This text focuses on three historical characters: "The three Antonios", with emphasis on the third character, who was born in Chile and whose name is Jose Antonio de Rojas. The three characters come from the novel The Dream of History (2000), by Jorge Edwards. Two ofthem were French and the third one was Chilean. The thing that they had in common was that they were influenced by the French Enlightenment. They lived in Chile during Spanish Colonialism at the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. This historical period was full of political, social and military conflicts, which led to the establishment of aRepublic in Chile. However, this process of liberation was not unique for this country but took place in the whole American Continent. The text is characterized by a very parodic language and this parody has a specific function, i.e., to highlight identity related factors such as nation, language, class, gender and ethnicity. This is achieved by questioning and making illegitimate (invalid) the CUlTent discourse ofhistoriography.

This present study analyses whether the Portuguese textbooks contribute to students\' digital literacy. To accomplish this research, we have selected seven Portuguese books from the 6th grade (primary school, late years), approved by the Textbook Guide of the National Textbook Program (Portuguese for PNLD-2014). To analyse them, the background theoretical information is anchored in the field of digital literacy, supports discussion and in the study of discursive genders (digital). The methodology is qualitative with bibliographic and documentary bias. To apply it, we have built a table and a graph that rank the books with more digital terms. With these data, we have selected two books for analysis. Our results point out that they do contribute to the digital literacy of the students, with reading and writing activities focusing on the diversity of digital genera that circulates in the network society. However, this result is still little within the universe of the seven analysed books. If we extend this number for the 12 books that have been approved by the PNLD/2014, we observe that the result is even smaller. Therefore, Portuguese textbooks need to address more digital genera, because they do contribute to the digital literacy development of the students who live increasingly in a digital society. / O presente trabalho analisa se os livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa contribuem para o letramento digital de alunos. Para realização desta pesquisa, selecionamos sete livros de Língua Portuguesa, do 6º ano, do Ensino Fundamental Anos Finais, aprovados pelo Guia de Livros Didáticos do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD-2014). Para analisá-los, a fundamentação teórica está ancorada no letramento digital, na discussão de suporte, no estudo dos gêneros discursivos (digitais). A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa com viés bibliográfico e documental. Para aplicá-la, construímos uma tabela e um gráfico que mensuram os livros com mais termos digitais. Com esses dados, selecionamos dois livros para análise. O resultado das análises aponta, que eles contribuem para o letramento digital dos alunos, com atividades de leitura e escrita, com foco na diversidade de gêneros digitais que circulam na sociedade em rede. Todavia, esse resultado é ainda pouco dentro do universo dos sete livros analisados. Se ampliarmos esse número para os 12 livros, os quais foram aprovados pelo PNLD/2014, observamos que o resultado é ainda menor. Portanto, os livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa precisam abordar mais gêneros digitais, pois eles contribuem para o desenvolvimento do letramento digital de alunos que vivem cada vez mais numa sociedade digital. / Mestre em Tecnologias, Comunicação e Educação

本論文以異作為分離相論的轉折這點為主軸，逐段解釋一些相關的段落來看異之相在晚期相論中的作用，主要涉及的對話錄是《哲人篇》與《巴門尼德斯篇》。 本論文的架構是從《巴門尼德斯篇》第一部分開始，看分離相論所會導致的問題，再從第二部分的回應中看到分離以外，假定諸相相互結合作為另外一種可能，以及在第五組假設中所顯現的異之相所具有的存有學上的重要性。而通種論中最高種間彼此的關係、在《哲人篇》中所引入的二分法以及篇中所連帶解決的問題則在二到五章中呈現。並於第五章節總結了異在《哲人篇》及通種論中的地位及作用。首先是異在《哲人篇》中達到了指出有一種虛假的言說存在的目的；並且異的存在解釋了諸相的基本結構，最高種的劃分必也是依據這種基礎，它們必分有「是」而是，分有異而得以相區別，而諸種屬必相連結構成那諸多被區別出的種或類；回返至《哲人篇》前半部和最後一部分所使用的分解法，此方法亦是立基於通種論和異的結構上。通過一個整體的連結能夠有一個包含其下所有類的最高種，其得以作為一個劃分的起點，而類差作為劃分的依據也因同異的存在而是可能的。 / The aim of this thesis is to show how the idea of difference works in Plato’s late theory of Ideas, and it is chiefly concerned with Plato’s Parmenides and Sophist. The theme of the first part of Parmenides is what will be caused by Chorismos, and of the second part might show another possibility from the Chorismos, that is, the communion of genera. And then the fifth hypotheses of the second part of Parmenides might show the importance of the idea of difference in Plato’s late ontology. In Sophist, since the theory of communion of genera might solve the problem of Chorismos, and the idea of difference as one of the greatest genera of the communion of genera, which might be the most important one, I deal with it and the relations between the fives greatest genera. There are also the problems that be solved by the idea of difference in Sophist, and which brings a new method (dialectics) of Plato’s late dialogues, for defining all of them clearly, I analysis those concerned paragraphs.

