Programming has advanced a great deal since the appearance of the stored-program architecture. Through the successive generations of machine codes, assembly languages, high-level languages, and object-oriented languages, the drive has been toward program descriptions that express more meaning in a shorter space. This trend continues today with domain-specific languages. However, conventional languages rely on a textual formalism (commands, statements, lines of code) to capture the programmer's intent, which, regardless of its level of abstraction, imposes inevitable overheads. Before successful programming activities can take place, the syntax has to be mastered, names and keywords memorized, the library routines mastered, etc. Existing visual programming languages avoid some of these overheads, but do not release the programmer from the task of specifying the program logic, which consumes the main portion of programming time and also is the major source of difficult bugs. Our work aims to minimize the demands a formalism imposes on the programmer of geometric subroutines other than what is inherent in the problem itself. Our approach frees the programmer from syntactic constraints and generates logically correct programs automatically from program descriptions in the form of diagrams. To write a program, the programmer simply draws a few diagrams to depict the problem context and specifies all the necessary parameters through menu operations. Diagrams are succinct, easy to learn, and intuitive to use. They are much easier to modify than code, and they help the user visualize and analyze the problem, in addition to providing information to the computer. Furthermore, diagrams describe a situation rather than a task and thus are reusable for different tasks—in general, a single diagram can generate many programs. For these reasons, we have chosen diagrams as the main specification mechanism. In addition, we leverage the power of automatic inference to reason about diagrams and generic components—the building blocks of our programs—and discover the logic for assembling these components into correct programs. To facilitate inference, symbolic facts encode entities present in the diagrams, their spatial relationships, and the preconditions and effects of reusable components. We have developed a reference implementation and tested it on a number of real-world examples to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of our approach. / text

This thesis report describes the modeling procedure for available the wind turbine generator (WTG) technologies. The models are generic in nature and manufacturer independent. These models are implemented on commercially available dynamic simulation software platforms like PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB/SIMULINK. A brief introduction to the available WTG types is provided to understand the technological differences and their key features. The related theoretical concepts to the working of a WTG are explained, which acts as an aid for model development and implementation. Using the theoretical concepts as basis, a WTG model is divided into four parts : 1. Aerodynamic model 2. Mechanical drive train model 3. Electrical machine model 4. Controller model Once the different parts of a WTG are introduced, a groundwork for model implementation on the software platforms is laid. A step-by-step process of implementing a PSCAD or MATLAB model of a WTG is introduced in this thesis. Starting with the most fundamental WTG technology such as fixed-speed also known as direct-connect wind turbine. The model implementation is adanvced to other superior technology like the dynamic rotor resistance control (DRR) and the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). To better understand the working of a DFIG, a current-source regulated model (without electrical machine) emulating the DFIG is built on both PSCAD and MATLAB. A full blown converter model of the DFIG with back-to-back converter is then built in PSCAD/EMTDC. An approach to determine the reactive power capability (Q limits) of a DFIG is described. Rotor current limitation and stator current limitation of the DFIG are considered in determining the minimum and maximum reactive power delievered by the DFIG. Variation in the Q limits of a DFIG for change in wind speed is analysed with two different wind speed scenarios. 1. Wind speed from cut-in to rated i.e. 6 m/s - 14 m/s. 2. Wind speed above rated to cut-out i.e. 14 m/s - 20 m/s. Such an analysis, is useful in determining the operating mode of the DFIG. At low wind speeds (below rated), the DFIG can be operated as a STATCOM for exporting and importing reactive power (similar to synchronous machines). While above rated wind speeds, the DFIG can be set to produce maximum active power. Using the DFIG current-source model implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK, laboratory experiments to plot the power profile of the DFIG is explained. Another experiment to perform independent P-Q control of the DFIG is also included in this report. / text

<p>In the modern world, Internet has become a popular place, people with speech hearing disabilities and search engines can't take part of speech content in podcast les. In order to solve the problem partially, the Sphinx decoders such as Sphinx-3, Sphinx-4 can be used to implement a Auto Transcript Generator application, by coupling already existing large acoustic model, language model and a existing dictionary, or by training your own large acoustic model, language model and creating your own dictionary to support continuous speaker independent speech recognition system.</p>

