Orientation: Currently there is much debate whether modifying traditional reward packages to focus on the preferences of multi-generations would be essential in attracting, motivating and retaining talent. Total Reward factors, Perceived Organisational Support and Perceived Supervisor Support are distinct but related concepts, and all of them appear to influence an employee’s decision to stay at an organisation. Research purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the different total reward components which multi-generations prefer as most important for retention. In essence, the study aims to establish possible relationships between multi-generations’ Total Reward components, Perceived Organisational Support (POS), and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS). Motivation for the study: This study is useful as it conducts a contemporary retention exploration that considers both the emerging demographic workforce shift and the new paradigm shift towards talent management. An enriched understanding of retention preferences that influences organisational commitment may benefit the organisation who wants to retain their valuable talent. Research Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional research design with convenience sampling was used. Data were gathered from employees (N = 303) at different industry sectors in South African organisations, using the Total Reward Scale (based on WorldatWork’s total reward model) and the Perceived Organisational Support Scale (SPOS), and the Perceived Supervisor Support Scale (SoPSS). Main findings: The results showed that performance management and remuneration are considered to be the most important retention factors among multi-generation groups. The study revealed Cronbach Alpha’s of 0.82, 0.92 and 0.95 for the total reward scale, SPOS and SoPSs respectively. Differences between total reward preferences and demographical variables which include age, gender, race, industry and job level, were found. Moreover, differences between total reward preferences, Perceived Organisational Support (POS) and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) and demographical variables which included race, industry, job level were found. The findings of the study indicates a strong practically significant positive correlation (r (df=237, p> 0.001) = 0.298, medium effect) between Total Reward components and POS. A strong practical significant positive relationship (r (DF=233, p>0.001) = 0.250, medium effect) was found between Total Reward and PSS. The study confirmed a strong practically significant positive correlation (r (df= 230, p> 0.001= 0.662, large effect) between POS and PSS in this study. This indicates that an increased perception of organisational support can be associated with an increased perception of Supervisor Support. Multiple regression confirmed that only race groups and job level groups mediate/moderate the relationship between Total Reward and POS as well as Total Reward and PSS. Practical/managerial implications: Managers or HR practitioners should design their reward packages by taking employees preferences into account. More specifically, HR practitioners should focus on remuneration, performance management and development opportunities in order to retain scarce skills. Contribution/value additions: The study on retention preferences of different demographic groups within the South African context adds considerably to the existing body of literature. The results of the study can assist managers and HR practitioners to design effective retention strategies, while also providing crucial information for the retention and motivation of employees. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

From 2007 up until now, Russia’s period fertility rate (TFR) increased at a relative constant pace. This increase coincided with the implementation and execution of pronatalist measures, mostnotably the maternity capital program. In this study, two distinct time periods (pre- and postpolicy) were compared in order to discover the effect of this program on fertility. This study is based on data from the Russian Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), conducted in 2011. Employing event-history analysis for the transition to a 2nd childbirth, this study assesses whether the maternity capital policy has had an impact on the interval between the 1st and 2nd birth and the overall 2nd birth risk. Moreover in this study I aimed to determine whether the 2nd birth risk was different according to woman’s educational level and ages at the time of 1st birth (entry into the 1st motherhood) in the policy period. The analysis pointed out that the transition to the 2nd birth event did not precipitate due to the introduction of maternity capital. Moreover my research indicated that the introduced policy did not increase the overall risk of having a 2nd child. The analysis of the interaction between the post-policy period and woman’s education or age at the 1st birth also did not reveal any significant difference.

