El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo proponer a una empresa distribuidora de insumos automotrices herramientas que permitan optimizar el proceso de distribución, para reducir sobrecostos y evitar las devoluciones, mediante una correcta planificación y seguimiento de entregas de los pedidos. En la actualidad, la empresa viene afrontando dos grandes problemas: sobrecostos en la distribución e insatisfacción de clientes por pedidos no entregados. Este último, incurre, además, en una reducción de la venta debido a las devoluciones. Para poder analizar y entender los procesos de la organización, se ha usado el marco de trabajo Zachman y la metodología TOGAF, los cuales permiten identificar los procesos a mejorar para atacar las causas de los problemas. Luego, se identificaron los factores de éxito del proyecto, los cuales ayudan a definir los indicadores de éxito para medir la eficacia de la solución planteada. Posteriormente, se enfocó en elaborar una arquitectura de software analizando los requisitos, restricciones y reglas de negocio, priorizando los más importantes y trascendentes, a los cuales se le denominó Drivers Arquitectónicos. Asimismo, se definieron atributos de calidad de la solución propuesta, los cuales contribuirán aplicando decisiones y estilos de diseño. Por otro lado, se aplicaron tácticas de diseño, conocidas por su eficiencia para cumplir con los atributos de calidad. Así también, se elaboró un diagrama C4, el cual permite representar los diferentes niveles de abstracción de la solución del software a un nivel técnico. Finalmente se elaboraron los prototipos de pantallas, con los que interactúan los usuarios de los procesos en la solución planteada. La propuesta plantea una reducción sustancial de los sobrecostos de distribución y las devoluciones de ventas, dicha reducción será analizada mediante tableros de control que medirán el éxito del proyecto. / The present work aims to propose to the automotive supplies distributor company, tools that allow optimizing the distribution process, to reduce cost overruns and avoid returns, through proper planning and follow-up of order deliveries. Currently, the company has been facing two major problems: cost overruns in distribution and customer dissatisfaction due to undelivered orders. The latter incurs a reduction in the sale due to returns. In order to analyze and understand the organization's processes, the Zachman framework and the TOGAF methodology have been used, which allow us to identify the processes to be improved, to attack the causes of problems. Then, the success factors of the project were identified, which help to define the success indicators to measure the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Subsequently, the focus was to develop a software architecture analyzing the requirements, restrictions and business rules, prioritizing the most important and transcendent, which were called Architectural Drivers. Likewise, quality attributes of the proposed solution were defined, which will contribute by applying design decisions and styles. On the other hand, design tactics were applied, known for their efficiency in meeting quality attributes. Likewise, a C4 diagram was elaborated, which allows to represent the different levels of abstraction of the software solution at a technical level. Finally, the prototypes of screens were developed, with which the users of the processes in the proposed solution interact. The proposal proposes a substantial reduction in distribution cost overruns and sales returns, such reduction will be analyzed through control panels that will measure the success of the project. / Tesis