In this dissertation, we describe the development of a humanoid bipedal robot that fully physically models the human walking system, including the biomechanics of the leg, the sensory feedback pathways available in the body, and the neural structure of the central pattern generator (CPG). Using two different models of the CPG, we explore several issues in the neurobiology and robotics literature, including the role of reflexes in locomotion, the role of load reception and positive force feedback in generating the gait, and the degree to which central or peripheral control plays in human walking. We show that the walking pattern can be generated by a combination of a half-center CPG and reflex interactions phase modulated by the CPG, and that load receptors in the muscles can play a substantial role in generating the gait, using positive force feedback. We compare the gait of the robot to human subjects and show that this architecture produces human-like stepping. Varying the degree of direct central control of lower limb muscles by the CPG, we show that the most human-like gait is generated with a relatively weak central control signal, which modulates reflex responses that generate most of the muscle activation. These results allow us to conceive of locomotion as a series of nested loops, with a central CPG or rhythm generator modulating lower level reflex interactions, while higher centers modulate the CPG. Since locomotion is a primary mechanism by which animals interact with the world, this research is relevant to artificial intelligence researchers. Recent understanding of cognition holds that minds are embodied, situated relative to a set of goals, and exist in a feedback loop of interaction with the environment. In our robot, we model the dynamics of the body, the neural architecture and the sensory feedback channels in a complete dynamical feedback loop, and show that the robot entrains to the the natural dynamics of the world. We propose the concept of nested loops with descending phase modulation as a conceptual paradigm for a more general understanding of nervous system organization.

臺灣電子病歷內容基本格式 (Taiwan Electronic Medical Record Template, TMT)是參考國際相關標準之後，專為臺灣本土需求而設計的電子病歷標準。為了進一步評估TMT的實用性與實施上可能遭遇到的問題，衛生署於民國96年推動了「建構以病人為中心之電子病歷跨院資訊交換環境案」，目前已完成參與該專案各醫院的實地測試工作。 在檢視專案執行的結果後，我們發現TMT資訊系統有三項主要的缺點：一、TMT病歷標準不易閱讀，難以撰寫從醫院醫療資訊系統彙總TMT所需資料的指令集；二、製作TMT系統所須的設定檔程序過於繁複，不但時間攏長而且容易出錯；三、線上實際產生個別病患的TMT資料的時間過長，執行效能有待提昇。有鑑於此，我們設計並實作了一套適用於TMT標準的電子病歷文件產生工具，我們重新設計了規格文件檔及輔助設定檔，並提供了Schema Processor自動化工具產生這些檔案；同時，我們也改進了病歷資料彙總程序，搭配高便利性的設定檔，病歷文件產生工具在執行效能上了有明顯的改善。 在詳細、完整的規格文件檔協助下，資訊人員能更快的了解病歷標準架構及撰寫病歷資料查詢語法，以利產出正確的電子病歷文件；透過自動化工具的輔助，簡化了設定檔的製作程序，改善了耗時且容易出錯的缺點；相較於目前的TMT系統，我們的工具執行效能提昇了80%以上，產出電子病歷文件的時間只要原來的五分之一。 / The Taiwan Electronic Medical Record Template (TMT) proposed by Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics (TAMI) aims to provide a suite of standard forms that will become the common basis for developing electronic medical record (EMR) systems in Taiwan. It is specified in the XML standard for facilitating data interchange. In order to further assess the usefulness of TMT, in 2007 the Department of Health lauched the project "Building of an Information Exchange Environment for Cross-Hospital Digital Medical Record" to put the TMT to a filed test. There are in total eleven hospitals in the project and they all successfully implemented a significant subset of TMT using their hospital information systems (HIS). / However, towards the end of the project, we have identified three major shortcomings of the content aggregator for TMT provided by the TAMI: First, as the TMT Schema is rather complex, it is very difficult for hospital IT staff to prepare the required query instructions to retrieve the data stored in the HIS database. Although there is a XML data mapping tool provided to simplify the mapping process, we found that it did not ease the mapping task as the TAMI staff had expected. Second, the configuration files for preparing a patient’s EMR are too complicated, making the implementation process not only long time but also error-prone. Third, the time required to produce a single sheet of TMT is much longer than planned. There is an urgent need to improve the performance of the content aggregator. / Therefore, we propose to re-engineer the content aggregator of TMT for retrieving the required data from the HIS database. Specifically, we redesigned the specification document files and configuration files, and provided a Schema Processor tool to generate these files in a semi-automatically manner. As a result, the IT staff of hospitals can more quickly understand the structure of TMT Schema and prepare the query instructions effectively. Finally, with the powerful configuration files, our TMT document generator runs much faster than the existing one. According to our experimental results, it enhances the performance of generating a TMT sheet more than 80 percent.

