Having experienced climatic warming before, First Nations people of the Albany River basin in sub-arctic, Canada, have already shown the ability to be adaptable to external influences. However, societal changes and the current accelerated rate of environmental change have reduced First Nations people ability to adapt. In addition, young people are no longer going out on the land as much. Fort Albany First Nation community members have commented on the lack of connection that some youth have with the land. A disconnect with the environment by youth can threaten the adaptive capacity of sub-arctic First Nations. As identified by Fort Albany First Nation community members, one potential tool that could influence the youth to become more aware of their land, is the collaborative geomatics tool. The collaborative geomatics tool is based on the WIDE (Web Informatics Development Environment) software toolkit. The toolkit was developed by The Computer Systems Group of the University of Waterloo to construct, design, deploy and maintain complex web-based systems. The collaborative geomatics tool supports a common reference map, based on high-resolution imagery. Three environmental outreach camps were held from 2011-2012, programming utilized place-based education as the platform to engage youth in their environment and community and begin using the associated mapping technology. All camps utilized the newly developed collaborative-geomatics tool and a camera ready handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) while participating in various activities that engaged them in their community and environment. The outreach program worked well in connecting youth with knowledgeable community members allowing for the direct transfer of traditional knowledge in a culturally appropriate manner, that is, learning through observation and doing, as well as other culturally-appropriate educational strategies. In addition, the informatics tool supported the archiving of this knowledge through the uploading of geospatially tagged pictures taken by the youth.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Post-School Studies) / This study is located in engineering education at a South African university of technology, and is theorised using relational ontologies such as critical posthumanism, feminist new materialism and non-representational theory. It explores the potential of a digital storytelling intervention in an undergraduate geomatics diploma programme. Geomatics qualifications in South Africa are critiqued for their embedded humanism and subtle anthropocentrism despite attempts at post-apartheid curricular reform. Additionally, these qualifications are focused on technical content, and heavily influenced by Western knowledges.

Submitted by icict Monica (monica@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-10-17T13:20:45Z Editado por Éder Freyre No. of bitstreams: 1 Volume_Final.pdf: 2681639 bytes, checksum: e5bcf9ba15caf1e974a4866485d60266 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T13:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Volume_Final.pdf: 2681639 bytes, checksum: e5bcf9ba15caf1e974a4866485d60266 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O conjunto de técnicas de Geomática tem sido um poderoso aliado no apoio à tomada de decisões e manipulação de dados espaciais. Nas últimas décadas tornou-se quase indispensável na gestão de recursos humanose recursos naturais. Na área da Saúde, a Geomática tem viabilizado estudos sobre: análise da distribuiçãode pacientes; variações na ocorrência de epidemias; monitoramento de vetores; avaliação em tempo real de situações de emergência ou catastróficas, entre outros. A associação da Medicina com a Geografia é antiga. A associação entre a saúde e a espacialização das doenças deve considerar a estruturação física do espaço geográfico a partir da caracterização de cada parte componente do sistema como preconiza a perspectiva sistêmica na Teoria Geral de Sistema, pois a população é parte integrante do espaço geográfico no qual ocorrem determinados agravos à saúde. Nestes pontos recai a relevância da presente pesquisa. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área da Bacia Hidrográfica de Jacarepaguá no município do Rio de Janeiro. Com aproximadamente 295 km2 é composta por 19 bairros e tem uma população aproximada de 682000 habitantes. O estudo pretendeu estruturar uma metodologia para inserção das técnicas de Geomática na prática de análises de dados de saúde, apoiada na Teoria Geral de Sistemas, visando contribuir no processo de vigilânciaambiental em saúde permitindo realizar um prognóstico de situações de risco de determinada população. A base cartográfica que apoiou o estudo foi construída através de cartas topográficas da DSG na escala 1:50000. Das cartas foram retiradas informações de planimetria relevantes ao estudo e as informações de altimetria que foram utilizadas na elaboraçãodo modelo digital de terreno (MDT). Com o MDT foi gerado o mapa de