Esta tese tem como objetivo investigar a emergência de uma escola brasileira de Geografia cujas bases foram lançadas pelo geógrafo francês Pierre Monbeig. Seus anos de formação na Sorbonne, os anos em que viveu no Brasil, até os anos em que publicou suas principais contribuições sobre este país (1925-1957) demarcam o período do processo de formação da geografia brasileira sob sua liderança, visto como um percurso ao mesmo tempo material e simbólico. Uma geo-história dos saberes, que tem como eixos de análise as esferas das lentidões, da circulação e das rupturas, foi o método mobilizado para apreender uma trajetória que é atingida por movimentos profundos da constituição das ciências, bem como em conjunturas de eclipsam as longas tendências na primeira metade do século XX. Tais movimentos de longa duração são aqui caracterizados como a erosão dos valores literários, que dominaram as ciências francesas em fins do século XIX; a tentação à ação e ao engajamento, numa forma tendencial que caminha para uma crescente aplicação das ciências; e uma progressiva explicitação dos métodos científicos. Face à conjuntura e a determinismos específicos do Brasil, da formação do Estado nacional, da crise das oligarquias e do avanço do capitalismo tardio, as respostas a estas tendências, de uma ciência em contexto de recuperação de suas heranças, mas também de deslocamento, são singulares, e as transformações que a geografia de Pierre Monbeig vai sofrer nesse espaço são institucionais, teóricas e temporalmente específicas. Assim Monbeig elabora raciocínios que, sem negar as heranças e as tensões latentes, estão permeados por resultados diretos em torno da compreensão dos processos geográficos da modernização e da lógica espacial de subdesenvolvimento dos territórios em processo de colonização, e, indiretos, em torno de uma teoria geográfica adaptada às condições do capitalismo brasileiro, que nós denominados como géo-histórica do capitalismo periférico, com base em raciocínios sistêmicos. Por fim, será necessário ressaltar que tais contribuições epistemológicas, se não se anunciaram como uma ruptura às heranças da vertente da geografia francesa que ele adota, constituem, para as ciências humanas, uma fortuna crítica da Geografia desenvolvida no Brasil, pouco reconhecida nos debates historiográficos. / This thesis aims at investigating the emergence of a Brazilian school of Geography whose foundation was built by the French geographer Pierre Monbeig. His years studying at Sorbonne, his yeas spent in Brazil, and even the year in which he published his first contributions on this country (1925-1957) define the period in which Brazilian geography came to be, under his leadership; this was, at the same time, a material and a symbolic process. This research used a geohistory of knowledge that analyses the spheres of slowness, circulation, and ruptures to study a trajectory that is influenced by deep movements of the constitution of the sciences, as well as circumstances of the sciences that eclipse the long-lasting tendencies in the first half of the twentieth century. These long-lasting movements are characterized here as: erosion of literary values, which dominated French sciences in the end of the nineteenth century; temptation to action and engagement, in the form of a tendency towards a growing application of sciences; and a progressive clarification of the scientific method. In face of the situation and of Brazil-specific determinisms, the formation of the national State, the crises of oligarchies, and the advancement of late capitalism, the answers of a science in context of recovering its inheritances, but also of displacement, to these trends are singular and the transformations that Pierre Monbeig\'s geography goes through in this space are institutional, theoretical and temporally specific to that time. Thereby, Monbeig elaborates reasonings that, without denying latent heritage and tension, are direct results of understanding geographical processes of modernization and of the spacial logic of underdevelopment in territories in process of colonization, and by indirect results of a geographical theory adapted to the conditions of Brazilian capitalism, which we denominate a geohistory of the peripheral capitalism based on systemic reasoning. Finally, it is important to point out that these epistemological contributions were not announced as a break with the French geography the author adopts; they constitute, to the humanities, a critical source of information for Geography as it was developed in Brazil, which gets little recognition in historiographic debates.

