Thesis advisor: Sean Clarke / In the popular press and in the public imagination there has been much interest in the concept of generational differences—the idea that one’s experiences might vary as a function of the timing of one’s birth and other key life events relative to historical markers or periods. While research findings on generational differences in the workplace, including occupational health, have been limited and inconsistent, nurse administrators have noted important occupational health differences in work-related experiences of the nurses they supervise. This secondary analysis of cross-sectional data on 1,146 direct care staff registered nurses in non-administrative roles enrolled in the Boston Hospital Workers Health Study (BHWHS) in 2014 examined the relationships between being a member of one of three generationally-defined age groups (Baby Boomers, Generation X and Millennials) and indicators of three major categories of health. Physical (measured by body mass index, pain presence and severity, absences and limitations related to pain, and occupational injury), psychological (measured by psychological distress), and overall work-related (measured by work limitations) health variables were analyzed using regression modeling controlling for individual and work-related characteristics. Overall, this sample of nurses from two major teaching hospitals in a single city, which was relatively homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity, reported generally good health and serious symptoms or limitations were rare. With a few notable exceptions, poor physical health was more common in older age groups and psychological symptoms were worse in the younger age groups in this cohort. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and may reflect a number of selection and survivor biases. Further research is needed to replicate these findings before drawing broader conclusions about age or generation as influences on nurse occupational health. As the empirical literature stands, it appears that energy would best be focused on nurturing a culture of health, emphasizing risk factors for various health problems, across all age groups, rather than in tailoring health promotion efforts for nurses by age or generation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

In this essay, I will examine the theory of territorial rights developed by Anna Stilz. The overarching project of hers is to defend a system of territorially sovereign states, the defense of which is grounded in the natural rights of individuals to personal autonomy and self-preservation. She begins her theoretic project by arguing for the plausibility of the preinstitutional occupancy right, intended to grant individuals usage-rights over the earth, existing irrespective of social or moral conventions, formally defined as follows: “Occupancy Rights. A person has a preinstitutional right to occupy a particular area if (1) access to spaces in that area is fundamental to his located life plans and (2) his connection to the territory was established without any wrongdoing on his part, involving (at a minimum) no expulsion or wrongful interference with prior occupants or infringement of others’ claims to an equitable distribution of geographical space.” The condition of equitable distribution expresses a concern for proportionality.  It seems as if Stilz believes that no territorial holding will be legitimate unless it is of an appropriate scale, with regard to the holdings of others. This condition is referred to by Stilz as the fair-use proviso. The fair-use proviso concerns the occupancy claims made by individuals. Stilz also introduces conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, named as the full proviso. Stilz’ defines the full proviso as follows: (conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory): “The full proviso hold that a just distribution of the earth’s spaces must (i) satisfy everyone’s basic territorial interests and (ii) grant groups with shared practice-based interests the right to use geographical space in ways that reflect these interests, so long as the groups are of sufficient size, and so far as this is institutionally feasible.” For an individual occupancy claim to be legitimate is simply that it is consistent with the conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, i.e. the full proviso. The full proviso and the fair-use proviso are thus inseparable parts of a whole. In what follows, if not specified otherwise, I will alternate in referring to the fair-use proviso as the fair-use proviso or simply the proviso. The full proviso will always be italicized when discussed.  The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the fair-use proviso is satisfying in the face of some criticism. In completing this task, I will draw on an objection put forth by Lea Ypi. The objection as formulated by her is not in direct response to Stilz, however I believe we might draw on her work to formulate a powerful objection from scarcity to Stilz’ fair-use proviso. The question at stake in this essay is thus if the objection of scarcity is successful against Stilz’ fair-use proviso.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de vérifier si les baby-boomers sont à l’origine d’une rupture de l’équité intergénérationnelle en France. Elle repose sur une application de la méthode des Comptes de Transferts Nationaux, ce qui permet d’obtenir une mesure par âge de la consommation, des ressources individuelles, de l’épargne et des transferts publics et privés entre 1979 et 2011. Des projections sont également réalisées à l’horizon de l’année 2060 grâce au modèle MELETE concernant les transferts publics reçus et le revenu disponible. Les résultats, qui sont établis au regard des principaux critères de justice intergénérationnelle, ne présentent pas de rupture manifeste et généralisée de l’équité entre générations, même si la société française se caractérise par certaines iniquités concernant la répartition des revenus d’actifs et la répartition des pensions de retraite entre générations. Par ailleurs, cette thèse apporte des résultats qui sont utiles à la compréhension de la solidarité familiale en France. Depuis trente ans, l’augmentation du poids économique des donations et des héritages coïncide avec une diminution du poids des aides en sein des ménages et une stabilité du poids des aides entre ménages. Il en résulte que les transferts privés entre ménages sont de moins en moins adaptés aux besoins des bénéficiaires, ce qui est corroboré par une analyse micro-économétrique en panel qui montre que les évènements vécus par les donateurs peuvent déclencher le versement de donations, contrairement aux aides entre ménages qui dépendent exclusivement des évènements vécus par les donataires. / The purpose of this dissertation is to asses if baby-boomers are responsible of intergenerational inequities in France. To answer this research question, the dissertation applies the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to the case of France, for the time period covering 1979-2011, therefore capturing national accounts aggregates such as consumption, individual resources, savings and transfers by age. Projections are conducted up to 2060 for public transfers inflows and for disposable income using the computable general equilibrium model “MELETE”, and the results are drawn from the main criteria of intergenerational justice. The results of this dissertation show that there is no obvious and widespread disruption of fairness between generations in the country. However, France is still characterized by intergenerational inequities seen through the allocation of asset income and publics pensions. The NTA methodology also provides useful results about private transfers in France. Since 1979, the role of wealth transfers increased over time, whereas the role of private transfers within households (intra-household transfers) decreased over this period and the role of regular, occasional and in-kind transfers between household (inter-household transfers) remained stable. It follows that private transfers are less and less responsive to the needs of transfer recipients. In fact, a micro econometric analysis using panel data shows that the life events experienced by transfer givers can trigger the payment of inter vivos wealth transfers, which is not the case for inter-household transfers that depend exclusively on the life events experienced by the recipients.