declividade por grau que permitiu criar divisões em 5 classes para posterior geração de mapas temáticos com osdados de saúde. Os dados de saúde foram retirados do Sistema de Informações de Notificação de Agravos (SINAN) disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. A doença analisada foi a leptospirose. Os casos foram localizados pontualmente a partir dos endereços de residência. A hipótese aventada neste estudo era a existência de um alto grau de correlação entre as partes componentes representadas pela estruturação física do espaço e a ocorrência de leptospirose. Com os resultados comprovou-se a hipótese nula, pois somente ocorrem doenças em áreas associadas ao Fundo Chato da Baixada de Jacarepaguá e nos Declives Suavesdos Morros Isolados, também localizados no Subsistema Baixada. Isto demonstra que em termos desta doença existe uma ausência de população nesta componente espacial em áreas de maiores declividades. / The collection of Geomatics’techniques has been a powerful allied to support space data decisions and handling. Last decade, it almost became essential to human and natural resources management. For health, Geomatics has made feasible some researches, such as: analyses about patients’ distribution, epidemics occurrence variation, vector tracking, assessment about emergency or catastrophic situations in real time, among others. The association between Medicine and Geography isold. The association between health and spacialization of diseases may consider the physical structure of geographic space from characterization of each system’s component part as the systemic perspective spreads in General System Theory seeing that the population is part of geographic space which occur some health disorders. Therefore, these facts are the importance of this research that was developed in Baixada de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro. This place has approximately 295 Km2 and it is compounded by 19 neighborhoods which have an estimate of 682000 inhabitants. The research intended to structure a methodology to insert Geomatics’ techniques into practice of health data analyses, supported by General System Theory, aiming to contribute in the process of environmental monitoring in health which allows a prognosis about situations of risks of certain population. The basic mapping that supported this study was built by topographic charts of DSG on the scale 1:50000. From these charts, planimetry details were taken off and also altimetry information that were used in the development of digital terrain model (DTM). With DTM, the slope mapping by percentage was done and it allowed the creation of compartments in five classes for subsequent generation of thematic maps with health data. The data of this study were found in health information systems released by the Ministry of Health. The analyzed disease was leptospirosis. And its cases were located from addresses of residence. The hypothesis raisedhere was the existence of high correlation among component parts represented by physicalstructure of space and the occurrence of leptospirosis. By the results, it was proved the void hypothesis because diseases only happen in areas which are associated with plain area of the coastal bas of Jacarepaguá and the suave hillside of the hillock, both in subsystem coastal bas. It demonstrates that in terms of leptospirosis, an absence of population exists at this space component in areas of major steepness.

Inscrite dans une démarche interdisciplinaire d’Humanités numériques, la thèse a pour objectif la modélisation de la spatialité d’une oeuvre littéraire par les méthodes de traitement et les outils de représentation géomatiques. Face au constat de la complexité et de la spatialité du Cycle de Nedjma de Kateb Yacine (1929-1989), nous proposons en effet d’utiliser des méthodes de connaissances et des modes de discours non-linéaires afin d’explorer autrement l’oeuvre littéraire. L’objectif est également de faire apparaitre le rôle spécifique du récit dans la construction géographique de l’oeuvre. Cette proposition résulte d’une réflexion épistémologique approfondie sur les potentialités de la modélisation spatiale en géographie et en littérature. Elle se fonde sur les hypothèses de recherche suivantes : l’espace littéraire estun espace au sens propre ; les différents types d’espaces (espace géographique, espace géométrique, espace de la figure poétique, espace de l’imagination, espace textuel, espace littéraire) peuvent être décloisonnés ; l’étude de leurs relations informe la connaissance du récit littéraire. La méthodologie mise en place consiste à réaliser une base de données géographique afin de formaliser, de répertorier et de représenter cartographiquement les données géographiques et narratives extraites du roman Nedjma. La série de carte résultante met à jour la co-construction de l’espace géographique et de l’espace littéraire katébien. Par des effets d’éclatement et de rapprochement narratifs, l’espace est-algérien est en effet