Esta tese tem como objetivo investigar a emergência de uma escola brasileira de Geografia cujas bases foram lançadas pelo geógrafo francês Pierre Monbeig. Seus anos de formação na Sorbonne, os anos em que viveu no Brasil, até os anos em que publicou suas principais contribuições sobre este país (1925-1957) demarcam o período do processo de formação da geografia brasileira sob sua liderança, visto como um percurso ao mesmo tempo material e simbólico. Uma geo-história dos saberes, que tem como eixos de análise as esferas das lentidões, da circulação e das rupturas, foi o método mobilizado para apreender uma trajetória que é atingida por movimentos profundos da constituição das ciências, bem como em conjunturas de eclipsam as longas tendências na primeira metade do século XX. Tais movimentos de longa duração são aqui caracterizados como a erosão dos valores literários, que dominaram as ciências francesas em fins do século XIX; a tentação à ação e ao engajamento, numa forma tendencial que caminha para uma crescente aplicação das ciências; e uma progressiva explicitação dos métodos científicos. Face à conjuntura e a determinismos específicos do Brasil, da formação do Estado nacional, da crise das oligarquias e do avanço do capitalismo tardio, as respostas a estas tendências, de uma ciência em contexto de recuperação de suas heranças, mas também de deslocamento, são singulares, e as transformações que a geografia de Pierre Monbeig vai sofrer nesse espaço são institucionais, teóricas e temporalmente específicas. Assim Monbeig elabora raciocínios que, sem negar as heranças e as tensões latentes, estão permeados por resultados diretos em torno da compreensão dos processos geográficos da modernização e da lógica espacial de subdesenvolvimento dos territórios em processo de colonização, e, indiretos, em torno de uma teoria geográfica adaptada às condições do capitalismo brasileiro, que nós denominados como géo-histórica do capitalismo periférico, com base em raciocínios sistêmicos. Por fim, será necessário ressaltar que tais contribuições epistemológicas, se não se anunciaram como uma ruptura às heranças da vertente da geografia francesa que ele adota, constituem, para as ciências humanas, uma fortuna crítica da Geografia desenvolvida no Brasil, pouco reconhecida nos debates historiográficos. / This thesis aims at investigating the emergence of a Brazilian school of Geography whose foundation was built by the French geographer Pierre Monbeig. His years studying at Sorbonne, his yeas spent in Brazil, and even the year in which he published his first contributions on this country (1925-1957) define the period in which Brazilian geography came to be, under his leadership; this was, at the same time, a material and a symbolic process. This research used a geohistory of knowledge that analyses the spheres of slowness, circulation, and ruptures to study a trajectory that is influenced by deep movements of the constitution of the sciences, as well as circumstances of the sciences that eclipse the long-lasting tendencies in the first half of the twentieth century. These long-lasting movements are characterized here as: erosion of literary values, which dominated French sciences in the end of the nineteenth century; temptation to action and engagement, in the form of a tendency towards a growing application of sciences; and a progressive clarification of the scientific method. In face of the situation and of Brazil-specific determinisms, the formation of the national State, the crises of oligarchies, and the advancement of late capitalism, the answers of a science in context of recovering its inheritances, but also of displacement, to these trends are singular and the transformations that Pierre Monbeig\'s geography goes through in this space are institutional, theoretical and temporally specific to that time. Thereby, Monbeig elaborates reasonings that, without denying latent heritage and tension, are direct results of understanding geographical processes of modernization and of the spacial logic of underdevelopment in territories in process of colonization, and by indirect results of a geographical theory adapted to the conditions of Brazilian capitalism, which we denominate a geohistory of the peripheral capitalism based on systemic reasoning. Finally, it is important to point out that these epistemological contributions were not announced as a break with the French geography the author adopts; they constitute, to the humanities, a critical source of information for Geography as it was developed in Brazil, which gets little recognition in historiographic debates.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux peintures murales en milieu rural, dans la péninsule italienne. A travers trois études de cas elle propose d'analyser le phénomène muraliste comme l'expression des rapports écologiques des communautés locales avec leur environnement. L'étude de ce phénomène, mené en conjuguant l'approche géohistorique à l'écocriticism américain, révèle que ces peintures murales représentent une riposte aux nombreuses fractures, territoriales, identitaire et écologiques, qui sont intervenues dans ce territoires ruraux à l'époque contemporaine. Tout ces changements ont en effet brisé les rapports séculaires que les communautés locales entretenaient avec leur territoire en menaçant leur existence même. Il s'agit d'un phénomène courant en Italie qui a entrainé l'abandon de nombreux villages ruraux. Dans le cas des trois villages analysés, la population locale a fait recours à l'art murale afin de se réapproprier les lieux et de redéfinir les rapports avec son environnement, ce qu'enfin a garanti la survie des ces petites communautés. / This thesis is focused on Italian mural paintings in rural environments. Through three case studies, it analyses artistic phenomenon as an expression of  the ecological relationship between the local community and their environment. The study of this phenomenon, conducted by combining the geohistorical approach with American ecocriticism, reveals that these murals represent a response to the many fractures: territorial, identity and ecological, which have occurred in this rural area during contemporary times. All these changes, therefore, broke the centuries-old relationships that local communities maintained with their territory by threatening their own existence. This is a common phenomenon in Italy that has resulted in the abandonment of many rural villages. In the case of the three villages analyzed, the local population employed the mural art in order to reclaim their place and to redefine the relationship with their environment, which finally affirmed the survival of these small communities.