Cette thèse traite de l'évolution du processus migratoire turc en Allemagne et en France, par un intérêt porté aux jeunes générations à Hambourg et à Bordeaux. Cette étude s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative. Elle repose sur deux monographies (Hambourg et Bordeaux), sur des situations d’observations dans les quartiers et sur des entretiens approfondis et non-directifs de quarante jeunes à Bordeaux (quartiers Palmer à Cenon, trois zones de Génicart à Lormont) et quarante jeunes à Hambourg (quartiers Altona / Sankt Pauli, Sankt Georg, Billstedt et Wilhelmsburg). Ce travail souligne qu'il existe plusieurs évolutions des dynamiques migratoires et confirme ainsi l’existence d’une assimilation segmentée au sein de la dynamique migratoire turque dans deux pays différents, la France et l’Allemagne. L’immigration turque, décrite comme transnationale, s’adapte donc aux diverses sociétés d’implantation.Le premier processus s'appuie sur la communauté et ses ressources identitaires et économiques. Ce schéma se construit aussi sur des stratégies de distinction juvéniles urbaines. Le second processus se caractérise par une marginalisation juvénile et par une mobilité sociale et symbolique descendante.Le troisième processus est un modèle plus "classique" d'intégration. Il répond davantage aux prescriptions souvent normatives des sociétés allemande et française.Dans chaque pays, ces processus sont influencés par différents contextes (national, institutionnel etlocal) produisant des résultats paradoxaux. Le contexte bordelais préserve mieux les solidarités ethniques, rend plus difficiles les réussites individuelles, en dépit de la philosophie républicaine et il active bien plus les frustrations. / This Dissertation has as topic the evolution of Turkish migratory process in Germany and inFrance, by an interest carried to the young generations in Hamburg and in Bordeaux. This study isbased on a qualitative methodology. It refers to two precise investigations (in Hambourg and Bordeaux) using observations of different neighbourhoods and indirect indepth interviews withforty youths in Bordeaux (the neighbourhoods spanning from Palmer to Cenon, covering threezones from Génicart to Lormont) and with forty youths in Hambourg (Altona/Sankt Pauli, SanktGeorg, Billstedt and Wilhelmsburg).This survey underlines that there are several patterns of migratory dynamics and confirms the existence of a segmented assimilation within the turkish migratory dynamic. Turkish immigration,described as a transnational phenomenon, therefore adapts itself according to the society itencounters.First process leans on the community and on it's economic and identitary resources. This pattern is also based upon urban youth strategies aiming for differentiation. Second process is characterised by a downward assimilation, a juvenile marginalization/dicrimination and by a failing social and symbolic mobility.The third pattern is a more "classical " model of integration. It corresponds much more to frenchand german prescriptions, which are often normative. In each country, these processes are influenced by different contexts (national, institutional and local), which produce paradoxicalresults. The current context in Bordeaux preserves ethnic solidarities very well, but it also makesindividual success harder, in spite of the republicain philosophy, constituting a source of frustration for the local population.

There exists much controversy as to whether international migration in general, and migrant's remittances in particular, increase or decrease economic welfare at origin. Our research contributes to the international discussion on remittances by presenting novel insights on the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis. Analysis of remittances from macro-economic as well as micro-economic point of view reveals that remittances not only have growth enhancing effect but also have an equalizing impact on income distribution of the recipient economy. The first chapter shows how large flows of remittances not only help the receiver to accumulate necessary savings but also reduce the critical level of wealth needed to get access to the capital market to instigate entrepreneurship. The second chapter reveals that the measured impact of remittances on business investment have significant country heterogeneity; remittances facilitate entrepreneurship in those countries where the lenders of the capital market can predict smooth and increasing flow of remittances. The third chapter proposes that remittances work better than aid in enhancing growth of the recipient country and the reason is that remittances are more effective than aid in augmenting capital accumulation.

This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare. Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child’s longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy. The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios – one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R&D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.

