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Focusing on satirical prints from illustrated newspapers, this thesis examines nineteenth-century French notions of masculinity in a culture that linked its reputation for success to the productivity of its male citizens. I will focus on man’s connection to marriage and family life, as these institutions were so closely connected to perceptions of masculinity. Specifically, I look at portrayals of the cuckold and the bachelor—tropes of male identity that deviated from the ideal notions of the French man—and how printed images reflected, commented on, and shaped the ways in which conventional French masculinity was imagined. Examining these lithographs in light of specific social and political shifts, including changing marriage and divorce laws, the rising feminist movement, and the loss of the Franco-Prussian war, will ground my project historically. Popular lithographic prints, from the 1840s to the early 1900s, remarked not only on masculinity itself—the ways in which men should act and look—but also on the ways in which any departures from the norm threatened the French family and nation. Although medical journals and etiquette manuals expounded on the ‘natural’ qualities of men, satirical cartoons that were most often published weekly, were immediately pertinent in their commentary. Using prints to decode these ever-prevalent issues of masculinity, my project makes clear why representations and notions of certain types of masculinity were so alarming to French audiences. Although much of the scholarship around nineteenth-century French lithography deals with the censorship issues and political implications of the illustrated newspapers, I focus instead on the social ramifications of such images. I emphasize the distinctive nature of such prints—the audience, the circulation, and the cultural impact of printed images themselves. Looking to both art and social historical texts, I concentrate on the everyday realm of printed images, and what it meant for Parisian men and women to be surrounded by such tropes. My thesis connects the growing concerns over family and marriage to issues of failed masculinity and the ways in which they were addressed in the print culture across the century. It explores how these satirical cartoons provided a humorous, yet urgent, visual attempt to illuminate the tricky and conflicting expectations of French men in the nineteenth century. / Art History

Health disparities, including higher rates of mental or physical illness, are found among members of minority or marginalized groups including people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender. However, there is a paucity of research incorporating both experiential components and measures of physical health, particularly among trans men during their transition from female to male. Trans men transition through the use of testosterone therapy (T) and surgical procedures in order to align their internal male gender identities with their physical presentation. This study combines the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in order to understand trans men's experience of their changing bodies, identify the primary stressors faced during different stages of transition, and measure the biological manifestation of psychosocial stress during transition. Sixty-five trans men who were utilizing testosterone (T), participated in this cross-sectional study of stress experience during transition. The study involved in-depth, in-person interviews and multiple biological measures including: 24-hours of blood pressure monitoring, three consecutive days of salivary sampling for measures of cortisol and testosterone, a blood-spot for measures of C-reactive protein (CRP), and anthropometric measures. The general hypothesis for this study was that men in earlier, more liminal stages of transition would experience more transition and gender-related stress than men later in the process and that this stress would manifest experientially, psychologically, and physiologically. As expected, transition-specific psychosocial stress was associated with physiological measures, and was more pronounced among trans men in the liminal stages of transition. Moreover, comparisons of stress experience during different stages of transition uncovered variation in how trans men perceived and experienced changes in their bodies and social identity. A number of experiential aspects of transition were identified from the qualitative interviews and found to be linked to physiological stress measures including decreased nocturnal decline in blood pressure, increased cortisol levels, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP). In particular, issues related to transitioning identity stress (TIS), challenges linked to "passing" and being "out" as transgender, and specific acute stressors including the use of gender-specific public restrooms were each found to be independently associated with biological measures of stress.

Our research applies an intersectional lens to consider how gender, ethnicity and the minority status of immigrants, shape women migrant entrepreneurs’ motivations, measure of success, and barriers at different stages of the entrepreneurial journey, accounting for the sociocultural context. We applied a qualitative approach constructed around a case study strategy and semi-structured interviews with 6 Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs running a business in Ottawa, Canada.  The results highlighted that there is wide range of motivations for women migrant entrepreneurs to start running a business and they are confronted with different barriers. They may share some similar motivations and barriers, but their socio-cultural context makes each of their situations unique. We came to the same conclusion regarding their definition of entrepreneurial success. This research brings a better understanding of the motivations and barriers faced by an understudied population and it also allowed them to define their own criteria for measuring success. The results are limited to only one study area and one ethnicity. A larger sample size with more cases from multiple study areas could provide further insights.