reconfiguré, jetant les bases pour la construction d’une nation algérienne ouverte et réticulaire. / The purpose of this thesis is to modelize the literary space using geomatics methods and quantitative tools. Due to the complexity and spatiality of the Cycle de Nedjma by Kateb Yacine (1929- 1989), we intended to develop non-linear knowledges and representations in order to explore differently the literary work. The purpose of this thesis is also to show the specific role of the narrative in the construction of its own geography. This proposal is based on a detailed study of potentialities of a spatial modelization in geographic and literary fields. This work is based on three main hypothesis: the fact that “literary space” is indeed a real space; the fact that partitions between different definitions of space can beovercome; and finally the fact that studying the relationships between those spaces can enlighten us about the functioning of the narrative. The methodology consisted in producing a geographic database that would be able to formalize, index and represent the geographic and narrative data extracted from the novel Nedjma. The resulting set of maps shows the co-construction of the geographic and the literary katebian spaces. Indeed, through proximity and bursting narrative effects, Algerian space is reconfigured, setting the basis of a more open and reticular Algerian nation.

En este proyecto se desarrollan y evalúan los posibles escenarios de riesgo y daño sísmico para edificaciones de albañilería confinada de un piso, dos pisos y de tres pisos de la ciudad de Huaral, Lima, Perú. La mayoría de las edificaciones de albañilería confinada en el lugar mencionado son construidas por personas que no están calificadas, por lo tanto no cuentan con conocimiento de que deben de cumplir normas para su diseño y construcción. Debido a ello, las edificaciones presentan un alto grado de susceptibilidad frente a un evento sísmico. La nueva metodología para determinar los mapas de riesgo se realiza de acuerdo a la norma E.030, se desarrolla el análisis sísmico dinámico para distintas aceleraciones de suelo que van de 0.1g hasta 1.0g para viviendas de un piso, dos pisos y tres pisos, las distorsiones que se obtienen se comparan con la tabla de daño y deterioro en muros de mampostería confinada propuesta por tabla de (Ruiz - García), Concluida el modelamiento y el análisis se desarrolló la curva de daño, las ecuaciones que se obtienen de las curvas se integran a una plataforma GIS para cálculo de daño mediante el programador integrado en programa de computo Arcgis10.3 field calculator vb script que desarrolla su cálculo en función del número de piso de la edificación y nos sistematiza el nivel de daño, con lo cual se podrá presentar mapas temáticos de daño para diferentes aceleraciones de suelo. Se determinó que para una aceleración de suelo para el distrito de Huaral 0.1g a 0.4g el 86% de las edificaciones no presentaría daño importante. Para una Aceleración de suelo 0.4g a 0.6g solo el 54% de las edificaciones no sufriría daños, para aceleraciones más exigentes 0.6g a 1.0g se presenta que el mayor porcentaje de daño están en las edificaciones de 3 y 2 pisos que contempla un 98% de daños importantes pero reparables por que no supera el estado limite último de los muros de albañilería confinada. This project will develop and evaluate potential risk scenarios and seismic damage to masonry buildings confined to one floor, two floors and three floors town of Huaral, Lima, Peru. Most confined masonry buildings in that place are built by people who are not qualified, therefore they have no knowledge that must meet standards for design and construction. As a result, the buildings have a high degree of susceptibility to a seismic event. The new methodology for determining risk maps is done according to the E.030 standard, dynamic seismic analysis for different ground accelerations ranging from 0.1g to 1.0g for housing a flat, two-story and three-story develops the distortions that are obtained are compared with the table of damage and deterioration of confined masonry walls proposed by Ruiz - Garcia Completed the modeling and analysis of damage curve was developed, the equations obtained curves are integrated into a GIS platform for damage calculation by the computer program integrated into field Arcgis10.3 calculator vb script that develops its calculation on the number of floor of the building and we systematized level programmer damage, which may be submitted thematic maps for different accelerations damage soil It was determined that for an acceleration of land for the district of Huaral 0.1ga 0.4g 86% of the buildings would not present major damage. For 0.4ga 0.6g ground acceleration only 54% of the buildings suffer no harm, for more demanding acceleration 1.0g 0.6ga presents the highest percentage of damage are in buildings 3 and 2 floors which includes 98% important but not exceeding serviceable limit state last of the confined brick walls damages.