Orientadores: Maria de Lurdes Zanolli, Roberto Teixeira Mendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:51:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiroz_PatriciaHelenaBreno_D.pdf: 2651235 bytes, checksum: 6f5fb1ee7f755286f20c3b8766b25740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral compreender a influência das avós de bebês, filhos de mães adolescentes, no exercício e duração do aleitamento materno nos primeiros seis meses de vida; buscando entender na perspectiva das avós e das mães adolescentes o papel que as avós desempenham na gestação e maternidade adolescente e as concepções destas mulheres acerca do estabelecer e vivenciar a amamentação. A pesquisa seguiu um delineamento de caráter exploratório e natureza qualitativa. As adolescentes e as avós dos bebês foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa, a partir do último trimestre de gestação e conceder mais quatro entrevistas orientadas por roteiro semiestruturado, no puerpério imediato, aos 30, 120 e 180 dias após o nascimento, entre 14 de fevereiro de 2012 e 14 de maio de 2013. O material produzido após a leitura das transcrições das entrevistas foi agrupado em categorias e subcategorias e interpretado utilizando-se da Análise de Conteúdo Temático. Participaram do estudo 25 duplas de adolescentes e suas mães ou sogras. Quando perguntadas durante o pré-natal se sabiam o que era aleitamento materno (AM), 05 adolescentes reconheceram o conceito e 13 só o fizeram após uma explicação. Durante a visita no pós-parto imediato, 22 "recém-mães" informaram que não foram orientadas sobre AM durante o pré-natal, mas todas indicaram a equipe de enfermagem do Alojamento Conjunto do hospital, como responsável pelas orientações sobre amamentação. Na visita de 30 dias, 15 jovens referiram terem frequentado o ambulatório de AM no puerpério mediato, o que foi considerado importante para adequar a técnica de amamentação; duas relataram não terem continuado a amamentação de seus bebês quando em suas casas; quatro não completaram 30 dias de AM e substituíram por fórmulas introduzidas sob a recomendação de profissionais de saúde (farmacêutico, enfermeiro, pediatra). Dez de 19 de adolescentes que mantiveram o AM até o quarto mês foram orientadas pelo pediatra para a introdução de alimentos complementares. Somente nove bebês foram amamentados exclusivamente por seis meses. As mães e sogras atuam na retaguarda porque precisam retornar às suas atividades cotidianas e as adolescentes assumem o cuidado do bebê e muitas vezes, o trabalho doméstico. Neste contexto, os papéis de mãe e avó são definidos e a avós respeitam as escolhas de suas filhas. Intervenções dirigidas tanto para as adolescentes quanto para as avós, durante o período perinatal podem ter um efeito prolongador na amamentação, principalmente em famílias de mulheres-avós trabalhadoras que vão além do papel de "mãe de família" e contribuem para a subsistência desta / Abstract: This study aimed to understand the influence of grandparents of babies, children of adolescent mothers, exercise and duration of breastfeeding in the first six months of life; seeking to understand the perspective of grandparents and teenage mothers the role that grandparents play in pregnancy and teen motherhood and the conceptions of these women about the experience and establish breastfeeding. The research followed an exploration of character design and qualitative nature. The teenagers and grandmothers invited to participate in the study, from the last trimester of pregnancy and give four interviews guided by semi-structured, postpartum, 30, 120 and 180 days after birth, between February 14 2012 and May 14, 2013. The research design followed an exploratory and qualitative nature. The teenagers and grandmothers invited to participate in the research, from the last trimester of pregnancy and grant four semi-structured interviews guided by, postpartum, 30, 120 and 180 days after birth, between February 14 2012 and May 14, 2013. The material produced after reading the transcripts of the interviews, clustered into categories and subcategories and interpreted using the Thematic Content Analysis. The study included 25 pairs of adolescents and their mothers or mothers in law. When asked during the prenatal whether they knew what breastfeeding (BF) was, 05 adolescents recognized the concept and only 13 did so after an explanation. During the visit in the immediate postpartum period, 22 "new mothers" reported that were not oriented on BF during the prenatal, but all indicated the nursing staff of the hospital rooming, as responsible for the hospital on the guidelines breastfeeding. In 30-day visit, 15 young people reported having attended the outpatient clinic mediate the puerperium, which was considered important to adequate breastfeeding technique; two reported not have continued breastfeeding their babies while in their homes; four did not complete 30 days of BF and replaced by formulas introduced on the recommendation of health professionals (pharmacist, nurse, pediatrician). Of the19 adolescent, 10 maintained their AM until the fourth month, told by the pediatrician for the introduction of complementary foods. Only nine babies were exclusively breastfed for six months. Mothers and mothers in law act in rearward backwards because they need to return to their daily activities and teenagers take care of the baby and often the housework. The roles of mother and grandmother defined and grandparents respected the choices of their daughters. Interventions aimed both to teens and to grandparents during the perinatal period can have an effect on prolonging breastfeeding, especially in families of working women-grandmothers who go beyond the role of "mother of the family" and contribute to the subsistence of this / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutora em Ciências

Este trabajo aborda los procesos de identificación de niños indígenas y migrantes en Argentina, considerando la incidencia de los desplazamientos espaciales y las experiencias interculturales de vida. nos proponemos reflexionar acerca de cómo las identificaciones se vinculan con la movilidad de los niños y sus familias, a partir de dos investigaciones etnográficas sobre experiencias formativas de niños indígenas mbyà-guaraní de la provincia de misiones y migrantes de Bolivia en Buenos Aires.A partir de la reconstrucción de dos historias de vida, analizamos cómo los niños se integran en comunidades de práctica ligadas a la reproducción social en el contexto de desplazamientos, que implican experiencias distintivas en términos generacionales referidas a los procesos de escolarización, actividades productivas y dimensiones expresivas de la vida social. Las investigaciones realizadas nos permitieron advertir que los niños y niñas producen identificaciones en las que se tensionan visiones idealizadas de los territorios deorigen con procesos de transformación, dejando en evidencia las dinámicas intergeneracionales de definición de elementos demembresía de los que son parte activa. / In this paper we analyse migrants and indigenous ‘children identification processes in Argentina, considering the influence of special mobility and intercultural experiences of life in their sense of belonging. We consider how identifications and mobility by two ethnographic researches about formative experiences of mbyà- Guaraní children of misiones province and Bolivian migrants living in Buenos Aires.By two life stories, we analyse how children participate in communities of practice linked with social reproduction in contexts of mobility, which imply generation’s distinctive experiences referred to school, productive activities and expressive dimensions of social life. Our research shows the children are active producers of identifications where origin territories idealized images are stressed by transformation’s process, evidence of inter-generation’s dynamicsof membership’s definitions.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-05-23T18:48:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 emily_schuler.pdf: 1022064 bytes, checksum: 1b5eaf6ef0f86249b9021961071cd6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T18:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 emily_schuler.pdf: 1022064 bytes, checksum: 1b5eaf6ef0f86249b9021961071cd6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / The increase of human aging is a phenomenon observed in world scale and allows the experience of several roles within the family. Nowadays grandparents can see their grandchildren growing up and having children, become great-grandparents, and thus add another generation in the network of relationships. Consequently, more and more multigenerational families are emerging, formed by four or even five generations, and therefore more vertically. Thus, the objective of this research was to understand the role of great-grandparents, as well as the intergenerational repercussions of this role in their lives and that of their relatives. More specifically it was intended: to analyze the meaning of being great-grandparents in the family, from the perspective of each generation; identify the activities performed by their great-grandparents; identify the legacy that the great-grandparents