En 1790, les autorités locales pensaient que la période révolutionnaire sonnait le glas des villes de parlement. Supprimer les institutions d'Ancien Régime et les ordres religieux qui marquaient les espaces et les sociétés de ces neuf capitales régionales depuis des dizaines voire des centaines d'années signifiait ôter tout rayonnement à ces villes quasiment dépourvues d'industrie ou de commerce de grande ampleur. Paradoxalement, à la fin du premier tiers du XIXe siècle, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes et Toulouse étaient plus peuplées et plus étendues qu'en 1789. Seule Aix-en-Provence ne parvenait pas encore à se remettre de la crise révolutionnaire. De nouvelles fonctions, essentiellement militaires, avaient alors pris la place des magistrats et des hommes d'Eglise. En quelques dizaines d'années, les villes de parlement avaient été complètement redéfinies. Comprendre les conséquences de la suppression des anciens principes structurants des espaces urbains ainsi que celles de la mise en place de nouvelles fonctions urbaines implique d'analyser les espaces urbains du passé à l'aide de problématiques de géographe, donc d'avoir recours à une démarche géo-historique. Celle-ci a particulièrement été appliquée au cas de Toulouse à l'aide du Système d'Information Géographique (S.I.G.) de la ville : Urban-Hist. Cet outil a permis d'analyser l'ensemble des mutations urbaines de l'époque à l'échelle de la parcelle avant de chercher à savoir si les phénomènes alors observés ne concernaient que l'ancienne capitale de Languedoc ou s'il est possible de dégager un modèle de l'évolution des villes parlementaires avant, pendant, et après la Révolution. / In 1790, Toulouse authorities thought that when the French Revolution had suppressed all the Parliaments in the kingdom, they had also destroyed the parliamentary cities. Indeed, there were almost no industrial, commercial or other important economic activities in these administrative and judicial centers. Despite these suppressions, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes and Toulouse were already larger and more populous at the end of the first third of the 19th Century than they were in 1789. Aix-en-Provence was the only one which still suffered from the revolutionary crisis. Some new urban functions took the place of the magistrates and the churchmen. It took only a few decades to redefine the former parliamentary cities. In order to understand this phenomenon and its consequences on the urban spaces of the past we will use some geographical perspectives: we will use a geo-historical method. We will mainly focus on the case of Toulouse thanks to the Geographical Information System (G.I.S.) of this town: Urban-Hist. This tool provides much useful information which can help us understand the changes in the former capital of Languedoc. Were these changes specific to Toulouse or were they representative of the group of continental parliamentary cities before, during and after the French Revolution?