Migratory insects are vital components of global ecosystems and provide important ecosystem services, yet the migration phenomenon is understudied in insects compared to vertebrates. In this thesis, I aim to deepen our understanding of insect migration, using the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui (L.) as model systems. Studying insect migration is notoriously difficult given the small size, high abundance, and short lifespans of insects. Isotope geolocation has shown promise for overcoming these obstacles. Here, I develop and apply metals and metal isotopes, specifically strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr), to increase the spatial precision of isotope geolocation and demonstrate how isotopic geolocation tools can advance our understanding of insect migration at the population level. In the first chapter, I test the validity of using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, lead isotopes, and a suite of 23 metals and metalloids to estimate the natal origins of migratory insects, by investigating the pathways of metal incorporation into butterfly wing tissues. Using an 8-week diet-switching experiment, I show that the concentrations of many metals in insect wings can be altered through the adult diet or dust deposition, making them poor candidates for geolocation but potentially interesting tools to study insect physiology, diet, or toxicology. For example, lead was found to accumulate on butterfly wings from external sources, and lead isotopes could potentially be used to quantify the exposure of migratory insects to metal pollution. Some metals, including Ba, Cs, Mg, Na, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl, and U, are good candidates for developing geolocation tools. I focused on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and demonstrated that, despite some caveats, this tool is valid for isotope geolocation. In the second chapter, I outline the steps required to use ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr for the geolocation of insects, including the calibration of a spatial model of isotopic variation (i.e., an isoscape) using random forest regression. I then combine hydrogen isotope values (δ²H) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr into a dual assignment framework to estimate the natal origins of a single generation of monarch butterflies in eastern North America. I demonstrate that combining these two isotopes provides a more spatially constrained estimate of natal origin than using either isotope alone. In the third chapter, I apply this framework to characterize the migratory patterns and migratory connectivity of an insect species across a geographical barrier, the Sahara. Painted ladies journeying northwards across the Sahara appear to do so in a gradual progression, although spatiotemporal sampling limitations prevented a complete characterization of this movement. In contrast, painted ladies migrating southwards appear to journey in a broad front, parallel migration pattern with little longitudinal movement. Evidence for a leapfrog migration pattern was found in the western region, wherein butterflies of northernmost origin journey farther south than butterflies bred in more southerly regions. This leapfrog migration pattern suggests distinct migratory behaviours within painted lady butterflies wherein some individuals migrate longer distances than others. In the fourth chapter, I apply isotope geolocation to characterize the migration distances of multiple individuals and assess the potential genetic differentiation of butterflies migrating distinct distances. I use δ²H and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-based geographic assignment to confirm that some painted ladies migrate up to 4,000 km from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa, while others migrate shorter distances from Europe to the circum-Mediterranean region. Despite these differences in migration distance, genome-wide analysis revealed a lack of adaptive variation between short- and long-distance migrants. Instead, variation in migration distance in painted lady butterflies is likely the result of a plastic response to environmental conditions. Overall, the methodological developments presented in this thesis are a step forward in studying insect migration. The development and application of metals and metal isotopes for insect geolocation opens new avenues to study the migration phenomenon at different scales with widespread relevance for conservation and pest management.

This thesis presented an overview of the development of a geolocating algorithm as part of a geoprocessor for raw satellite imagery. This algorithm was devised for and limited by the specifications of a state-of-the-art multispectral telescope designed by Aistech Space, hosted onboard the Guardian spacecraft, which will observe Earth through the visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The geolocation algorithm presented here is composed of the combination of two models. The first is a physical model, which makes use of spacecraft telemetry and external satellite-tracking data to approximate the geographical center of a sensed scene. Secondly, an optical model obtains a reference Landsat image based on the timestamp and approximated location of the sensed scene and utilizes image processing techniques to pinpoint a more precise geographical location of the sensed scene within acceptable limits. This performance was achieved in 77% of the cases considered. To conclude, a roadmap of the subsequent development topics and their relevance was laid out. / Detta examensarbete presenterar en översikt för utvecklingen av en geolokaliseringsalgoritm som en del av en geoprocessor för obearbetade satellitbilder. Algoritmen anpassades för och begränsades av specifikationerna för ett toppmodernt multispektralt teleskop designat av Aistech Space. Teleskopet kommer att finnas ombord på rymdfarkosten Guardian, där den är avsedd att observera jorden i de synliga, nära infraröda och termiska infraröda delarna av det elektromagnetiska spektrumet. Geolokaliseringsalgoritmen som presenteras i detta arbete är sammansatt av en kombination av två modeller. Den första är en fysisk modell, vilken använder sig av rymdfarkostens telemetri och extern satellitspårningsdata för att approximera det geografiska centrumet av en plats. Den andra är en optisk modell, vilken använder sig av en Landsat-referensbild baserad på tidsstämpeln och den ungefärliga positionen av platsen och använder sedan bildbehandlingstekniker för att fastställa en mer exakt geografisk position av platsen inom acceptabla gränser. Denna prestation lyckades uppnås i 77% av de övervägda fallen. Avslutningsvis lades en plan ut för de efterföljande utvecklingsämnena och deras relevans.

