Sitcoms uppgift är att förmedla humor genom att representera stereotyper i samhället (Millis, 2005). Vissa forskare har en mer positiv ingång till användandet av stereotyper i sitcoms (Marcin, 2011), medan andra ställer sig kritiska till det (Biagi, 2001). Den kritiska ingången motiveras med att stereotyper felrepresenteras. Aktuella debatter har bidragit till diskussioner som påvisar att vi lever i ett “PK-samhälle”, där det inte längre är accepterat att skämta om allt (Sharf, 2023). Syftet med denna studie är att studera och jämföra mottagandet av skämt om stereotyper i sitcoms, i olika generationer och vid olika grader av seriekännedom. Detta görs genom en kombination av semistrukturerade intervjuer och receptionsanalys där fem utvalda scener från tv- serien Friends representerar de olika stereotyperna; etnicitet, objektifiering, genus, kroppsideal samt klass. Dessa används för att kunna läsa av tittarens reaktioner och anledningen till dessa, för att sedan kunna ta reda på hur väl sitcoms har åldrats. Studien utförs med stöd i de teoretiska ramverken: stereotyper, representation, receptionsteori, polysemi, intersektionalitet, humorteorier och fandom. Deltagarna i studien var fyra personer födda 1981-2005, benämns “Generation A”, samt fyra personer födda 1945-1980, benämns “Generation B”. Hälften av deltagarna i varje generation har seriekännedom och andra hälften har inte det. Genom att undersöka mottagande av stereotyper i sitcomen Friends mellan generationer kan det påvisa om sitcomen åldrats väl, samt om mottagandet påverkas av seriekännedom eller ytterligare faktorer.  Studien resulterade i att mottagandet varierade på grund av respondenternas tidigare bakgrund och erfarenheter samt seriekännedom. Den humoristiska faktorn utgörs av element som överraskning, igenkänning, att känna sig överlägsen en person eller situation samt att ha undertryckta känslor och rädslor. Vid avfärdade skämt hittades bakomliggande faktorer som avsaknad av seriekännedom, överraskningsmoment samt konsekvenser av problematiska skämt. Viss skillnad kunde ses i hur de olika generationerna resonerade och värderade stereotyper, men båda generationerna enades i att majoriteten av de stereotypa skämten inte hade fungerat i dagens “PK-samhälle”. Den tydligaste avvikandet i mottagandet var på stereotypen klass där samtliga respondenter accepterade skämt om detta. Baserat på resultatet dras slutsatsen att sitcomen inte åldrats väl. / The task of the sitcom is to convey humor by representing stereotypes in society (Millis, 2005). Some researchers have a more positive approach to the use of stereotypes in the sitcom (Marcin, 2011), while others are critical of it (Biagi, 2001). The critical input is justified by the misrepresentation of stereotypes. Current debates have contributed to discussions that show that we live in a "politically correct society", where it is no longer acceptable to joke about all topics (Sharf, 2023). The aim of this study is to examine and compare the reception of jokes about stereotypes in sitcoms, in different generations and at different degrees of serial knowledge. This is done through a combination of semi-structured interviews and reception analysis where five selected scenes from the tv series Friends represent the different stereotypes; ethnicity, objectification, gender, body ideals and class. These are used to read the viewer's reactions and the reason for these, in order to then find out how well the sitcom has aged. The study is carried out with support in the theoretical frameworks: stereotypes, representation, reception theory, polysemy, intersectionality, humor theories and fandom. Participating in the study were four people born 1981-2005, labeled “Generation A”, and four people born 1945-1980, labeled “Generation B”. Half of the participants in each generation have serial knowledge and the other half do not. By examining the reception of stereotypes in the sitcom Friends between generations, it can show whether a sitcom has aged well, and whether the reception is influenced by series awareness or additional factors. The result of the study shows that the reception varied due to the respondents' previous background and experiences as well as serial knowledge. The humorous factor consists of elements such as surprise, recognition, feeling superior to a person or situation, and having repressed emotions and fears. If jokes were dismissed, underlying factors such as lack of serial knowledge, elements of surprise and consequences of problematic jokes were found. Some differences appeared in how the generations reasoned and valued the stereotypes, but both generations agreed that the majority of the stereotypical jokes had not worked in today's “politically correct society". The clearest deviation in reception was regarding the stereotype class where all respondents accepted jokes about this. Based on the results, it is concluded that sitcoms have not aged well.