This study reports forest structure, regeneration and the soil properties from unlogged and logged forest in the Bulungan Research Forest, Malinau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Four sites were compared by using four 1-ha replicate plots in each of primary forest (PF), 5, 10 and 30-yr old logged forest (LF-5, LF-10, LF- 30). The tree species composition differ among forest types, as it was shown that the mean value of similarity indices for all pairs were 0.215 (for the Jaccard index) and 0.353 (for the Sorensen index). The low values for similarities among forest types were most probably caused by low numbers of species shared between each forest type. Both correlation values, r = 0.023 for Jaccard index and r = 0.031 for Sorensen index, showed no strong correlation between the similarity index (C) and the distance between forest types. This supports the use of a chronosequence approach. A total of 914 tree species with ³ 10 cm dbh were recorded from 223 genera and 65 families. There were no significant differences in mean species numbers (166 – 180/ha) among treatments. Mean density of species was lower in LF-5 and LF-10 (501/ha) than in PF or LF-30 (605/ha and 577/ha); similarly to mean basal area (LF-5, 28.5 m2/ha; LF-10, 32.6 m2/ha) vs. PF (45.8 m2/ha) and LF-30 (46.9 m2/ha). Dead wood on the forest floor was significantly higher in LF-10 (75 m3/ha) than in the other treatments. Seedlings (< 2 cm dbh) of 1,022 species were recorded from 408 genera and 111 families. The mean number of tree seedling species ranged between 170-206; the mean density of seedlings was about two-fold lower in LF-10 (2790/ha) than in the other treatments. Saplings (>2 – 9.9 cm dbh) of 802 species belonged to 241 genera and 65 families. There was a high variability in species richness across treatments (89 – 191/ha), but not in stem numbers. The Dipterocarpaceae family was dominant in all treatments, followed by the Euphorbiaceae. The soils were acidic, low in nutrients and had low to very low fertility. Both primary and logged forest areas are marginal or not suitable for sustained production of plantation crops. Logging caused soil compaction in LF-30. Although in terms of number of species and trees, amount of BA, number of saplings and seedlings LF-30 appeared to have satisfied prescriptions for a second harvest, ecologically the forest is far from mature. The Indonesian Selective Cutting and Replanting (TPTI) system may need to be revised to a 35 – 45 year cycle to ensure long-term forest productivity in terms of not only timber but other goods and ecosystem services, the value of which are never quantified in monetary terms, but can be higher than the timber revenue.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3411.pdf: 2299382 bytes, checksum: 44ff227a0e9cd4657b1aca56caa5179c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The plants release primary and secondary metabolites in the environment that may influence the development of adjacent vegetation, this interference phenomenon is called allelopathy. It is recognized as an important ecological process because it interferes with the structure, distribution, composition and dynamics of plant communities. Studies on allelopathic interactions may be useful in the search for natural phytotoxins are produced by plants or microorganisms to be used as natural herbicides, more specific and less harmful to the environment. According to floristic survey conducted by IBGE, Myrtaceae family is one of the major in the cerrado ecosystem. This study attempted to clarify the following issues: species of Myrtaceae family present in the cerrado (Brazilian savanna) exhibit allelopathic potential? There is a similar allelopathic response within genera? Among the active species, which is most promising for starting a bioprospecting? Some of these species has potential as a herbicide for use in agroforestry or organic production of food? To answer these questions were conducted experiments of seed germination and seedling growth of target species cultivated and weedy, and chemical extraction of active compounds in leaves of Myrcia tomentosa. The leaves of Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Campomanesia pubescens, Eugenia bimarginata, Eugenia klotzschiana, Eugenia myrcianthes, Eugenia punicifolia, Myrcia bella, Myrcia lingua, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens, Myrcia tomentosa, Psidium australe, Psidium cinereum, Psidium laruotteanum and Psidium rufum were collected , cleaned, crushed and stored in plastic bags until use. In the first stage, were carried out the germination and growth bioassays using aqueous extracts of leaf in a concentration of 10% (w / v). We selected three target species, Lactuca sativa and Solanum lycopersicum, both eudicotyledonous and a monocotyledonous Allium cepa. The extracts were applied to all Myrtaceae species compared with the control (distilled water). In the second phase, bioassays were carried out