1 Standortübergreifende Zusammenarbeit in der Entwicklungspraxis Innovationen stellen einen entscheidenden Faktor für erfolgreiche Unternehmen dar (Schumpeter 1934). Dabei zeigen Studien, dass erfolgreiche Unternehmen in Produktgenerationen entwickeln (Albers et al. 2014). Unter Produktgenerationsentwicklung wird die Entwicklung von Produkten verstanden, die auf Referenzprodukten (z. B. Vorgänger- oder Wettbewerbsprodukten) basieren und gezielt um neue Funktionalitäten erweitert werden bzw. deren bestehende Funktionalitäten verbessert werden (Albers et al. 2015a). In der Praxis zeigt sich, dass ein immer größer werdender Anteil der entsprechenden Entwicklungsaktivitäten von verteilten Teams durchgeführt wird, deren Teammitglieder sich an unterschiedlichen Standorten innerhalb eines Landes oder über Landesgrenzen hinweg befinden (Zanker & Horvat 2015). Hierdurch entstehen neuartige Herausforderungen, die sich im Schwerpunkt auf Planung, Steuerung, Zusammenarbeit und Controlling dieser Teams beziehen. Diese Herausforderungen lassen sich allerdings nicht losgelöst voneinander betrachten, sondern erfordern eine integrative Sicht auf die zum Einsatz kommenden Entwicklungsprozesse, Entwicklungsmethode und Softwaretools. Beim Zusammenspiel dieser Elemente ist zudem darauf zu achten, dass diese situationsspezifisch ausgewählt und angewendet werden, wie beispielsweise bei der situationsgerechten Auswahl adäquater Entwicklungsmethoden (Albers et al. 2015b), und dass die Konfiguration aus Prozessen, Methoden und Tools die Fähigkeiten und Bedürfnissen beteiligter Einzelpersonen und Teams berücksichtigen. Außerdem müssen die besonderen Charakteristika der Produktentwicklung, wie zum Beispiel die Gleichwertigkeit von erkennenden und gestaltenden Aktivitäten, bei der Auswahl und Entwicklung von Prozessen, Methoden und Tools beachtet werden (Albers & Lohmeyer 2012).

