, and products of science. Those doing science used al ternati ve venues for communicating. Thus, science in the press followed market and governmental forms with a structure of specialization and representation which I term "republican science." I conclude by noting that this form of public science continues in today's newspapers. / Master of Science

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Ce travail décrit et fait l'analyse de l'image des syndicats dans les éditoriaux des quotidiens payants montréalais lors de la première année au pouvoir du gouvernement québécois dirigé par Jean Charest (avril 2003 à avril 2004). Il se concentre sur les éditoriaux traitant des luttes entre les syndicats et le gouvernement Charest. Il examine les éditoriaux relatifs au syndicalisme parus dans Le Devoir, La Presse et The Gazette. Le travail présente et explique les ressemblances et les divergences apparaissant entre les différents journaux dans l'image que ceux-ci renvoient des syndicats. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Image, Journal, Médias, Syndicalisme, Montréal, Québec (province), Gouvernement, Jean Charest.

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This study provides an insight into the state of business journalism ethics in Africa, firstly through an examination of newsroom ethical policies and secondly through an exploration of the way in which African business journalists negotiate ethical decision-making in their day-to-day news processing practices. Thirdly, it examines how the three African media organisations have responded in their newsroom policies and practices to the debates on the Africanisation of journalism ethics. In order to collect data, the researcher employed document analysis, semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Three financial newspapers namely: Business Day in South Africa, Business Daily in Kenya and Financial Gazette in Zimbabwe were purposively chosen. In these African countries, business journalism has been steadily growing since the late 1960s, fuelled by the presence of robust stock exchanges, making the issue of business journalism ethics of central importance. Grounded in the sociology of news production paradigm, Bourdieu’s journalistic field theory and debates on Africanisation of journalism ethics, this study identifies three major issues. First, the research found that while all three newspapers had clear ethical guidelines in place, and editors and journalists recognised the importance of ethical behaviour, ethical practice did not always follow. A disconnect exists between words (codes of ethics) and actions (practice) especially in Kenya and Zimbabwe, where business journalists are more susceptible to economic and political pressures. The argument is ethical considerations notwithstanding, people need to survive. This is largely due to the precarious economic basis of news organisations, lack of effective monitoring, and a pervasive culture of unethical behaviour at some sites. Second, the study also shows that institutional factors such as advertising, powerful news sources and interference from senior management make ethical business journalism difficult to practice. Third, Africanisation remains an academic issue with little movement towards that direction in most newsrooms studied. The findings of this study demonstrate that business editors in African newsrooms are confused on what ‘Africanisation’ entails especially given their shared view that journalism practices are universal. It recommends that business journalism codes of ethics informed by African values are long overdue. In terms of enforcement and monitoring of codes, it is important to use compliance officers or ombudsperson and periodically run in-house refresher courses on ethics and professionalism. It is imperative that the financial press improve the working conditions of its employees in order to lessen incidences of corruption which are threatening the credibility of media content and media organisation themselves.

The construction of journalistic professionalism in Zimbabwe has stirred debate among scholars. Critics have argued that professionalism has been compromised by the stifling media laws in Zimbabwe as well as the extra legal measures the state has enforced to control the press. Some have also argued that a new kind of journalism must be emerging in the Zimbabwean newsroom as journalism try to cope with the political and economic pressures bedeviling the country. Much of this criticism however, has not been based on close interrogation of professionalism from the perspective of the journalists in any particular newsroom. It is against this background that this study examines the constructions of professionalism at the Financial Gazette. In particular it explores the meaning of professionalism through interrogating the journalistic practices the journalists consider during the process of news production in the context of overwhelming state power. In undertaking this examination, the study draws primarily on qualitative research methods, particularly observation and multi-layered individual in-depth interviews. As the study demonstrates, the interrogation of professionalism from the perspective of newsroom practices uncovers the complex manner in which professionalism is negotiated in the Gazette’s newsroom located in a country undergoing transition in Democracy. The study establishes that when measured against normative canons of journalistic professionalism the Gazette is deviating from such tenets as public service and watchdog journalism. As the study indicates, perhaps unbeknown to the respondents, the ruling ZANU PF party hegemony is reproduced at the Gazette through choice of news values such as sovereignty and patriotism all euphemisms for ruling party‘s slogans.