Foi estruturado um modelo de servidor de mapas, na plataforma MapGuide, capaz de disseminar eletrônicamente os dados geoespaciais gerados pela Prefeitura de Taboão da Serra SP. O projeto de servidor visou duas finalidades principais: implementar este tipo de tecnologia ao analista responsável pelo projeto, no âmbito da Prefeitura, e; tornar a dissertação um guia teóricometodológico introdutório a profissionais da Cartografia e Geociências, não especializados com este ramo das geotecnologias. O serviço de disseminação foi configurado para servir dados geoespaciais diretamente a navegadores de rede, servidores FTP e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Para estes últimos, foram utilizados recursos de acesso a dados localizados em servidores de mapas remotos, por meio dos serviços de Web Mapping Service (WMS) e Web Feature Service (WFS). Enquanto a disseminação em navegador de rede pode alcançar usuários não especializados com este campo das geotecnologias, a utilização de servidores FTP, serviços WMS e WFS remotos, favorece usuários técnicos das Geociências e Cartografia. Comparou-se as funcionalidades do MapGuide, a SIG de primeira e segunda geração, com funções topológicas completas. Concluiu-se que o servidor de mapas não possuía a mesma capacidade de análise espacial dos SIG topológicos. / A Web Mapping application built on MapGuide was designed to digitally serve the municipal government of Taboão da Serra SP geospatial data. There were two aims related to the application project: to implement the technology to the analyst responsible for the project, and; to develop the project content as an introdutory theoretical-methodological guide to geoscientists and cartographers not specialized in the internet mapping field. The geospatial data dissemination services were configured to web browsers, FTP servers and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For these lasts, data access resources to remote spatial servers were used, via Web Mapping Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS). While the web browser data dissemination is suitable for non-technicians, the FTP server, WMS and WFS resources, are best suitable for GIS analysts. A comparison between MapGuide functionalities with other first and second generation topological GIS softwares was performed. The conclusion revealed the web mapping application didn\'t have the same spatial analysis capabilities as the topological GIS.

The georeferencing consists of the description of the rural property, characteristics and confrontations, of descriptive memorial containing the border coordinates, georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System following the positioning precision defined by INCRA. The perimeter survey of a rural property can be done only using GPS receivers, or only with topographical conventional techniques, among which the use of total Stations or even with mixed techniques (GPS and conventional techniques). The usage of mixed techniques is done in situations where there are obstructions in part of the perimeter and it limits the use of GPS receivers, like big and dense vegetation or protected by law forest. The most used procedure for mixed surveys, is the coordinates transportation form a start base (initial) in which its coordinates are known to a final base (end) in which are known the same elements of the start base, and the distance, heading and direction between them (azimuth). For the development of this work, different methods were applied for the transformation of the local topographical coordinates of the vertex of the polygon to get the coordinates of the same vertex in the map plan, according to 10267/01 law. This work had as a target the result comparison between different procedures, from the most traditional for coordinates transportation (Puissant, Bowring, of the rope, Gauss), as well as the method of the rotation matrix (RAPP, 1989b) and an alternative method called twodimensional transformation matrix, described in WOLF and GHILANI (1997) and URIBE (2003). The found results showed that all methods present the best class of performance when the comparison was done between the values of the vertex coordinates of the polygons obtained by the different calculation procedures with the values of the coordinates of the same vertexes of the polygon obtained with the use of GPS receiver. But when analyzed with accuracy, the method which presented less average error and less standard deviation