Purpose: The purpose of particular study is to explore individuals’ perceptions of knowledge sharing and its obstacles in a multigenerational engineering company. This study focuses on two groups of individuals: employees and managers. The perception of knowledge sharing and how differently generations perceive it is covered in this study. The obstacles which could occur during knowledge sharing between different generations in the engineering field are explored. The role of management in knowledge sharing processes is also covered. Methodology: To explore individuals’ perceptions of knowledge sharing and its obstacles in a multigenerational engineering company. A qualitative research approach was applied, using single company case study strategy. The case company is one of the leading construction engineering companies in Latvia. The primary data was gathered by conducting 12 semi-structured interviews, 3 interviews per every generation (Millennial, Generation X and Baby boomer) and 3 interviews with managers. The secondary data was obtained from the company, which included internal documents covering the general information about the company, guidelines and policies. By the usage of primary and secondary data triangulation of the study was reached. Findings: The thesis provides analysis of knowledge sharing and its obstacles within the multigenerational workforce of a construction engineering company. The perceptions of three generational cohorts such as Baby Boomers, Generation X and Millennials are presented. The conceptual framework for the study was built on the basis of three dimensions such as organizational. individual and technological obstacles. Based on the conceptual framework, authors brought up several propositions which supported the analysis process. The analysis showed that there are differences in perception of knowledge sharing and obstacles connected with it between engineers of different generations. Originality: There has not been any research about knowledge sharing between different generations in Latvia nor in Northern Europe, in general. The engineering field is a knowledge intensive sector, therefore knowledge sharing is crucial. Labor force still contains three different generations, thus it is important to explore whether engineering companies in Latvia have faced knowledge sharing obstacles, as it is a rapidly developing sector in this particular country.

This paper is concerned with the examination of Caspar Hare's (2007) de dicto approach to the non-identity problem and specifically the non-identity case of The Inconsiderate Mother. On the de dicto approach an act can be wrong if it makes things de dicto worse for a role, even if that act does not make things worse for any actual person that fills that role. In this paper I provide a brief overview and reconstruction of Hare's argument. I argue that objections to Hare's arguments due to David Wasserman (2008) do not give us reason to dismiss the de dicto approach. Lastly I consider an objection to the effect that Hare's solution to the non-identity problem is ad hoc. I conclude that the de dicto approach faces some challenges but that we cannot readily dismiss it.

Purpose/aim Culture, lifestyle and economy are the three factors that influence the purchasing intentions for luxury goods. The aim of our dissertation is investigating if the importance of the factors will be changed or not, with the changing generations in China. Design/methodology/approach In this dissertation, we use questionnaire to collect data, and then use mathematics and statistics to test our hypotheses. Findings The results show that the importance of the factors could be changed, with the changing generations in Beijing and Qingdao. In contrast, the importance of the factors could not be changed, with the changing generations in Ningbo. So, we cannot establish in China, the importance of the three factors could be changed or not, with the changing generations. Originality/value In this dissertation, our original ideas are the different generations and the factors which effective influence the Chinese consumer´s purchasing intentions of luxury goods. We collected data in different cities in China to figure out if there is any connection between the three factors and three generations. The risk of the research is the sample size, we will have errors in that respondents.