using aqueous extracts of leaves at concentrations of 5 and 10% (w / v). We selected as target species three weeds Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinochloa crus-galli and Ipomoea grandifolia. The leaf extracts of B. salicifolius, M. multiflora, M. splendens and M. tomentosa were compared to negative control (distilled water) and positive (herbicide Oxyfluorfen). In the third stage were carried out biotests germination, growth, and coleoptile of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to direct chemical extraction of active compounds of M. tomentosa. The extractions were carried out using dried leaves powdered and organic solvents of different polarity, the extracts were fractionated using chromatographic column and purified by HPLC. The isolated and purified compounds were identified in RMN13C and RMN1H, by comparison of spectra. The results showed that aqueous extracts of twelve out of fifteen donor species evaluated showed allelopathic activity and each species showed a distinct behavior regarding the allelopathic activity, no grouping by taxonomic proximity. Evaluating the four species most active on weeds species, was detected the potential and efficiency of the extracts, since these were more toxic to weeds species than the herbicide. The leaf extracts of M. tomentosa stood out for demonstrating high activity even at low concentrations, so was chemical extraction from powdered of leaves of M. tomentosa were isolated two compounds from the ethyl acetate extract: juglanin and avicularin, the difference between ix both is the presence of one hydroxyl attached to carbon 3' in avicularin molecule, this difference has an phytotoxic effect more pronounced in the juglanin. This paper is the first report of the presence of the flavonoids kaempferol (juglanin) and quercetin (avicularin) in species of Myrtaceae of cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and gave foundation for future studies on bioprospecting of the M. tomentosa, which did not find any reports of allelopathic studies, fractionation and identification of chemical compounds. / Os vegetais liberam metabolitos primarios e secundarios no ambiente que podem influenciar no desenvolvimento da vegetacao adjacente, este fenomeno de interferencia e denominado alelopatia. E reconhecida como um processo ecologico importante, pois interfere na estrutura, distribuicao, composicao e dinamica de comunidades vegetais. Estudos sobre interacoes alelopaticas podem ser uteis na busca por fitotoxinas naturais, produzidas por plantas ou microrganismos a serem empregados como herbicidas naturais, mais especificos e menos prejudiciais ao ambiente. De acordo com inventario floristico realizado pelo IBGE a familia Myrtaceae e uma das principais em riqueza e diversidade no ecossistema de cerrado. Assim, este trabalho tentou esclarecer as seguintes questoes: especies da familia Myrtaceae presentes no cerrado apresentam potencial alelopatico? Existe semelhanca na resposta alelopatica dentro dos generos? Dentre as especies ativas, qual a mais promissora para se iniciar uma bioprospeccao? Alguma dessas especies apresenta potencial para utilizacao como herbicida em sistemas agroflorestais ou de producao organica de alimentos? Para responder essas perguntas foram realizados bioensaios de germinacao de diasporos e crescimento de plantulas, de especies alvo cultivadas e infestantes de cultura, e extracao quimica de compostos ativos em folhas de Myrcia tomentosa. As folhas maduras de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Campomanesia pubescens, Eugenia bimarginata, Eugenia klotzschiana, Eugenia myrcianthes, Eugenia punicifolia, Myrcia bella, Myrcia lingua, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens, Myrcia tomentosa, Psidium australe, Psidium cinereum, Psidium laruotteanum e Psidium rufum foram coletadas, higienizadas, trituradas e armazenadas em embalagens plasticas ate a utilizacao. Na primeira etapa, os bioensaios de germinacao e crescimento, foram efetuados utilizando-se extratos aquosos de po de folhas em concentracao de 10% (p/v). Como especies receptoras foram selecionadas duas eudicotiledoneas Lactuca sativa e Solanum lycopersicum e, uma monocotiledonea Allium cepa, nas quais foram aplicados os extratos de todas as especies de Myrtaceae comparadas ao controle (agua destilada). Na segunda etapa, os bioensaios foram efetuados utilizando-se extratos aquosos de po de folhas em concentracao de 5 e 10% (p/v). Como especies receptoras foram selecionadas as infestantes de cultura Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinochloa crus-galli e Ipomoea grandifolia, nas quais foram aplicados os extratos de folhas de B. salicifolius, M. multiflora, M. splendens e M. tomentosa, comparadas ao controle negativo (agua destilada) e ao positivo (herbicida Oxifluorfem). Na terceira etapa, foram efetuados biotestes de germinacao, crescimento e de coleoptilo de trigo para direcionar a extracao quimica de compostos ativos de