Data Driven Design metodologija plačiai naudojama įvairiose programinėse sistemose. Šios metodologijos tikslas – atskirti bei lygiagretinti programuotojų ir projektuotojų veiklą. Sistemos branduolio funkcionalumas yra įgyvendinamas sąsajomis, o dinamika – scenarijų pagalba. Taip įvedamas abstrakcijos lygmuo, kurio dėka programinis produktas tampa lankstesnis, paprasčiau palaikomas ir tobulinamas, be to šiuos veiksmus galima atlikti lygiagrečiai. Darbo tikslas buvo sukurti automatinį kodo generatorių, kuris transformuotų grafiškai sumodeliuotą scenarijų į programinį kodą. Generuojant programinį kodą automatiškai ženkliai sumažėja sintaksinių bei loginių klaidų tikimybė, viskas priklauso nuo sumodeliuoto scenarijaus. Kodas sugeneruojamas labai greitai ir visiškai nereikalingas programuotojo įsikišimas. Šis tikslas pasiektas iškėlus biznio logikos projektavimą į scenarijaus projektavimą, o kodo generavimo posistemę realizavus žiniatinklio paslaugos principu. Kodas generuojamas neprisirišant prie konkrečios architektūros, technologijos ar taikymo srities panaudojant įskiepių sistemą . Grafiniame scenarijų kūrimo įrankyje sumodeliuojamas scenarijus ir tada transformuojamas į metakalbą , iš kurios ir generuojamas galutinis programinis kodas. Metakalba – tam tikromis taisyklėmis apibrėžta „XML “ kalba. Realizavus eksperimentinę sistemą su didelėmis problemomis nebuvo susidurta. Naujos sistemos modeliavimas projektavimo įrankiu paspartino kūrimo procesą septynis kartus. Tai įrodo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Data Driven Design methodology is widely used in various program systems. This methodology aim is to distinguish and parallel software developer and scenario designer’s work. Core functionality is implemented via interfaces and dynamics via scenario support. This introduces a level of abstraction, which makes software product more flexible easily maintained and improved, in addition these actions can be performed in parallel. The main aim of this work was to create automatic code generator that transforms graphically modeled scenario to software code. Automatically generated software code restricts probability of syntactic and logical errors, all depends on scenario modeling. Code is generated instantly and no need software developer interference. This aim is achieved by moving business logic designing to scenario designing process and code generator service making as a “Web service”. Using cartridge based system code is generated not attached to a specific architecture, technology or application domain. In graphical scenario modeling tool scenario is modeled and transformed to metalanguage, from which software code is generated. Metalanguage – with specific rules defined “XML” language. Experimental system was developed with no major problems. New project modeling with our modeling tool speeded the development process by seven times. This proves modeling tool advantage over manual programming.

Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – sukurti įrankį, generuojantį trimačių medžių modelius. Sukurtas medžių generatorius (įrankis) pritaikytas Lietuvos rinkai. Generuoja Lietuvoje augančių skirtingų rūšių, trimačių medžių modelius, pagal vartotojo įvestus parametrus. Generatorius realizuotas naudojantis 3ds Max programa ir jos sava MAXScript kalba. / The purpose of this bachelor‘s work is creation of a tool, used for generation of three dimentional trees. The created tool is designed for Lithuanian market. It generates models of trees native to Lithuania from the user given information. The tool was made using 3ds Max software and MAXscript scripting language.

A cryogenic thermoelectric generator is proposed to increase the efficiency of a vehicle propulsion system that uses liquid nitrogen as its fuel. The proposed design captures some of the heat required for vaporizing or initial heating of the liquid nitrogen to produce electricity. The thermoelectric generator uses pressurized liquid nitrogen as its cold reservoir and ambient air as the high-temperature reservoir to generate power. This study concentrated on the selection of thermoelectric materials whose properties would result in the highest efficiency over the operating temperature range and on estimating the initial size of the generator. The preliminary selection of materials is based upon their figure of merit at the operating temperatures. The results of this preliminary design investigation of the cryogenic thermoelectric generator indicate that sufficient additional energy can be used to increase overall efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of a vehicle propulsion system.