Front of large amount of personal mobile devices sold in the market and the vast amount of location technologies available for use by this equipment, we present a solution of localization that is able to position geographically a user and his friends on any mobile device, regardless of the equipment localization technology, as well as calculate the distance that it is in relation to friends and set the distance to be notified of the proximity thereof. This solution consists of two localization services: the localization service that uses the HTML5 Geolocation API and the localization service that uses Dynamic Web Service. Both services have been deployed and tested in SocialNetLab, which is the mobile social network that was implemented to validate these location services, serve as a laboratory for future research on social networks and will be available for the Department of Computer Science, of the University Federal of Sergipe. The main result we obtained the integration of two localization services in a mobile social network, the SocialNetLab, making it able to find and notify users of the proximity of friends regardless of localization technology available on the device (mobile or not). Upon completion of the tests we obtained satisfactory results in both localization services tested. / Diante da grande quantidade de dispositivos móveis pessoais vendidos no mercado e do vasto número de tecnologias de localização disponível para serem utilizadas por esses equipamentos, apresentamos uma solução de localização que é capaz de posicionar geograficamente um usuário e seus amigos em qualquer dispositivo móvel, independente da tecnologia de localização presente no equipamento, bem como calcular a distancia que o mesmo se encontra em relação aos amigos e definir a distância que deseja ser notificado da proximidade dos mesmos. Essa solução é composta por dois serviços de localização: o serviço de localização que utiliza a API de Geolocalização do HTML5 e o serviço de localização que utiliza Web Service Dinâmico. Ambos os serviços foram implantados e testados na SocialNetLab, que é a rede social móvel que foi implementada para validar esses serviços de localização e que servirá de laboratório para futuras pesquisas em redes sociais e estará disponível para o Departamento de Computação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Como principal resultado obtivemos a integração de dois serviços de localização em uma rede social móvel, a SocialNetLab, tornando-a capaz de localizar e notificar usuários da proximidade de amigos independente da tecnologia de localização disponível no dispositivo (móvel ou não). Ao término dos testes obtivemos resultados satisfatórios nos dois serviços de localização testados.

Everyware, ubiquitous computing, connexion ambiante, condition hyperconnectée, hypersphère,… Dans la dernière décennie, les chercheurs de tous domaines confondus ont convoqué une série de termes très différents pour évoquer les conséquences de l’introduction des dispositifs mobiles ont engendrés sur notre manière de vivre et habiter l’espace. En poursuivant les réflexions entamées par les chercheurs appartenant au « tournant spatial », cette thèse se propose d’interroger l’imaginaire spatial dans la littérature numérique contemporaine tel que modifié par les nouvelles technologies ainsi que les modalités dont la littérature s’est emparé de ces technologies pour les détourner ou les intégrer en tant qu’éléments poétiques à part entière. Quel est le nouveau rapport à l’espace que dessinent le téléphone intelligent, les réseaux sociaux et la géolocalisation ? Comment la littérature se modifie-t-elle en devenant géolocalisée ? Qu’il soit question de l’espace urbain ou d’autres types d’espaces, cette thèse interroge l’intégration d’outils, de pratiques et de techniques numériques à l’écriture littéraire de l’espace. Au moment où la présence d’une technologie de géolocalisation participe également au processus de redéfinition de notre position dans le monde, en redéfinissant notre rapport à la fois personnel et littéraire à l’espace, comment notre position spatiale devient-elle une donnée partageable, conversationnelle et sémiotique – signifiant et matière poétique à part entière, tout autant que le langage ? / Everyware, ubiquitous computing, ambient connection, hyperconnected condition, hypersphere... In the last decade, researchers from all fields have used a series of very different terms to evoke the consequences of the introduction of mobile devices on our way of living and inhabiting space. By continuing the reflections started by the researchers belonging to the "spatial turn", this thesis proposes to question the spatial imaginary in contemporary digital literature as modified by the new technologies as well as the modalities in which literature has seized these technologies to divert them or integrate them as poetic elements in their own right. What is the new relationship to space that the smart phone, social networks and geolocation draw? How does literature change by becoming geolocated? Whether we are talking about urban space or other types of space, this thesis questions the integration of digital tools, practices and techniques into the literary writing of space. At a time when the presence of geolocation technology also participates in the process of redefining our position in the world, redefining our personal and literary relationship to space, how does our spatial position become a shareable, conversational and semiotic datum - a signifier and poetic material in its own right, as much as language?

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