Este estudo trata da conquista e da formação territorial e o estabelecimento de limites internacionais do sul do Brasil. Nas fases desses processos mostra-se a conexão da ocupação territorial com as ações geopolíticas promovidas pelos luso-brasileiros. São analisados os tratados entre Portugal e Espanha, assim como o papel desenvolvido pelos bandeirantes, tropeiros, imigrantes, estancieiros, contrabandistas, gaúchos e outros atores na exploração e ocupação do território, cada um em seu momento histórico. Razões econômicas e ações militares integradas à iniciativas públicas e privadas serviram aos objetivos geopolíticos fundamentais a expansão e organização do espaço do sul do Brasil. É demonstrado neste estudo que todas as ações emanadas pelos luso-brasileiros no cenário do sul do Brasil foram de cunho geopolítico, envolvendo todos os atores citados acima que de uma forma ou de outra, atuaram na construção desse território. / This study treaties about the formation, territorial conquest and establishment of international limits in southern Brazil. During this procedure is revealed the connection between territorial occupation and the geopolitical moves promoted by Portuguese-Brazilians. These treaties between Portugal and Spain are analyzed, as well as the role developed by "bandeirantes", "tropeiros", immigrants, estancieiros, smugglers, gauchos and other actors in the exploration and occupation of territory, each one in their historical moment. Economic reasons and military actions integrated to public and private initiatives served as important geopolitical objectives that were fundamental to the expansion and space's organization of southern Brazil. It is shown in this study that all the actions by Portuguese-Brazilians in the southern Brazil's scenario are explained by geopolitical ideas, always involving all the actors mentioned above that, in one way or another, worked in the construction of this territory.

Este estudo trata da conquista e da formação territorial e o estabelecimento de limites internacionais do sul do Brasil. Nas fases desses processos mostra-se a conexão da ocupação territorial com as ações geopolíticas promovidas pelos luso-brasileiros. São analisados os tratados entre Portugal e Espanha, assim como o papel desenvolvido pelos bandeirantes, tropeiros, imigrantes, estancieiros, contrabandistas, gaúchos e outros atores na exploração e ocupação do território, cada um em seu momento histórico. Razões econômicas e ações militares integradas à iniciativas públicas e privadas serviram aos objetivos geopolíticos fundamentais a expansão e organização do espaço do sul do Brasil. É demonstrado neste estudo que todas as ações emanadas pelos luso-brasileiros no cenário do sul do Brasil foram de cunho geopolítico, envolvendo todos os atores citados acima que de uma forma ou de outra, atuaram na construção desse território. / This study treaties about the formation, territorial conquest and establishment of international limits in southern Brazil. During this procedure is revealed the connection between territorial occupation and the geopolitical moves promoted by Portuguese-Brazilians. These treaties between Portugal and Spain are analyzed, as well as the role developed by "bandeirantes", "tropeiros", immigrants, estancieiros, smugglers, gauchos and other actors in the exploration and occupation of territory, each one in their historical moment. Economic reasons and military actions integrated to public and private initiatives served as important geopolitical objectives that were fundamental to the expansion and space's organization of southern Brazil. It is shown in this study that all the actions by Portuguese-Brazilians in the southern Brazil's scenario are explained by geopolitical ideas, always involving all the actors mentioned above that, in one way or another, worked in the construction of this territory.

Este estudo trata da conquista e da formação territorial e o estabelecimento de limites internacionais do sul do Brasil. Nas fases desses processos mostra-se a conexão da ocupação territorial com as ações geopolíticas promovidas pelos luso-brasileiros. São analisados os tratados entre Portugal e Espanha, assim como o papel desenvolvido pelos bandeirantes, tropeiros, imigrantes, estancieiros, contrabandistas, gaúchos e outros atores na exploração e ocupação do território, cada um em seu momento histórico. Razões econômicas e ações militares integradas à iniciativas públicas e privadas serviram aos objetivos geopolíticos fundamentais a expansão e organização do espaço do sul do Brasil. É demonstrado neste estudo que todas as ações emanadas pelos luso-brasileiros no cenário do sul do Brasil foram de cunho geopolítico, envolvendo todos os atores citados acima que de uma forma ou de outra, atuaram na construção desse território. / This study treaties about the formation, territorial conquest and establishment of international limits in southern Brazil. During this procedure is revealed the connection between territorial occupation and the geopolitical moves promoted by Portuguese-Brazilians. These treaties between Portugal and Spain are analyzed, as well as the role developed by "bandeirantes", "tropeiros", immigrants, estancieiros, smugglers, gauchos and other actors in the exploration and occupation of territory, each one in their historical moment. Economic reasons and military actions integrated to public and private initiatives served as important geopolitical objectives that were fundamental to the expansion and space's organization of southern Brazil. It is shown in this study that all the actions by Portuguese-Brazilians in the southern Brazil's scenario are explained by geopolitical ideas, always involving all the actors mentioned above that, in one way or another, worked in the construction of this territory.