Immigrant entrepreneurship is defined as business establishment and ownership among immigrants who arrive to a new host country. Immigrant entrepreneurship has become an important theme due to the increasing rates of immigration to developed countries, and its impact on their economic development. However it is also discredited and qualified as low value-added, rarely innovative, restricted to the ethnic communities and with stagnating growth potential. Following this debate, a new research stream affirms that immigrants should not be treated as one entity. Thus attention is shifting towards groups of immigrant entrepreneurs that were previously neglected in the literature. One such group consists of the second generation children of immigrants. Work to date provides ample investigation about immigrant entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial process; however there is less research on similarities and differences in the entrepreneurial process experienced by first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Despite some recent research on second generation immigrant entrepreneurs, this topic remains understudied. The objective of this study is to understand, from a multi-level perspective, how different generations of immigrant entrepreneurs experience the entrepreneurial process. Using a grounded theory approach and qualitative in-depth interviews, the findings indicate that first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs experience the entrepreneurial process differently by facing different micro and macro level enablers and obstacles. They also recognize, evaluate and exploit opportunities differently. The extent to which they are embedded in specific environments affects their entrepreneurial experiences.

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Communication Science at the University of Zululand, 2003. / In this study I investigated generational differences between urban Zulu adolescents in the Durban region and their parents or guardians in order to determine whether there is, as it was popularly known in the nineteen seventies, a generation gap between children and their parents. My research entailed a literature survey phase in which I analysed academic literature relating to the socialization of adolescents, the socio-political climate in which present-day Zulu parents grew up under the now gone Apartheid system and the socio-economic climate in which the present generation or urban Zulu adolescents have grown up since the introduction of the new democratic dispensation in South Africa in 1994. The stark socio¬political difference in landscapes in which parents and their children have grown up leads one to hypothesise that there would a generation gap between present-day urban Zulu adolescents and their parents. The empirical part of my research tests the va¬lidity of the before-mentioned generation gap hypothesis. I how¬ever prefer to think of serious generational differences as children WEARING MASKS in the presence of their parents. Instances where children and parents do not discuss specific topics could be seen as both parties wearing masks. Instances where they strongly disagree or agree to respectfully disagree, while signifying genera¬tional differences could not be seen as wearing masks. The major findings of my research is that there are clear indica¬tions of generational differences between my respondents and their parents with regard to matters like the interpretation of 1. current affairs and 2. political matters, but not with regard to 1. music taste, 2. adolescent friendships, 3. perceptions about the HIV/AIDS pandemic or 4. religious be¬liefs. My conclusion therefore is that while generational differ¬ences do exist, Zulu adolescents and their parents in the Durban region in fact are not wearing masks when interacting with one another.

Some school districts are exploring mentorship to help teachers enact more effective classroom practices that lead to higher student outcomes. The Good to Great study, by the National Network of State Teachers of the Year outlined the professional growth opportunities that state teachers of the year (STOYs) perceived as contributing to their success in the classroom. Although the STOYs noted that mentorship was a key factor, the original study did not examine how different generations of educators may respond differently to mentorship based on their generational cohort identity. The purpose of this nonexperimental, causal-comparative study using Good to Great data was to examine how STOY Baby Boomers and Gen Xers perceived specific attributes of official and unofficial mentorship. Strauss and Howe's generational cohort theory and Zachary's mentoring theory provided the theoretical foundation. The research questions examined whether there was a significant difference between STOY Baby Boomers' and STOY Generation Xers' perceptions of (a) official mentors' and unofficial mentors' levels of empathy, (b) the alignment of personality to the mentee, and (c) their ability to offer support. In a secondary analysis of the existing data, Hotelling's T2 tests indicated that Baby Boomers and Gen Xers did not show a significant difference in their overall perceptions of official nor unofficial mentoring factors. However, a post hoc analysis indicated that Baby Boomers had a significantly higher (p = .01) perception of official mentors' personality alignment to the mentee. The positive social change implication of this study is the potential to increase student learning by designing more effective mentorship programs to meet the needs of different generations of teachers.