One of the most important French grammar rules is the rule of superiority: Masculine subjects always trump feminine subjects when there are multiple subjects. Superiority is closely followed by the acceptance that all nouns have a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine. Since 1984, and over the span of forty years, these rules have been challenged on multiple levels of French society. The research conducted over the course of this thesis focuses on the mentality and reactions of the French people towards inclusive language made up of inclusive writing campaigns, the feminization of traditionally masculine names, career positions, and titles, and the introduction of gender-neutral forms of conjugating and neo-pronouns. The studied responses are be categorized into those of the French government, the Académie Française, as well as those from the Canadian government and the Office québécois de la langue française. Research demonstrates the existence of a clear division between "traditionalist" and progressive values at work within the afore-mentioned levels of French societal attitudes. While official government publications and committees seem to reflect a positive attitude towards the adoption of feminized terms, the lack of support for inclusive writing systems by the government contradicts this. This thesis outlines these responses and reactions, seeking to establish a timeline for the implementation and acceptance of feminized terms and neutralization efforts in both the French and Canadian governments.

Relatively few studies have explored the relationship between gender role conflict (GRC) and an individual's religious/spiritual identities. This study sought to add to the research on GRC by exploring the experiences of female and male GRC, and expand the understanding of the influence of religion/spirituality (R/S) variables on GRC. Participants (N = 359) were recruited from social media and undergraduate courses and completed an online survey that assessed GRC, a variety of R/S variables, and life satisfaction. Overall, there were some significant differences found between male and female experiences of GRC. In general, the R/S variables did not have a large impact on GRC. However, religious fundamentalism and extrinsic and quest religious orientations were related to specific subscales of GRC. Maintaining congruency between one's personal values and one's religious institution was related to lower levels of specific subscales of GRC. Additionally, GRC was related to lower levels of life satisfaction. Regarding the subscales of GRC, restrictive emotionality was the strongest predictor of lower life satisfaction. By furthering research on the interplay between GRC and R/S, clinicians will be more equipped to handle the repercussions of stereotypical roles within gender and religion, address negative attitudes and behaviors, and lead discussions about finding congruency between one's gender and R/S identities.

Jag har gjort en kvalitativ studie där jag intervjuat tre par, där minst en av informanterna i varje par bodde på SÄBO (särskilt boende för äldre, även kallat äldreboende). För att förstå och analysera de äldres berättelser av sina relationer och sin kärlek till varandra har jag använt mig av en tolkande fenomenologisk analys. Jag vill med min uppsats bredda synen på närhet och kärlek hos par boende på SÄBO samt öppna upp för begreppet ”äldre-existens” som ett svar på det jag kallar samhällets obligatoriska ungdomlighet. Min intention är att ge en fördjupad förståelse för begreppet ”närhet” för att kunna förstå äldre personers relationer och kärlek utan att bidra till den sexualisering och avsexualisering som forskare ofta faller in i när de studerar äldres relationer.