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Muitos são os potenciais benefícios e obstáculos envolvendo a implantação de iniciativas de dados governamentais abertos (DGA). Dentro do universo de dados passíveis de serem abertos, os Diários Oficiais (DOs) constituem um exemplo ainda pouco estudado. Tendo em vista que os atos públicos se tornam válidos através da publicação em DOs, fica evidente a importância das informações contidas nesses documentos. Essas informações podem vir então a ser melhor reutilizadas uma vez que sejam publicadas seguindo os preceitos de DGA. Este trabalho teve como objetivos desenvolver uma ferramenta para a publicação de um DO em formato aberto, incluindo diversos grupos na definição de seus requisitos e documentando todo o processo. Utilizando uma metodologia inspirada na Design Science Research e na Pesquisa-Ação, foi firmada uma parceria com um órgão público, atuando no processo de abertura dos dados. O processo buscou permitir algum nível de participação através de eventos e questionários. O levantamento de requisitos considerou as necessidades dos gestores envolvidos, a literatura relacionada e as colocações feitas por participantes dos eventos e questionários, buscando assim uma aferição mais completa das necessidades relacionadas. O acompanhar do processo também permitiu algumas considerações sobre os interesses e desafios envolvidos no mesmo. A ferramenta desenvolvida tem recebido um número crescente de acessos e boas avaliações por parte de usuários tanto internos como externos à administração pública. Algumas tentativas de reúso automático dos dados publicados já vêm ocorrendo, mostrando os desafios e potencialidades dos mesmos / Many are the potential benefits and obstacles related to open government data (OGD) initiatives. Among all the data that could be opened, the Official Gazettes (OGs) are one example still demanding better studies. Noting that the public acts only become valid through publication in OGs, it is evident the importance of the information within these documents. This information can then be better reused if published following OGD principles. This work, adopting a methodology inspired by action research, and in partnership with a public body, acted in an OGD initiative and in the development of a tool complying with the requirements of its publication. The process sought to allow some level of participation through public events and questionnaires. The requirement analysis took into consideration the demands of the involved civil servants, related literature and the opinions of the participants of the events and questionnaires, seeking a more complete view about the related demands. Throughout the entire process the challenges and interests were explored, pursuing a better understanding of matter. The tool has received an increasing number of accesses and good reviews by users from the public administration and in general. Some attempts were made to automatically reuse the published data, demonstrating the potentialities and challenges of them

Muitos são os potenciais benefícios e obstáculos envolvendo a implantação de iniciativas de dados governamentais abertos (DGA). Dentro do universo de dados passíveis de serem abertos, os Diários Oficiais (DOs) constituem um exemplo ainda pouco estudado. Tendo em vista que os atos públicos se tornam válidos através da publicação em DOs, fica evidente a importância das informações contidas nesses documentos. Essas informações podem vir então a ser melhor reutilizadas uma vez que sejam publicadas seguindo os preceitos de DGA. Este trabalho teve como objetivos desenvolver uma ferramenta para a publicação de um DO em formato aberto, incluindo diversos grupos na definição de seus requisitos e documentando todo o processo. Utilizando uma metodologia inspirada na Design Science Research e na Pesquisa-Ação, foi firmada uma parceria com um órgão público, atuando no processo de abertura dos dados. O processo buscou permitir algum nível de participação através de eventos e questionários. O levantamento de requisitos considerou as necessidades dos gestores envolvidos, a literatura relacionada e as colocações feitas por participantes dos eventos e questionários, buscando assim uma aferição mais completa das necessidades relacionadas. O acompanhar do processo também permitiu algumas considerações sobre os interesses e desafios envolvidos no mesmo. A ferramenta desenvolvida tem recebido um número crescente de acessos e boas avaliações por parte de usuários tanto internos como externos à administração pública. Algumas tentativas de reúso automático dos dados publicados já vêm ocorrendo, mostrando os desafios e potencialidades dos mesmos / Many are the potential benefits and obstacles related to open government data (OGD) initiatives. Among all the data that could be opened, the Official Gazettes (OGs) are one example still demanding better studies. Noting that the public acts only become valid through publication in OGs, it is evident the importance of the information within these documents. This information can then be better reused if published following OGD principles. This work, adopting a methodology inspired by action research, and in partnership with a public body, acted in an OGD initiative and in the development of a tool complying with the requirements of its publication. The process sought to allow some level of participation through public events and questionnaires. The requirement analysis took into consideration the demands of the involved civil servants, related literature and the opinions of the participants of the events and questionnaires, seeking a more complete view about the related demands. Throughout the entire process the challenges and interests were explored, pursuing a better understanding of matter. The tool has received an increasing number of accesses and good reviews by users from the public administration and in general. Some attempts were made to automatically reuse the published data, demonstrating the potentialities and challenges of them