wish to convey; characterize the needs and feelings experienced by the great-grandparents and their families; understand intergenerational relations permeated by the presence of great-grandparents among family members. It is a multiple case study with four families consisting of four generations and one family with five generations, thus totaling twenty-two participants. Three great-grandmothers, two great-grandfathers, and a great-great-grandmother. As for the other generations, five children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and a great-great-grandmother were interviewed. As a research instrument, a semi-directed interview was used, with a specific script for each generation, as well as a questionnaire with the sociodemographic data of the participants. The data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. The main results pointed out the following: 1) As for the feelings experienced when becoming great-grandparents, they reported joy, satisfaction and gratitude; 2) The support provided by them, most of the time, is of the emotional type; 3) The family relationship appeared as quite significant, being characterized especially in the form of visits; 4) Conflicts exist, but seem to be circumvented with wisdom and much respect; 5) The legacies transmitted by them are related to faith, solidarity, education and order; 6) The meaning of being great-grandmother is intimately linked to the feeling of transcendence, the sense of having fulfilled the purpose of life and also its continuity in grandchildren and great-grandchildren. In other generations, the appreciation of the great-grandparents, perceived as wise people, has been observed and can contribute as teachers to the new generations. It is hoped to give visibility to this generation still little studied in our country. / O aumento do envelhecimento humano é um fenômeno observado em escala mundial e possibilita a vivência de vários papéis dentro da família. Atualmente os avós podem ver seus netos crescerem e terem filhos, tornando-se bisavós, e, assim, adiciona-se outra geração na rede de relações. Consequentemente, emergem cada vez mais famílias multigeracionais formadas por quatro ou até cinco gerações, portanto, mais verticalizadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender o papel dos bisavós e as repercussões das relações estabelecidas com as diferentes gerações da família em sua vida, bem como na dos seus familiares. Especificamente buscou-se identificar as atividades desempenhadas pelos bisavós com cada geração; caracterizar as necessidades e sentimentos experimentados pelos bisavós e seus familiares no tocante às relações intergeracionais; compreender as relações intergeracionais perpassadas pela presença dos bisavós pelos membros das gerações subsequentes; identificar o legado que os bisavós deixam aos filhos, netos e bisnetos na perspectiva de cada geração; analisar o significado de ser (e ter) bisavós na família, na perspectiva de cada um dos bisavós, filhos, netos e bisnetos. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos com quatro famílias constituídas por quatro gerações e uma família com cinco gerações totalizando, assim, vinte e dois participantes, que foram acessados através de pessoas conhecidas da pesquisadora. Participaram três bisavós, dois bisavôs e uma tataravó na faixa etária de 74 a 97 anos. Quanto às demais gerações foram entrevistados cinco filhos, netos, bisnetos e um tataraneto. Como instrumento de pesquisa foi utilizada uma entrevista semidirigida, com um roteiro específico para cada geração, além de um questionário com os dados sociodemográficos dos participantes, elaborados pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Os principais resultados apontaram o seguinte: 1) Quanto aos sentimentos experimentados ao se tornar bisavós, eles relataram alegria, satisfação e gratidão; 2) O apoio fornecido por eles, na maioria das vezes, é do tipo emocional; 3) O relacionamento familiar apareceu como significativo, sendo mantido especialmente sob forma de visitas; 4) Os conflitos existem, mas parecem ser contornados com sabedoria e muito respeito; 5) Os legados transmitidos por eles estão relacionados à fé, solidariedade, educação e ordem; 6) O significado de ser bisavó está intimamente ligado ao sentimento de transcendência, ao sentido de ter cumprido o propósito da vida e também sua continuidade nos netos e bisnetos. Observou-se nas demais gerações a valorização dos bisavós, percebidos como pessoas sábias, que podem contribuir como professores para as novas gerações. Espera-se dar visibilidade a essa geração ainda pouco estudada em nosso país.

Big Data refers to large unstructured datasets from multiple dissimilar sources. Using Big Data Analytics (BDA), insights can be gained that cannot be obtained by other means, allowing better decision-making. Big Data is disruptive, and because it is vast and complex, it is difficult to manage from technological, regulatory, and social perspectives. Big Data can provide decision-makers (knowledge workers) with bottom-up access to information for decision-making, thus providing potential benefits due to the democratisation of decision-makers in data-driven decision-making (DDD). The workforce is enabled to make better decisions, thereby improving participation and productivity. Enterprises that enable DDD are more successful than firms that are solely dependent on management's perception and intuition. Understanding the links between key concepts (Big Data, democratisation, and DDD) and decision-makers are important, because the use of Big Data is growing, the workforce is continually evolving, and effective decision-making based on Big Data insights is critical to a firm's competitiveness. This research investigates the influence of Big Data on the democratisation of decision-makers in data-driven decision-making. A Grounded Theory Method (GTM) was adopted due to the scarcity of literature around the interrelationships between the key concepts. An empirical study was undertaken, based on a case study of a large and leading financial services organisation in South Africa. The case study participants were diverse and represented three different departments. GTM facilitates emergence of novel theory that is grounded in empirical data. Theoretical elaboration of new concepts with existing literature permits the comparison of the emergent or substantive theory for similarities, differences, and uniqueness. By applying the GTM principles of constant comparison, theoretical sampling and emergence, decision-makers (people, knowledge workers) became the focal point of study rather than organisational decision-making processes or decision support systems. The concentrate of the thesis is therefore on the democratisation of decision-makers in a Big Data environment. The findings suggest that the influence of Big Data on the democratisation of the decisionmaker in relation to DDD is dependent on the completeness and quality of the Information Systems (IS) artefact. The IS artefact results from, and is comprised of, information that is extracted from Big Data through Big Data Analytics (BDA) and decision-making indicators (DMI). DMI are contributions of valuable decision-making parameters by actors that include Big Data, People, The Organisation, and Organisational Structures. DMI is an aspect of knowledge management as it contains both the story behind the decision and the knowledge that was used to decide. The IS artefact is intended to provide a better and more complete picture of the decision-making landscape, which adds to the confidence of decision-makers and promotes participation in DDD which, in turn, exemplifies democratisation of the decisionmaker. Therefore, the main theoretical contribution is that the democratisation of the decisionmaker in DDD is based on the completeness of the IS artefact, which is assessed within the democratisation inflection point (DIP). The DIP is the point at which the decision-maker evaluates the IS artefact. When the IS artefact is complete, meaning that all the parameters that are pertinent to a decision for specific information is available, then democratisation of the decision-maker is realised. When the IS artefact is incomplete, meaning that all the parameters that are pertinent to a decision for specific information is unavailable, then democratisation of the decision-maker breaks down. The research contributes new knowledge in the form of a substantive theory, grounded in empirical findings, to the academic field of IS. The IS artefact constitutes a contribution to practice: it highlights the importance of interrelationships and contributions of DMI by actors within an organisation, based on information extracted through BDA, that promote decisionmaker confidence and participation in DDD. DMI, within the IS artefact, are critical to decision-making, the lack of which has implications for the democratisation of the decisionmaker in DDD. The study has uncovered the need to further investigate the extent of each actor's contribution (agency) to DMI, the implications of generational characteristics on adoption and use of Big Data and an in-depth understanding of the relationships between individual differences, Big Data and decision-making. Research is also recommended to better explain democratisation as it relates to data-driven decision-making processes.

Thesis (M .A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / This research “Nxopaxopo wa tinsimu ta vanhwanyana va xikhale va Vatsonga wu kongomisa eka manghenelo, xitatimendhe xa xipiqo, xikongomelo, nkoka wa maendlelo ni tinhlamuselo ta matheme lama nga tirhisiwa” deals with path which was paved by young girls of the older generations before married. In our discussion in this research I will touch some few things about their songs like the teaching of the nation, good behaviour for themselves even as adults and culture in totality etc. The other thing is language which the girls used when performing their songs. This research consists of six chapters. Chapter 1: It outlines the research proposal as follows. The introduction, statement of problem, aim of the study, the significance of the research, definition of terms, methods used and literature review. Chapter 2: This chapter explains the upbringing of young girls of the olden generation. Secondly, it outlines the stages that they undergo and the relationship between these stages. Furthermore it brings forth norms and values to be followed when these girls get married. Chapter 3: The chapter deals with the analysis of the chosen songs by young girls of the olden generations. Emphasis is based on the sense of the poem and the usage of figurative language. Chapter 4: Firstly it deals with the meaning of the word “theme”. It also outlines the theme of young girls of olden generations as per their varying categories, involves life in general, like unfaithfulness to their brother in law, love one another, for the love of culture etc. Chapter 5: Deals with the findings which this research discovered about the songs of the young girls of the olden generations. It also deals with the suggestion and recommendations. Chapter 6: It provides a list of various references used in this research