En nous invitant à considérer son œuvre d’un point de vue esthétique, André Gide souhaite dépasser les considérations morales et psychanalytiques plaçant un pan de la sexualité en dehors de la norme. L’auteur s’attache à présenter les défauts de tout ce qui est défini a priori comme étant la normale. Ainsi, le paraître auquel ont recours certains personnages de L’Immoraliste, des Caves du Vatican ou des Faux-monnayeurs permet de repenser le modèle représenté par la famille bourgeoise. Il ne convient plus de traiter certaines perversions comme de simples déviances. En jouant avec les apparences, les personnages oscillent entre le monde du spectacle et le travestissement. Tous ces jeux rhétoriques et esthétiques incitent à une redéfinition de la perversion. Ajoutons enfin que cette volonté de dépasser l’idée selon laquelle l’homosexuel se trouve en dehors de la normale permet à Gide de proposer une véritable réflexion sur l’homosexualité et la place de l’homosexuel dans notre société. C’est notamment grâce à cette réflexion que va émerger dans les pays anglo-saxons et plus tardivement en France une nouvelle approche de la sexualité appelée : Gender Studies / By asking to look at his work from an aesthetical point of view, André Gide wishes to go beyond the moral and psychological standards which tend to consider some parts of sexuality outside of the norm. Gide shows all the flaws of what is considered normal. In doing so, the family has to face its own flaws. The appearance that is shown by some characters of L'Immoraliste, Les Caves du Vatican or Les Faux-monnayeurs, gives the author the opportunity to reconsider the model that embodies the bourgeois family. Hence, it appears that the principles on which are based the norm and what is normal aren’t enough to claim that some perversions are just deviances. Playing with appearances, the characters range from simple acting to complete disguise; therefore, no one can rely on what they have shown. Through rhetorical and aesthetical games, Gide invites us to redefine perversion. Moving the boundaries that place the homosexual outside of the norm, Gide goes in depth about homosexuality and its standing in our society. Thanks to this new definition, it will emerge first in Anglo-Saxon countries and later in France a new approach to sexuality called "Gender Studies".

<p>Sweden is often described as one of the best countries in the world for women to live in. Despite this and despite a number of equal opportunity interventions within the area of higher education from the mid 1990s and on, Sweden follows the international pattern of the "leaking pipeline" when it comes to gender distribution in academia. The higher up in the academic hierarchy the more men and the fewer women. The topic of this thesis is mapping gender in academic workplaces. The aim is to explore ways in which the social relations of researchers everyday working lives are gendered. This involves studing ways in which gender inequality is produced, maintained or ignored within the discource of gender equality in Swedish academic workplaces and in Swedish society at large.</p>

<p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att diskutera hur rättsväsendet är påverkat av normer och värderingar. Vi undersöker om sådana normer och värderingar visar sig i enskilda individers berättelser om ärenden som rör våldtäkt/sexuellt våld riktat mot kvinnor. Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt är feministisk och vi utgår därför från Joan W. Scotts förståelse av genus i vår studie. Vi har även använt oss av andra forskares tankegångar som exempelvis Stina Jeffner, Simon Ekström, Christian Diesen och Helena Sutorius/Anna Kaldal. </p><p>Vi analyserar åtta personliga intervjuer med individer som är verksamma inom rättsväsendet.1 Syftet ringas in med hjälp av tre frågor: 1) Vad är det för faktorer som enligt våra informanter påverkar rättsapparatens hanterande av fall som rör våldtäkt/sexuellt våld mot flickor och kvinnor? 2) Kan den juridiska definitionen och de utsagor som återkommer i massmedialt material, rättsprotokoll och våra intervjupersoners berättelser relateras till varandra? 3) Till sist vill vi även resonera något kring vilka följder och effekter som dessa relationer bidrar till. </p><p>Våra slutsatser är: I våra intervjupersoners berättande blir tydligt att när de konfronteras med våra frågor som bl.a. rör den massmediala kritiken angående felaktiga beslut i våldtäktsmål, så försvarar man sin egen yrkeskår och förskjuter problematiken till att gälla andra aktörer inom rättsväsendet och man ser sig inte själv som delaktig i denna process. Det blir även påtagligt i det mediala materialet och i rättsprotokollen att fokuseringen ligger på kvinnan, att våldtäkt i första hand förstås som ett kvinnoproblem. Detta tycker vi oss även återfinna i vår analys av intervjupersonernas berättande där problematiken runt våldtäkt/sexuellt våld riktat mot kvinnor främst förskjuts från att vara ett socialt samhällsproblem till att framstå som ett individuellt problem. </p>