Le Paraná argentin, le cinquième plus grand fleuve du monde par la taille de son bassin versant et le dixième par son débit, est également un fleuve de paradoxes : axe essentiel pourtant délaissé ; immense mais inconnu en dehors des pays qu’il traverse ; richesse environnementale qui n’est cependant pas protégée ; au potentiel naturel gigantesque mais très peu utilisé. Avec les 3.2 millions de km² de son bassin versant et un débit moyen de 18 000 m3/s à son embouchure il peut être considéré comme un mégafleuve. La séparation des thématiques de recherche entre géographie physique et humaine implique que le thème des grands fleuves ne soit pas abordés de manière concertée. En 2008, E. Latrubesse propose la notion de « mégafleuve », faisant franchir un saut épistémologique à certains très grands fleuves. Le concept trouve son équivalent dans les réflexions propres à la géographie humaine. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de proposer un élargissement du concept de mégafleuve à la géographie humaine. Les grands projets tels que l’Hidrovia Paraná-Paraguay ou encore les grands barrages hydroélectriques permettent de mettre en place des ponts entre les domaines de compétence et de croiser la vision des acteurs de différents secteurs. Le Paraná est un fleuve en mutation, porteur d’enjeux socio-économiques de plus en plus importants : c’est pourquoi il est un objet idéal pour promouvoir un aménagement intégré porteur de valeurs environnementales. L’enjeu se situe principalement dans la mise en place des relations entre les échelles locales et supranationales induisant des recompositions territoriales. Ces dernières se fondent sur la mise en réseau de tout ou partie des territoires nationaux permettant de construire de nouvelles architectures régionales grâce à la convergence d’intérêts entre les différents acteurs. L’objectif visé est celui d’aboutir à des coopérations ouvertes permettant de diminuer l’approche verticale-sectorielle qui prédomine de nos jours. / The argentinian Paraná is the fifth river of the world by the size of its watershed, its tenth and its flow. It also is a river of paradoxes: it is an essential axis but has been abandoned; it is immense but unknown outside the countries which it crosses; it represents an environmental wealth which isn’t protected; and finaly is gigantic but very poorely used. With the 3.2 million km ² of its watershed , and an average flow which reaches 18 000 m3/s at its mouth it can be considered as a megariver.The theme of big rivers is nowadays quite fashionable in the scientific literature, but the research is separated between physical and human geography. It then seems necessary to reconcile both approaches around new concepts. In 2008, E. Latrubesse proposed the concept of megariver. This concept finds its equivalent in the reflections found in the human geography. The objective of this thesis is to propose an extension of the concept of megariver to the human geography. Few transversal approaches are led on the Paraná river and links between sectors, services and actors are fragile. The big projects such as the fluvial higway called Hidrovia Paraná-Paraguay or the big hydroelectric dams, allow to link different fields of expertise and to cross the vision of diferent actors. As a fact, the river carries more and more socio-economic issues which can only be approached with an integrated vision, joining social, environmental and economical questions. The issue is aslo situated in the relations between local, national and supranational scales, which leads to territorial reorganizations. These networks of geographical scales allow to build new cooperations inbetween all the actors and lead to an integrated managment of the Parana river.