was the Bowring, and then the Puissant, and then the rotation matrix method, and then the rope method, and then the two-dimensional matrix and the last was Gauss method. / O georreferenciamento consiste na descrição do imóvel rural, características e confrontações, em memorial descritivo que contenha as coordenadas dos limites, georreferenciadas ao Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro atendendo à precisão posicional fixada pelo INCRA. O levantamento do perímetro de uma propriedade rural pode ser feito usando-se somente receptores GPS, ou somente técnicas topográficas convencionais, dentre as quais se destaca a utilização de Estações totais e pode, também ser feito através de técnicas mistas (GPS e técnicas convencionais). A utilização de técnicas mistas e utilizada em situações em que ocorrem obstruções em parte do perímetro e que limitam o uso de receptores GPS, como vegetação densa e de grande porte ou mesmo protegidas pela legislação florestal. O procedimento mais utilizado, em levantamentos mistos, é a realização do transporte de coordenadas de uma base de partida (inicial) da qual se conhecem as suas coordenadas, a distância que as separa e a direção e o sentido entre elas (azimute) até uma base de chegada (final) em que se conhecem os mesmos elementos da base inicial. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho diferentes métodos foram aplicados para a transformação das coordenadas topográficas locais dos vértices de uma poligonal para a obtenção das coordenadas dos mesmos vértices no plano cartográfico, conforme preconiza a lei 10267/01. Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer uma comparação entre diferentes procedimentos, desde os mais tradicionais para transporte de coordenadas (Puissant, Bowring, da corda, Gauss), bem como o método da matriz de rotação (RAPP ,1989b) e um método denominado de transformação bidimensional descrito em WOLF & GHILANI (1997) e URIBE (2003),. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que todos os métodos apresentam a classe de desempenho ótima quando foi feita a comparação entre os valores das coordenadas dos vértices de uma poligonal obtidas pelos diferentes procedimentos de cálculo com os valores das coordenadas dos mesmos vértices da poligonal obtidas com o uso de receptor GPS. Mas, quando analisados em conjunto com acurácia (ou exatidão) o método que apresentou menor erro médio e menor desvio padrão foi o de Bowring, seguido do Puissant, do das matrizes de rotação ortogonais, do da corda, do da matriz bidimensional e por último, o de Gauss.

Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) concentrate high levels of biodiversity and several species not found anywhere else. They prevail in the landscape through the ecological contribution of groundwater. They, GDEs, are vulnerable to drastic changes in groundwater depth. If, for example, bulk groundwater pumping drastically increases the groundwater depth and GDEs can no longer access it, they would die out. In the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa, there is limited information about the spatial distribution of groundwater dependent ecosystems. With the CFR having multiple locations with current and subsequent bulk groundwater pumping, identifying the spatial distribution of GDEs is a prerequisite for establishing their groundwater requirements. This dissertation presents a proposed novel method to identify rapid recovering wetlands predicted to be GDEs and uses Random Forest (RF) to predict their spatial distribution. The proposed novel approach leveraged the periodic fire disturbances in the CFR and applied the remote sensing index; Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) extracted from high spatial resolution (1 m) aerial orthoimages. The proposed novel approach involves three levels of analysis. The first two levels used a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyse the sensitivity of mean NDVI to discriminate wetland and non-wetland classes in burned and unburned study sites, and a post-hoc test: Tukey's Honest Significant Differences (HSD) pair-wise comparison to detect differences between the wetland and non-wetland mean NDVI and infer an NDVI threshold of wetland classes. In unburned sites, ANOVAshowed no statistical significance between wetland and non-wetland classes, F (2,15) = 3.53, p = 0.055. In burned sites, however, ANOVA showed there was a significant difference between wetland and non-wetland classes, F (2,15) = 