With an increased globalization and flexibility of the labor market, the views and values of work have changed. The purpose of this study is to examine attitudes towards what defines a real job, based on parameters such as generational affiliation, level of education and form of employment. Furthermore, the study examines if precarious work is perceived as real jobs. The study has taken its starting point in Adam Smith’s Labor Theory of Value and Guy Standing’s description of the Precariat. The study has been implemented through a quantitative method, where questionnaires were used to collect data. These questionnaires were shared via social media. The collected material was analyzed using correlation measurements and cross-tabulations. The results of the study show that there is a difference among the generations' attitudes towards what constitutes the definition of a real job. The majority of the younger generation that had been consulted did not agree with that the working conditions listed in the questionnaire were essential for a job to be defined as real. As precarious work seldom includes the conditions referred to in the question formulated in this study, it can be concluded that the younger generation seems to perceive precarious work as real jobs. The result showed that level of education and form of employment affected each generations’ attitude towards what aspects should be included in the definition of a real job. / Genom ökad globalisering och flexibilitet på arbetsmarknaden har synen på och värderingar av vad ett arbete är ändrats. Syftet är, att bland respondenterna i studien, undersöka inställningen till vad som bör inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete, med hänsyn till generationstillhörighet, utbildningsnivå och anställningsform. Undersökningen har utgått ifrån Adam Smiths teori om arbetets värde samt Guy Standings beskrivning av prekariatet. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställning är huruvida generationstillhörighet påverkar inställningen till om kollektivavtal, huvudsaklig inkomstkälla samt meningsfullhet, bör inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete. Vidare undersöks även om respondenternas utbildningsnivå och anställningsform kan komma att påverka dessa inställningar. Ytterligare en frågeställning i undersökningen är huruvida prekära arbeten uppfattas vara riktiga arbeten. Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod där enkäter använts som datainsamling. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av sambandsmått och korstabeller. Studiens resultat visar att det finns en skillnad bland de olika generationernas inställning till vad som utgör definitionen av ett riktigt arbete. Majoriteten av de yngre i studien höll inte med om att de arbetsförhållanden som ingått i undersökningen krävdes för att ett arbete skulle definieras som ett riktigt arbete. Då prekära arbeten sällan inkluderar de aspekter som berörts i den huvudsakliga frågeställningen, kan det konkluderas att den yngre generationen uppfattar prekära arbeten som riktiga arbeten. Respondenternas utbildningsnivå eller anställningsform visade sig påverka generationernas inställning till vad som ska inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete.

[pt] Compreender as lutas sociais pelo direito à saúde a partir das gerações é o objetivo principal desta investigação. Busca-se refletir em que medida o pertencimento geracional dos atores apresenta potencial heurístico sobre a análise dos contextos, da trajetória histórica e das formas de ação coletiva de movimentos sociais. Numa abordagem exploratória e qualitativa, considera-se geração como uma possibilidade explicativa de alguns fenômenos e acontecimentos políticos concretos sociologicamente refletidos: questões relacionadas às linguagens, quadros interpretativos, repertórios de ação, identidades políticas ou uso de tecnologias, por exemplo, compõem a análise sob a perspectiva da coexistência geracional na ação coletiva dos movimentos sociais em saúde e pode elucidar a conformação de hierarquias, disputas, consensos, continuidades, rupturas e agendas na historicidade de uma luta social. Tanto em retrospecto, quanto em sentido prospectivo, ser reconhecido ou reconhecer-se como parte de uma geração é o mesmo que interpretar e se situar nos acontecimentos sociais e políticos vividos em um determinado tempo e numa determinada cultura; é transpor o conjunto de experiências individuais para uma experiência geracional comum. Como observação empírica, adotam-se as formas de ação coletiva impulsionadas pelos atores do campo da saúde no período entre a década de 1980 do século XX às duas primeiras décadas do século XXI. Os métodos e técnicas empregados foram: pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave, identificados como representantes de diferentes gerações políticas dedicadas às lutas pelo direito à saúde. / [en] Understanding social struggles for the right to health from generation to generation is the main objective of this investigation. It seeks to reflect on what extent the generational belonging of the actors presents heuristic potential in the analysis of contexts, historical trajectory, and forms of collective action of social movements. In an exploratory and qualitative approach, generation is considered as an explanatory possibility of some sociologically reflected concrete political phenomena and events: questions related to languages, interpretative frameworks, action repertoires, political identities, or use of technologies, for instance, make up the analysis under the perspective of generational coexistence in the collective action of social movements and can elucidate the formation of hierarchies, disputes, consensus, continuities, ruptures and agendas in the historicity of a social struggle. Both in retrospect and prospective sense, being recognized or recognizing oneself as part of a generation is the same as interpreting and situating oneself in the social and political events experienced at a given time and in a given culture; it is to transpose the set of individual experiences into a common generational experience. As an empirical observation, the forms of collective action driven by actors in the field of health are adopted during the period from the 1980s of the 20th century to the first two decades of the 21st century. The methods and techniques employed were: documentary research and semi-structured interviews with key actors, identified as representatives of different political generations dedicated to the struggle for the right to health.