Introduction / présentation du contexte : La création des ARS s’est accompagnée d’un pilotage régionalisé de la gouvernance sanitaire. Si les modalités administratives de découpage des territoires sanitaires sont connues, nous proposons une analyse géographique des logiques de fréquentation effectives des établissements hospitaliers qui semblent échapper à ce cadre réglementaire.Méthodes employées et sources de donnéesA partir du PMSI-MCO, nous avons étudié les flux inter-régionaux hospitaliers pour dix motifs de recours. L’analyse a été complétée par une analyse cartographique associant les mobilités à différents découpages géographiques et historiques, en Bourgogne et pour neuf autres régions test.Principaux résultats : La cartographie des mobilités hospitalières en Bourgogne et pour chaque région test montre que les flux de patients s’insèrent dans des ensembles territoriaux souvent cohérents au regard des limites que nous avons utilisées. Nos résultats indiquent que les frontières administratives régionales ne délimitent pas toujours des territoires homogènes. Pour chaque région test, des frontières invisibles apparaissent, héritées de la sédimentation historique et façonnées par des interfaces géographiques multiples.Discussion/Conclusion : La géographie aide à mieux comprendre l’organisation des flux hospitaliers, qui échappent aux logiques administratives régionales de la planification actuelle. A l’heure de la création de nouvelles grandes régions, l’outil géographique apparaît essentiel pour contribuer à l’instauration d’une gouvernance sanitaire plus pragmatique. / Introduction / presentation of the context : The creation of ARS (Regional Healthcare Agencies) was accompanied by the regionalized organization of healthcare. Even though the administrative procedures for dividing the country into areas for healthcare coverage are well known, we propose a geographic analysis of the reasons why patients attend one hospital rather than another, which seem to escape the logic used by the authorities.Methods employed and sources of data : Using the PMSI-MCO, we studied the flow of patients living in one region to hospitals in other regions according to ten reasons for visiting hospitals. The analysis was completed by a cartographic analysis, which related the flow to different geographical and historical divisions in Burgundy and in nine other test regions.Main results : The cartography of hospital flow in Burgundy and for each test region showed that the choices made by patients were often coherent with regard to the limits that we used. Our results indicate that regional administrative boundaries do not always create homogeneous territories. For each test region, invisible boundaries appear. They stem from historical sedimentation and were shaped by numerous geographic dynamics.Discussion/ConclusionGeography makes it easier to understand hospital flow, which escapes the logic of current regional administrative planning. Now, with the creation of new super-regions, geography appears to be an essential tool to establish more pragmatic healthcare coverage.

Malgré des accidents réguliers, la moyenne montagne n’occupe qu’une place mineure dans l’étude des avalanches. Cette thèse vise donc, par une approche interdisciplinaire, à analyser la réalité du risque d’avalanche dans le Massif vosgien. Considérant le risque comme un construit social, on se propose d’appréhender les cultures du risque d’avalanche, puis d’étudier sa réalité matérielle (approche diachronique, spatialisation, conditions d’occurrence et d’émergence du risque).Pour déterminer s’il existe reconnaissance et appropriation du risque d’avalanche par les acteurs participant au processus de construction du risque, on a procédé à une analyse de discours des différents acteurs intervenant dans sa gestion et à des enquêtes, l’une inductive par entretiens, l’autre par questionnaire. In fine, d’une manière générale, connaissances et mémoire collective font défaut et, quelle que soit l’échelle, le risque d’avalanche n’est pas identifié en tant que problème. Il est au mieux désigné comme un danger ponctuel et localisé auquel on se sent peu vulnérable. Parallèlement, à travers une démarche géohistorique, on a étudié l’inscription spatiale et temporelle des avalanches sur les deux derniers siècles et cherché à identifier les facteurs naturels et sociaux interagissant dans le système de production du risque. Il apparait que, si la connaissance des avalanches est dépendante des sources, leur dynamique est fortement conditionnée par les activités anthropiques passées et actuelles. Malgré la fréquence des avalanches, ce risque n’apparait pas comme un élément fondamental des cultures montagne dans le Massif vosgien et nécessite un travail d’information et de sensibilisation. / In spite of regular accidents, the medium-high mountain doesn’t seem to play a major role in the study of avalanche. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to emphasize the reality of the avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains by an interdisciplinary approach. Considering risk itself as a social construction, we suggest to study at first the cultures of avalanche risk and then pursue with its material reality (diachronic approach, spatialization, risk occurrence and conditions of emergence). So as to establish if the different protagonists involved in the process of risk construction recognize and appropriate the avalanche risk, we have analyzed the statements of the persons in charge of those events and conducted two different surveys (inductive interviews and a questionnaire). In the end, there is a lack of knowledge and collective memory, and the risk of avalanche seems not to be considered and identified as a real problem. At the very best, it is pointed out as an occasional and localized danger, to which people do not really feel vulnerable.At the same time, through a geo-historical approach, we studied the spatial and temporal distribution of avalanches over the last two centuries and tried to identify the natural and social factors interacting in the risk production system. It appears that, if knowledge concerning avalanches is based on historical sources, their dynamic is strongly conditioned by past and current human activities. Despite the frequency of avalanches, this risk does not appear as a fundamental element of the mountain cultures in the Vosges range and requires measures to draw the attention of people and inform them about it.