In More Electric Aircraft, different power system activities are attributed to electrical means such as the start-up of the main engine. In this context, the study of the sensorless control of the Brushless Synchronous Starter Generator (BSSG) that is used to electrically start the main engine is revealed to be a very interesting issue. For long time, the elimination of the mechanical sensor was highly recommended for reliability, cost, weight, integration issues.Hence, this work aims to transpose the results obtained in the research area to an avionic testbench. It presents an adaptive sensorless technique to use when electrically starting the main engine of the aircraft. This is achieved by elaborating three different methods selected depending on the speed of the machine and based on the :- injection of a high frequency signal- use of the back-emf of the Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)- use of the extended Kalman Filter EKFIn this work, it is shown that the …first method gives good position estimation results from standstill up to 8% of the rated speed. Then, the back-emfs of the PMG are used to detect the position of the BSSG when the speed exceeds the 8% of the rated speed. Good results are observed with this method at medium and high speed.For redundancy reasons, the EKF was also used in this work. Thus, the estimated position can be delivered via two different estimation algorithms in medium and high speed region.The implementation of the algorithm was achieved on an FPGA board since the latter can ensure a very tiny execution time. The fastness of the treatment ensures quasi-instantaneous position estimation and does not practically introduce any phase lag in the position estimation. / Aujourd'hui, l'aviation est en train de vivre des évolutions technologiques concernant surtout l'attribution de différentes fonctionnalités aux équipements électriques et ceci au détriment d'équipements hydrauliques et mécaniques assurant les mêmes fonctionnalités.Dans le cadre de l'avion plus électrique, le démarrage électrique sans capteurs mécaniques de la turbine de l'avion préoccupe les avionneurs de nos jours. Les problèmes introduits par ce capteur ont été identifiés : problèmes de coût et de poids, problèmes de fiabilité et d'intégration.Ce travail présente alors une commande sans capteurs pour la machine synchrone à trois étages à utiliser durant le démarrage électrique de l'avion. Ceci est réalisé avec trois méthodes de détection de la position selon la vitesse de rotation, basées sur :- l'injection d'un signal à haute fréquence- l'utilisation d'un filtre de Kalman étendu FKE- les fém. du PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator) La première méthode donne de bons résultats d'estimation depuis l'arrêt jusqu'à 8% de la vitesse nominale de la machine. Au-delà de cette vitesse, es valeurs des fém. du PMG deviennent assez élevées pour être utilisées dans l'estimation de la position. De bons résultats sont obtenus à moyenne et haute vitesse.Pour des questions de redondance, le FKE est aussi utilisé. Ainsi, la position estimée peut être fournie par l'un des deux algorithmes à moyenne et haute vitesse.L'implémentation de ces algorithmes est réalisée via une carte FPGA étant donné que celui-ci garantit un temps d'exécution. La rapidité de traitement garantit une estimation de la position quasi-instantanée et donc n'introduit pratiquement pas des retards dans l'estimation.

In the spinal cord, an intricate neural network generates and coordinates the patterning of limb movements during locomotion. This network, known as the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG), comprises of various cell populations that together orchestrate the output of motor neurons. Identification of CPG neurons through their specific gene expression is a valuable tool that can provide considerable insight to the character, intrinsic properties and role of a population, which represents a step toward understanding locomotor circuit function and correlating neural activity to behaviour. We selectively targeted two inhibitory CPG populations to investigate their molecular characteristics, circuitry and functional role; Renshaw cells (RCs) marked by their specific expression of the cholinergic nicotinic receptor α2 (Chrna2) and a subset of the dI6 population derived by their selective expression of the Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (Dmrt3). We found that RCs have hyperpolarisation-activated cation (Ih) and small calcium-activated potassium (ISK) modulatory currents that differentially regulate their excitation and firing properties, which influence the instantaneous feedback to motor neurons through the recurrent inhibition circuit. Due to previous difficulties isolating RCs from the surrounding locomotor circuits, their functional role remains poorly defined. For the first time, we selectively silenced RC inhibition and found that all aspects of motor behaviour, including coordination and gait were normal. The deletion of RC signalling instead altered the electrical and synaptic properties of the recurrent inhibitory circuit, suggesting that developmental plasticity compensates for the loss of RC inhibition. We reveal Dmrt3 neurons comprise a population of glycinergic inhibitory, spike-frequency adapting commissural interneurons active during locomotion. Conditional silencing of the Dmrt3 population resulted in considerable gait abnormalities in the neonatal and adult mouse. This manifested as an uncoordinated CPG output in vitro, impaired limb coordination in pups and increased fore- and hindlimb synchrony in adults that was exacerbated at faster locomotor speeds. Dmrt3 mediated inhibition subsequently impacts locomotion and suggests the Dmrt3 population contribute to coordinating speed dependent left-right limb alternation. This thesis provides cellular, circuit and behavioural insights into the Renshaw cell and Dmrt3 populations and enhances our knowledge regarding their probable function within the locomotor CPG.