M. tomentosa. Para tanto as extracoes foram feitas empregando-se o po de folhas e os solventes organicos de diferentes polaridades. Os extratos foram fracionados em coluna cromatografica e purificados em CLAE. Os compostos isolados e purificados foram identificados em RMN13C e RMN1H, por comparacao de espectros. Os resultados mostraram que extratos aquosos de doze das quinze especies doadoras avaliadas apresentaram atividade alelopatica e cada especie demonstrou comportamento distinto em relacao a atividade alelopatica, nao houve agrupamento por proximidade taxonomica. Avaliando as quatro especies mais ativas sobre especies invasoras, constatou-se o potencial e a eficiencia dos extratos, uma vez que estes foram mais fitotoxicos as especies invasoras que o herbicida. O extrato foliar de M. tomentosa destacou-se por demonstrar elevada atividade mesmo em baixa concentracao, assim foi realizada a extracao quimica do po folhas desta especie. Foram isolados dois compostos do extrato acetato de etila: juglanina e avicularina, o que as diferencia e a hidroxila ligada ao carbono 3 na molecula de avicularina, esta diferenca produziu efeito fitotoxico mais acentuado da molecula de vii juglanina. O presente trabalho relatou pela primeira vez a presenca dos flavonoides kaempferol (juglanina) e quercetina (avicularina) em uma especie de Myrtaceae do cerrado e deu embasamento para futuros estudos relativos a bioprospeccao da especie Myrcia tomentosa, da qual nao se encontrou nenhum relato de estudos alelopaticos, fracionamento e identificacao de compostos quimicos.

Orientador: Maria Filomena Spatti Sandalo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamachoRamirez_RafaelMartin_M.pdf: 1317388 bytes, checksum: 82c5afa27221425fbb08dfdfde8e0049 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo principal dar conta do assim chamado Se aspectual no espanhol, especificamente no dialeto falado na cidade de Lima. Fundamentalmente tem tido duas aproximações para explicar ao clítico: semântico-aspectual e sintático. Neste trabalho trata-se de combinar as duas perspectivas através da hipótese de que há um nó Causa nas construções com o clítico aspectual. Baseados nos trabalhos de Pylkkänen (2002, 2008) postulamos que o espanhol é uma língua voice-bundling e root-selecting, isto é, os nós Causa e Voice aparecem juntos, fundidos, e Causa seleciona diretamente a uma raiz que será verbalizada. Construções com o Se aspectual com verbos como Morir(se) ou Beber(se) seriam casos de um processo de causativización (opcional) do verbo. Para a parte aspectual, baseamos-nos no trabalho de de Miguel y Fernández (2000). As autoras argumentam que as construções com o Se aspectual têm duas fases. A segunda fase, que inclui a culminação do evento e a mudança do estado, é focalizada pelo clítico Se. Na tese trata-se de fazer equivaler essas duas fases com os eventos causante e causado, respectivamente. A análise, por outro lado, ajudará a mostrar qual é a função do clítico Se e qual posição ocuparia na sintaxe; especificamente, postulamos que o clítico é um reflexivo que se geraria no Sv, adotando a hipótese base-generated dos clíticos. Também se pretende no trabalho dar conta de maneira exaustiva de todos os contextos verbais nos que aparece o clítico em questão: com verbos inacusativos e transitivos / Abstract: This thesis has like main aim give account of the called aspectual Se in Spanish, specifically in the dialect spoken in the city of Lima. Fundamentally there have been two approaches to explain to the clitic: semantic-aspectual and syntactic. In this work, I try to combine the two perspectives through the hypothesis that there is a Cause node in the constructions with the aspectual clitic. Based in the Pylkkänen's work (2002, 2008), I posit that the Spanish is a voice-bundling and root-selecting language, this is, the Cause node and Voice appear together, merged, and Cause selects directly to a root that will be verbalize. Constructions with the aspectual Se with verbs like Morir (Die) or Beber (Drink) would be cases of a optional causation process of the verb. For the aspectual part, I have based in the de Miguel and Fernández (2000) work. The authors argue that constructions with the aspectual Se have two phases. The first phase is the process (or equivalent) expressed by the verb. The second phase, that includes the culmination of the event and the change of state, is focalized by the clitic. In the thesis, I treat to be equivalent these two phases with the causing event and caused event, respectively. The analysis, on the other hand, will help us to elucidate the function of the Se, and which position would occupy in the syntax; specifically, I posit that the clitic is one reflexive that would have been generated in the Sv, adopting the base-generated hypothesis of the clitics. Also I pretend in this thesis give account, of exhaustive way, of all the verbal contexts in which the clitic appears: with unacussative, inergative, and transitive verb / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Les angrecoïdes constituent le groupe d'orchidées épiphytes le plus diversifié dans les Afrotropiques, comprenant environ 800 espèces. Bien que beaucoup d'attention leur aient été porté, certaines énigmes taxonomiques subsistent au sein des angraecoïdes, et les facteurs à l'origine de leur diversification rapide sont encore inconnus. Les angraecoïdes présentent une remarquable diversité en termes du nombre chromosomique, en faisant un système très approprié pour explorer l'impact des changements caryotypiques sur la cladogenèse, les taux de spéciation/extinction et la diversification morphologique dans le contexte des fluctuations climatiques en Afrique tropicale depuis le Miocène. En outre, grâce au large éventail des longueurs d'éperon nectarifère que ces orchidées présentent, elles ont fait l'objet, depuis Darwin, de recherches approfondies dans le cadre des interactions plantes-animaux. Ici, sur base de nouveaux arbres phylogénétiques produits en utilisant ITS-1 ainsi que cinq marqueurs plastidiques et englobant environ 40 % des espèces, nous fournissons un nouveau cadre taxonomique pour les principales lignées d'Angraecinae. De plus, le cadre taxonomique des angraecoïdes est mis à jour avec, notamment, la description de trois nouveaux genres et six nouvelles espèces. Cette nouvelle hypothèse phylogénétique nous a permis d'étudier si les changements des caryotypes et des pollinisateurs ont pu être les moteurs de la radiation évolutive des angraecoïdes. La reconstruction des états ancestraux du nombre chromosomique révèle une histoire caryotypique dominée par la dysploïdie descendante en Afrique tropicale continentale, où environ 90 % des espèces dérivent d'au moins un changement inféré de n = 17–18 à n = 25 au Miocène moyen. L’examen des intervalles de position du nectar par rapport au pollen dans les Afrotropiques a révélé qu'environ 3 % de la flore des angiospermes de Madagascar est probablement pollinisée par des sphinx, alors que cette proportion est d'environ 1,6 % en Afrique continentale. Les nombreux changements de guilde de pollinisateur vers la sphingophilie ayant eu lieu chez les angraecoïdes seraient à l’origine d’environ 31 % des espèces, y compris certaines lignées ayant les taux de spéciation les plus élevés. En dehors du domaine de la sphingophilie, de nouveaux exemples possibles d’ornithophilie, de phalénophilie et de pollinisation par des tipules à long proboscis/microlepidoptères sont discutées. Des perspectives de recherche concernant l'évolution génomique chez les angraecoïdes et l'impact et les mécanismes des changements des sites de fixation des pollinies sont suggérées. Enfin, certaines priorités pour l’observation de nouveaux pollinisateurs sur le terrain et les frontières de l’alpha et bêta-taxonomie chez les angraecoïdes sont présentées. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse porte sur l’Institution harmonique, un traité manuscrit composé par Charles Guillet entre 1640 et 1647, dédié à l’archiduc Léopold-Guillaume. Une étude introductoire précède la transcription de la dédicace, de la préface et du premier livre (le seul qui subsiste). Elle met en lumière l’auteur Charles Guillet (ca. 1575-1654), une figure originale mais peu connue dans le paysage musical et apporte des éclairages sur la source manuscrite (notamment organisation, contenu et dessein théorique). La construction de son discours est enfin analysée à travers l’usage des sources (choix des autorités et compilation de deux « phares harmoniques » qu’étaient Zarlino et Salinas). Par la mise en scène de controverses, Guillet démontre la supériorité de la division syntone sur la diatone et justifie la théorie modale de Zarlino. Dans le premier livre sur « la Theorie, ou Speculative Musicale », la théorie arithmétique des rapports et des proportions est appliquée aux intervalles puis aux questions pratiques du tempérament / This dissertation deals with the Institution Harmonique, a hand written treatise, composed by Charles Guillet between 1640 and 1647, dedicated to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm. An introductory study precedes the transcription of the dedication, preface and Part 1 (the only one remaining to this day). It introduces author Charles Guillet (ca. 1575-1654), an original yet poorly known figure of the musical scene. You will find some specifications regarding the hand-written source (organisation, content and theoretic purpose). I will analyse the construction of discourse through the use of the various sources (choice of authorities and compilation of Zarlino and Salinas, two « harmonic lighthouses ». By staging of controversies, Guillet demonstrates the superiority of syntonic tuning on Pythagorean tuning and justifies the zarlinian modal theory. In the Part 1 on « The Theory, or musical speculative », the arithmetic theory of ratios and proportions is applied to the intervals then to the practical questions regarding temperament