This study examined the effects of generational differences on student achievement of students in Brevard Public Schools, Brevard County, Florida. The independent variable was the generational cohorts (Traditionalist, Baby Boomer, Generation X, and Millennials). The dependent variable was the factors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work motivation. A second dependent variable was Value-Added Measure (VAM) scores calculated by the Department of Education for the state of Florida for each teacher of grades K-12. These VAM scores were derived from the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) Reading and Math Developmental Scale scores to show a teacher’s effect on student achievement. A convenience sample of teachers was surveyed from the population of all Brevard Public Schools teachers, and respondents’ VAM scores were analyzed for differences in the means. Findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference in job satisfaction among the generational cohorts based on the benefits factor. Baby Boomers found benefits to be a more important aspect of job satisfaction than did Millennials. There was also a statistically significant difference in organizational commitment among the generational cohorts based on career at current school. Baby Boomers found spending the rest of their career at their current school significantly more important than did Millennials. There was no statistically significant difference among the generational cohorts in work motivation or means of VAM scores. Recommendations were made for future studies that generalize the finding to other counties in Florida, other states, and other countries. The possibility of generational impact being a cultural experience would be addressed. Another possible future study included examining individuals within a single generational cohort. Gender considerations are one area iii for study. Furthermore, it is recommended that future studies move beyond one timeframe for gathering data. A longitudinal study of the same people within a generation from the beginning of their career to the end to determine if values change due to aging and gaining experience as compared to belonging to a generation should be conducted

Gender equality has been on the political agenda in Sweden for nearly half a century and today’s official ideology is that gender equality shall infiltrate all areas of Swedish politics. However, previous research has shown that Sweden is a patriarchal society, which manifests itself in all aspects of society, but also in the heterosexual couple relationship. This qualitative interview study identifies which factors affect experienced gender equality among ten heterosexual women who are in a couple relationship and aims to determine whether or not a difference exists between two different generations of women. The result shows that women experience that they take greater emotional and practical responsibility than men in the relationship and identifies communication and emotional attunement as being key factors which affect gender equality in the heterosexual relationship. Furthermore, it illustrates an increased level of awareness regarding gender equality among the younger generation of women, but no big differences between the age groups were found. In accordance to previous research, this study shows that patriarchal gender structures greatly affect the heterosexual couple relationship in all aspects. / Jämställdhet har varit på Sveriges politiska agenda i nästan ett halvt århundrade och idag är den officiella ideologin att jämställdhet skall prägla all svensk politik. Tidigare forskning inom området tyder dock på attSverige är ett patriarkalt samhälle och att detta manifesteras både i samhället i stort, men även i den heterosexuella parrelationen. Denna kvalitativa intervjustudie identifierar vilka faktorer som påverkar upplevd jämställdhet hos tio kvinnor som befinner sig i heterosexuella parrelationer och försöker fastställa huruvida någon skillnad existerar mellan två olika generationers kvinnor. Studien visade huvudsakligen att kvinnor upplever sig ta mer känslomässigt och praktiskt ansvar än män samt att kommunikation och känslomässig anknytning har stor påverkan på upplevd jämställdhet i den heterosexuella parrelationen. Resultatet illustrerade även en ökad medvetenhet kring jämställdhet hos den yngre generationen, men någon större skillnad mellan åldersgruppernaerhölls ej. I enlighet med tidigare forskning visar studien att patriarkala könsstrukturer har stor påverkan på den heterosexuella parrelationen i alla aspekter.

No description available.

No description available.

[pt] O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a relação entre a percepção dos filhos acerca das crenças e valores materialistas dos pais com os próprios sistemas de crenças e valores em seu percurso de desenvolvimento. Participaram da pesquisa 892 jovens, moradores dos 27 estados brasileiros e com idades entre 18 e 25 anos. De acordo com a fundamentação teórica, os pais são os principais responsáveis pela transmissão de crenças e valores aos filhos. Esse processo é dinâmico, interacional e pode ser alterado de acordo com as ênfases socioculturais e históricas de cada geração. Os jovens de 18 a 25 anos pertencem à Geração Y e seus pais, às gerações Baby Boomers e X. O estudo mostrou que, apesar das inúmeras e intensas transformações entre essas gerações no Ocidente, os valores e crenças materialistas foram transmitidos pelos pais durante a trajetória de vida dos filhos. As crenças sobre status, lucro, riqueza e autoridade podem ser utilizadas para definir os valores materialistas. A pesquisa apresentou que, no percurso da parentalidade material, a punição e a rejeição durante a adolescência estão possivelmente associadas à aquisição de valores e crenças materialistas no futuro. O estudo também apontou que, a transmissão geracional de valores e crenças materialistas pode ressaltar os objetivos de vida extrínsecos durante a trajetória de desenvolvimento. Acredita-se que esse estudo tenha contribuído para a área da Psicologia da Saúde e do Desenvolvimento. / [en] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between children s perceptions of their parents beliefs and material values with their own belief systems and values in their developmental path. Eight hundred and ninety two young people (892), residents of the 27 Brazilian states and between the ages of 18 and 25 participated in the study. According to the theoretical framework, parents are the main responsible for the transmission of beliefs and values to their children. This process is dynamic, interactive and can be altered according to the sociocultural and historical emphases of each generation. Young people between the ages of 18 and 25 belong to generation Y and their parents, to the generations Baby Boomers and X. The study showed that, parents transmitted materialistic values and beliefs during their children s life trajectory, despite the numerous and intense transformations between these generations that happened in the West. Beliefs about status, profit, wealth, and authority can be used to define the materialistic values. The research showed that, in the course of material parenting, punishment and rejection during adolescence are possibly associated with the acquisition of materialistic values and beliefs in the future. The study also pointed out that the generational transmission of values and materialistic beliefs highlights the extrinsic life goals during the development trajectory. It is deemed that this study has contributed to the area of Health and Developmental Psychology.

Sending email is a very common activity among Swedish consumers nowadays. Email advertising has become a big part of the email usage - both permission-based and unwanted. The purpose of this study was to identify Swedish consumers’ total attitude towards permission- based email advertising, based on the three components cognition, affection and behavior. After identifying the attitude, correlation between the components was examined. The result was used to try Prensky’s generation theory regarding digital natives and digital immigrants, to investigate if it can be useful in the subject email advertising. A quantitative method was used, by publishing a survey on Facebook, which got totally 187 useful responses. The result showed an overall negative attitude and a high correlation between cognition and affection. A medium high correlation between cognition and behavior, and affection and behavior was found. The results partly showed a difference between digital natives and digital immigrants attitude towards email advertising. In the survey a division of four age groups, instead of two, was made. Results from the four groups showed a mix of positive and negative responses, which indicates that Prensky’s generation theory is too general, and cannot be used within email advertising.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Mathematics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / A finite group G is called (l, m, n)-generated, if it is a quotient group of the triangle group T(l, m, n) = x, y, z|xl = ym = zn = xyz = 1-. In [43], Moori posed the question of finding all the (p, q, r) triples, where p, q and r are prime numbers, such that a non-abelian finite simple group G is a (p, q, r)-generated. In this thesis, we will establish all the (p, q, r)-generations of the following groups, the Mathieu sporadic simple group M23, the alternating group A11 and the symplectic group Sp(6, 2). Let X be a conjugacy class of a finite group G. The rank of X in G, denoted by rank(G : X), is defined to be the minimum number of elements of X generating G. We investigate the ranks of the non-identity conjugacy classes of the above three mentioned finite simple groups. The Groups, Algorithms and Programming (GAP) [26] and the Atlas of finite group representatives [55] are used in our computation / University of Limpopo