9.66, p = 0.002. ANOVA and Tukey showed there were significant differences betweenwetland and non-wetland classes, with wetlands having between 0.22 and 0.37 greater NDVI than non-wetlands. The last level of analysis employed a kernel density estimator function to assess the recovery rate post-burn and use it to detect faster recovery as potential of wetlands to be GDEs; results showed that potential wetland GDEs experience rapid NDVI recovery > 236 days post-fire. In the fire prone CFR, leveraging fire data to detect GDEs provides a potentially simple and efficient way of building a local database for GDEs. The proposed novel approach showed leveraging fire data is a simple alternative to laborious field data to identify and map GDEs in the CFR. But because of the finite spectral bands in aerial orthoimages, Sentinel-2A multi-epochs dataset was utilised to carry out random forest for predicting the spatial distribution of potential wetland GDEs in the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Sentinel-2A bands: Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR), NearInfrared (NIR), Red-edge, Red, Green, NDVI and Normalised Difference Wetness Index (NDWI) predictors and the potential wetland GDEs/non-wetland classes as the response. I tuned RF using five-fold repeated spatial cross-validation instead of the typical cross-validation tuning to account for the spatial structure of the data. The overall predictive accuracy of RF was between 59%-71%. This predictive accuracy may have been reduced by the application of spatial cross-validation that accounted for the spatial autocorrelation in the multi-date data. The dissertation showed that Sentinel-2A multi-date data applies in predicting the distribution of potential wetland GDEs but might not be effective for smaller (< 100 m2) wetlands. These small wetlands showed rapid post-fire recovery (less than a year post-fire) and were effectively detected with high resolution aerial orthoimages (1 m) spatial resolution.

Surge-type glaciers experience cyclical variations between long periods of slow flow, followed by shorter periods of rapid flow. These glaciers have been thoroughly analysed in many regions, but detailed studies of surging in the Canadian Arctic are lacking. This thesis provides the first comprehensive reconstruction of the dynamics of Iceberg and Airdrop glaciers, located on western Axel Heiberg Island, and reveals detailed observations of a surge for the first time in the Canadian Arctic. A variety of remotely sensed data, including historical aerial photographs, declassified intelligence satellite photographs, optical satellite imagery (e.g., ASTER, Landsat), and synthetic aperture radar data (e.g., ERS-1, ERS-2) were used to quantify changes in terminus position, ice velocity, and ice thickness since the 1950s. A surge initiated at the terminus of Iceberg Glacier in 1981 and terminated in 2003, suggesting an active phase length of 22 years. High surface velocities, peaking at ~2300 m a⁻¹ at the terminus in summer 1991, were accompanied by a terminus advance of >7 km over the period 1981-1997 and a large transfer of mass down-glacier, causing significant median surface elevation changes reaching >3 ± 1 m a⁻¹ across the entire trunk width. The ensuing quiescent period has seen a continual decrease in flow rates to an average centreline velocity of 11.5 m a⁻¹ in 2020-2021, a gradual steepening of the glacier surface, and a terminus retreat of >2.5 km. Observations on Airdrop Glacier show a continuous advance totalling ~6 km since 1950 and notably less variability in its surface velocities in comparison to Iceberg Glacier. This advance can be attributed to consistently high flow rates of Airdrop’s entire surface, resulting in significant thickening near its terminus since at least 1977. However, velocities have more than halved within the last 15 years, but without any clear evidence of previous fast flow events, we cannot confirm whether Airdrop’s behaviour is cyclic in nature and therefore characteristic of a surge. Instead, Airdrop Glacier could be experiencing a delayed response to positive mass balance conditions of the Little Ice Age, and its recent slowdown could be indicative of a gradual adjustment to recent climatic conditions.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24954号 / 地環博第245号 / 新制||地環||49(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 星野 敏, 准教授 鬼塚 健一郎, 教授 伊藤 孝行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM