Career choice in education and the acquired/achieved level of education are factors that influence social status of men and women. Despite the fact that women, on average, currently achieve a higher level of education than men, women's marketplace status and their height of salary often do not correspond to it. One of the reasons is a low proportion of women in mathematics-related subjects. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of gender stereotypes and identification with mathematics in career choice. In the theoretical part of this thesis, I introduce the basic terms related to gender and gender stereotypes, the role gender plays in institutions and the potential causes of gender differences in the performance in mathematics. In the empirical part, I analyse data from a questionnaire study investigating career choice, level of identification with mathematics, attitudes to courses in the curriculum and the level of gender stereotypes in Czech adolescents. The results suggest few differences between girls and boys in these areas. However, the level of identification with mathematics and the level of gender stereotypes in the career area are related to the educational career choice.

Masters thesis "Analysis of perception of gender roles" describes opinions of current society on status of men and women. The objective of the diploma thesis is to gain information about how people perceive gender roles and gender stereotypes. It is very important to discover whether today society still follow gender stereotypes. The theoretical part focuses on description of gender history from period of industry revolution to the present. Furthermore, it defines and deeply describes gender roles and stereotypes and indicates results of several researches that focused on gender issue. The empirical part analyses results of questionnaire survey which was discovering perception of gender roles on a conscious level of human. Second part of the empirical analysis, unstructured interviews and projective techniques, such as test of unfinished sentences and implicit association test, which examined perspectives on this issue in relation to subconsciousness. The conclusion evaluates and compares results of each method used in this paper and deduces verdicts specifically attitudes of current society.

This thesis deals with the issue of gender stereotypes in the context of parental upbringing. This paper is based on qualitative research and analysis of eleven semi- structured interviews with parents who bring up at least two children of different sex. I focus on the relation between identified gender stereotypes in upbringing and parenting style. I also focus on gender stereotyped attitudes of fathers and mothers within individual families. On the basis of the interviews analysis I conclude that gender stereotypes in upbringing and overall optics of gender stereotypes are present in all families, regardless of parenting style. I am finding that differences among families with diverse parenting styles are primarily in the degree of awareness of gender stereotyped attitudes and the degree of active transmission of these attitudes to their children.

Because of I am a woman the gender issues are very close to me. Different perceptions of men and women we can see all arend us. Attributing stereotypical roles may have influence for the society as a whole. Currently have these issues the more and more attention. I believe that this is a favorable time for a change. From the available sources it is clear that sex discrimination does exist. Women do not have the same conditions as men. The role of mother has not enough for them. They want to achieve their own successes. And the more successes they want to achieve, the more they are forced to overcome barriers. In the theoretical part, after studying literature and other sources, I'm trying to describe briefly the main ideas of feminism and its influence on the pursuit of equality between men and women. Attention was focused primarily on gender, describing the basic concepts, as shown in the society and what principles are used in practice in these issues. After then I examine the labor market and the discrimination that exists here. From the available literature, I found out what the position of women and men in the labor market and what types of discrimination women face. I described the legislative measures in the Czech Republic and European Union. The closing part of theoretical part I focused for the women in politics and leadership positions and barriers, which restrict them access to these realms. The practical part of my work is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, I analyzed the situation on the labor market of Czech Republic in terms of women's representation in politics. Representation of women is very low. I expressed my opinion on the issue of equal representation of men and women in politics and quotas that could solve this situation. The second chapter is devoted of the research, in which I learned how the public perceived gender issues, whether they met with the discrimination on the labor market themselves and whether they agree with these positive measures like the correct solution for this problem. For gaining these datas, I chose the method of questionnaire survey, thanks to which I managed to get valid answers from 195 respondents. In the final part, I evaluated the results of the questionnaire and to suggested the recommendations how to resolve the current situation.

Hlavním cílém této diplomové práce bylo analyzovat současnou situaci žen ve vyšším managementu ve vybraných společnostech s hlavním zaměřením na Českou republiku. Dále prozkoumat baríery, kterým ženy čelí pří jejich cestě na manažerské pozice a poskytnout doporučení budoucím manažerkám. Tato práce se skládá ze dvou částí a to části teoretické a praktické. V první části jsou analyzovány teoretické pojmy spojené s termínem gender, současná situace žen v managementu a ženský styl vedení. Praktická část diplomové práce je rozdělěna na dvě další části. V první části jsou provedeny rozhovory s ženami z vyššího managementu, které pocházejí z různých společností. V druhé části je tato problematika analyzována z pohledu odborníku ze společnosti Hays Česká republika.

Hösten 2020 beslutade Sveriges riksdag att sex- och samlevnadsundervisning ska vara ett examensmålen för alla lärarutbildningar (från förskolan och upp till gymnasiet) från hösten 2021 för lärarutbildningarna vara sexualundervisningen. Men beslutet redogör inte hur det ska gå till, eller vilket/vilka kunskapsmål i kursplanerna som omfattas. Lärarna får därmed stort utrymme för hur uppdraget ska realiseras. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka den didaktiska potentialen i Fredrik Backmans bok Björnstad. Boken har analyserats utifrån aspekterna identitetsskapande, genus och könsroller samt status, inom ramen för samhällskunskap 1b. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har kvalitativ textanalys tillämpats. Resultatet visar att boken har didaktisk potential eftersom boken visar på karaktärerna brottas med sina respektive identiteter och roller på sina individuella sätt, där ishockeykulturen har stor inverkan. / In the autumn of 2020, the Swedish Parliament decided that sex education should be one of the objectives for all teacher education (from preschool and up to upper secondary school) from the autumn of 2021. But the decision does not explain how it should be down or which knowledge goals in the syllabus are covered. The teacher get a lot of freedom to implement the assignment. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the didactic potential in Fredrik Backman’s book Björnstad. The book has been analyzed on the basis of the aspects identity creation, gender and gender roles, and status, within the framework of social studies 1b. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a qualitative text analysis has been applied. The result show that the book has didactic potential because the book shows the characters wrestling with their respective identities and roles in their individual’s ways, where the ice hockey culture has a great impact.

ABSTRACT  Aims:  While the relationship between unemployment and well-being is widely acknowledged, there has been little exploration of its consequences for older workers. It is also less clear whether this relationship differs between welfare states characterized by varying levels of social protection for the unemployed. Thus, the aim is to examine the relationship between unemployment and well- being, considering factors such as age and gender across diverse contexts.  Methods:  Data is utilized from the European Social Survey (ESS), round 9 conducted in 2018, encompassing 25 countries classified into five welfare state regimes (Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Southern and Eastern), with 44 577 respondents, aged 16-90. Well-being is measured using the variable "Happy" on a 10-point scale. The analysis includes individual-level factors (employment status, age, gender) and macro-level factors (welfare state regimes). Employment status was main activity in the last 7 days. Linear regression models are employed, with a focus on both the entire population and the unemployed within each welfare regime. The analysis initially compares well-being between the employed and unemployed, followed by a focused analysis on older (55 years or older) unemployed.  Results:  Unemployed individuals in all countries reported lower well-being than those employed. Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Bismarckian regimes exhibit a significant negative impact of unemployment on well-being, while Southern and Eastern European states demonstrate more modest impacts. Older unemployed individuals generally indicate higher well-being across all regimes compared to young and middle-age unemployed, although the results lack statistical significance. Gender-based disparities in well-being within the Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, and Bismarckian regimes also lack statistical significance, implying an equivalent negative impact of unemployment on both men and women. In contrast, Eastern and Southern regimes exhibit a significant distinction, with higher well-being among unemployed women compared to men. Conclusion:  The negative relationship between unemployment and well-being is consistent across Europe but varies by welfare state regime. Simultaneously, older unemployed individuals report higher well- being, suggesting that younger and middle-aged unemployed individuals may face more significant challenges in navigating the association between unemployment and well-being. This difference may be attributed to the presence of social protection mechanisms within welfare regimes, exerting a positive influence on the well-being of the older demographic, and variations in work culture, such as an earlier retirement age in some countries and lower work norms in others. The non-existent gender differences in the association between unemployment and well- being in the Scandinavian, Bismarckian, and Anglo-Saxon regimes suggest a shared work norm where women should experience similar psychosocial and economic pressures as men when unemployed. Yet, in Eastern and Southern regimes, women exhibit significantly higher well-being than men, which indicate that traditional standard of the man as the main breadwinner is still pervasive in Eastern and Southern regimes. These findings emphasize the influence of contextual factors on the relationship between unemployment and well-being. / SAMMANFATTNING  Syfte:  Även om sambandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande är allmänt erkänt, har det gjorts lite forskning kring dess konsekvenser för äldre arbetstagare. Det är också mindre tydligt om detta förhållande varierar mellan välfärdsstater som kännetecknas av olika nivåer av socialt skydd för arbetslösa. Således är syftet att undersöka förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande, med hänsyn till faktorer som ålder och kön i olika sammanhang.  Metod:  Data används från European Social Survey (ESS), omgång 9 genomförd 2018, omfattande 25 länder indelade i fem välfärdstatsregimer (Skandinavisk, Anglo-Saxisk, Bismarckiansk, Södra och Östra Europa), med 44 577 respondenter i åldrarna 16–90. Välbefinnande mäts med variabeln "Lycka" på en 10-gradig skala. Analysen inkluderar individuella faktorer (sysselsättningsstatus, ålder, kön) och makrofaktorer (välfärdsstatsregimer). Sysselsättningsstatus var huvudaktivitet de senaste 7 dagarna. Linjära regressionsmodeller används, med fokus på både hela populationen och de arbetslösa inom varje välfärdsregim. Inledningsvis jämförs välbefinnandet mellan de sysselsatta och arbetslösa, följt av en detaljerad analys av äldre (55 år och äldre) arbetslösa. Resultat:  Arbetslösa i alla länder rapporterade lägre välbefinnande jämfört med de sysselsatta. Skandinaviska, Anglo-Saxiska och Bismarckianska regimerna uppvisar en signifikant negativ påverkan av arbetslöshet på välbefinnandet, medan länderna i Södra och Östra Europa visar mer måttliga effekter. Äldre arbetslösa indikerar generellt sett högre välbefinnande i alla regimer jämfört med unga och medelålders arbetslösa, även om resultaten saknar statistisk signifikans. Könsskillnader i välbefinnande inom Skandinaviska, Anglo-Saxiska och Bismarckianska regimerna saknar också statistisk signifikans, vilket antyder en likvärdig negativ påverkan av arbetslöshet på både män och kvinnor. Å andra sidan uppvisar Södra och Östra regimerna en signifikant skillnad, med högre välbefinnande bland arbetslösa kvinnor jämfört med män. Slutsats:  Det negativa förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande är konsekvent över hela Europa men varierar mellan välfärdsregimer. Samtidigt rapporterar äldre arbetslösa personer högre välbefinnande, vilket antyder att yngre och medelålders arbetslösa personer kan stå inför större utmaningar när det gäller att hantera konsekvenserna av arbetslöshet. Denna skillnad kan bero på närvaron av socialt skyddsnät inom välfärdsregimerna, vilket har en positiv inverkan på välbefinnandet hos de äldre, samt variationer i arbetskultur, såsom en tidigare pensionsålder i vissa länder och lägre arbetsnorm i andra. De icke existerande könsskillnaderna i förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande i Skandinaviska, Bismarckianska och Anglo-Saxiska regimerna antyder en gemensam arbetsnorm där kvinnor bör uppleva liknande psykosociala och ekonomiska påfrestningar som män när de är arbetslösa. I motsats till detta uppvisar kvinnor i Östliga och Sydliga regimerna signifikant högre välbefinnande än män, vilket indikerar att den traditionella normen där mannen är huvudförsörjaren fortfarande är utbredd i Östa och Södra regimerna. Dessa resultat betonar betydelsen av kontextuella faktorer för förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande.

Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph