This thesis, Cultural life in Terezin ghetto through the eyes of witnesses, is focused on cultural activities of Terezin prisoners with emphasis on sports, theatre and music. In the initial phase of the thesis I focus on the town of Terezin, from its foundation through the transformation into the ghetto up until its liquidation in 1945. Then follows the core work - Terezin culture. Individual subchapters are gradually dedicated to sports, music, theater and children's artwork as well. The goal of the thesis is an effort to transfer all the acquired findings into the ghetto environment, which should also be the core work of the thesis. I have gathered the necessary information on this issue from the Malach visual history archive, which is a source contatining several tens of thousands eyewitness accounts given by the surviving victims. In my thesis I am trying to connect information gathered from professional literature with the information gathered from the Malach archive. The whole thesis should provide a complete view of the cultural activities in Terezin while taking experiences and memories of the survivors into account.

Theresienstadt gehört zu den bekanntesten Haftstätten des „Dritten Reiches“. Der Name steht als Chiffre für die nationalsozialistische Segregation, Verfolgung und Ermordung der Juden. Doch hinter dem plakativ gebrauchten Terminus verschwinden vielfach die Geschichte und der historische Ort. Bis heute existiert keine den neuesten Forschungsstand rezipierende Gesamtdarstellung. Nicht zuletzt aus diesem Grund wurde 2012 die umfangreiche Arbeit von H.G. Adler aus dem Jahr 1955 noch einmal aufgelegt. Adler gehörte als ehemaliger Insasse zu den direkt Betroffenen. Von dessen Studie setzt sich Wolfgang Benz verständnisvoll, doch pointiert ab. Unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Literatur gelingt ihm ein ausgewogener Blick auf die Gemeinschaft der Inhaftierten, die als „Zwangsgemeinschaft“ auch im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung Adlers gestanden hatte. Benz’ Darstellung erweist sich so auch als Zwiegespräch mit dem wirkmächtigen Vorläufer.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyse the works Ghetto Warschau by Max Zweig and Revolte der Heiligen by Ernst Sommer. The thematic focus of the thesis is the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The thesis aims to present a systematic analysis and subsequent comparison of both works, with emphasis on the issue of religion. It tries to find out how Judaism together with the inconsistent approach of the Jews to the Jewish faith influenced the approach of the Jews to the revolt in the studied works. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents the history and principles of the Jewish religion as well as the history of the Jewish population. The second chapter focuses on the history of the Jewish population in Polish territory, also on the period of World War II and the emergence of ghettos, including the Warsaw ghetto. The next chapter presents both authors' biographies and works, with particular emphasis on common aspects of their work and life. The fourth chapter deals with the analysis itself. The conclusion of the diploma thesis contains a summary of the analysis and answers research questions.

This study deals with aspects of the everyday social reality of the forced community in the Terezin ghetto in 1941-1945. It is a microsociological introspection of the life of the prisoners that lived in the ghetto. It aims to define social factors that influenced the lives of people that were stigmatized, fought for their lives and lived in border-line situations. The research part of the study uses biographical method. It uses 10 recorded testimonials of survivors - former Terezin prisoners. The research was carried out by means of partly structured interviews. The questions dealt with internal and external factors that created the daily reality of this forced community. The aim was to map their subjective perception of life conditions, social ties, both negative and positive factors and further personal utterances of the narrators. The testimonies serve for better and deeper understanding of the Terezin reality. The factors that affected the community in a negative way included fear of the unknown, fear of loosing close friends and relatives, very bad life conditions that strongly affected the negative mind-set of people and loss of moral values. In contrast, the positive factors included culture and sports that were welcomed by the prisoners as they allowed them to shift aside gloomy thoughts....

En France, depuis les années 2000, des émeutes urbaines hebdomadaires, et quasi quotidiennes parfois, signent l'accentuation tant quantitative que qualitative de la ghettoïsation des secteurs marginalisés des villes. C'est notamment dans les grands ensembles de l'urbanisation massive des années 1950-1970 que le phénomène de ghetto moderne peut se définir. Malgré des qualités indéniables de confort et de taille des logements, par rapport aux normes d'avant-guerre, de nombreuses caractéristiques de production, de peuplement et de gestion ont engendré un habitat défectueux. Celui-ci a pu d'abord susciter l?ennui, le stress et la marginalisation par rapport à l'environnement. À partir des années 1970, des tensions sociales croissantes se sont développées avec la concentration spatiale des ménages les plus en difficultés socio-économiques. L'analyse du destin de territoires de grands ensembles à une échelle plus large que celle de secteurs internes les plus dégradés, comme celui de leurs communes d'appartenance (sept communes de grands ensembles étudiées), montre que les divers aspects de la ghettoïsation se mesurent sous des formes convergentes à ces secteurs malgré des attributs urbains plus élevés (activités, aménagements et équipements divers...). Les processus de dégradation matérielle, économique, sociale et symbolique que connaissent ces petites villes évoquent un déclin social urbain, notion à partir de laquelle est abordée la ségrégation sociale qui en est un phénomène causal multiforme. L?élargissement du périmètre d'appréhension de la dégradation sociale des espaces en permet une analyse avancée, entre son cadre idéologique et politique, ses ressorts psychosociologiques et la multiplicité de ses manifestations, au niveau institutionnel et des pratiques sociales. La ségrégation sociale et urbaine des catégories les moins qualifiées se traduit alors par leur marginalisation du système socio-économique, par leur relégation spatiale dans des zones peu valorisées et mal gérées, par leur inégal accès aux équipements d'intégration et de promotion sociale ainsi que par la stigmatisation de leur habitat et leur évitement par les catégories supérieures, notamment du privé, en recherche d'entre-soi pour se préserver du déclassement social. Ce qui contribue à étendre le champ des manifestations des inégalités sociales de l'espace, tant que le déclin social des espaces résidentiels les moins valorisés continuera à se produire en raison de la hausse des conduites ségrégatives en milieu urbain. / In France, since the 2000s, weekly urban riots, and almost daily sometimes, sign accentuation so quantitative as qualitative of the ghettoization of marginalized sectors of cities. It is in particular in the complexes of the massive urbanization of the years 1950-1970, the grands ensembles d'habitat, that the phenomenon of modern ghetto can define itself. In spite of undeniable qualities of comfort and size of housing, with regard to the pre-war standards, numerous characteristics of production, populating and management engendered a defective housing environment. This one was able at first to arouse the boredom, the stress and the marginalization compared with the environment. From 1970s, increasing social tensions developed with the spatial concentration of the households most in socioeconomic difficulties. The analysis of the fate of territories of complexes in a scale wider than that of the most degraded internal sectors, as that of their little town of membership (seven studied little towns of grands ensembles), shows that the diverse aspects of the ghettoization confront under convergent forms in these sectors in spite of higher urban attributes (activities, developments and diverse equipments). The processes of material, economic, social and symbolic degradation which know these towns evoke an urban social decline, a notion from which is approached the social segregation which is a multi-form causal phenomenon. The extension of the scale of apprehension of the social degradation of spaces allows an advanced analysis, between its ideological and political frame, its social motivations and the multiplicity of its appearances, at the institutional level and the social practices. The social and urban segregation of the least qualified categories is then translated by their marginalization of the socioeconomic system, by their spatial banishment in little valued and badly managed zones, by their uneven access to the equipments of integration and social advancement as well as by the stigmatization of their housing environment and their avoidance by the superior categories, in particular of the private, in search of one to protect itself from the loss of social position. What contributes to widen the field of the social inequalities of the space, as long as the social decline of the least valued residential spaces will continue to occur because of the increase of the segregationist conducts in the urban environment.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a reconstrução conceitual e teórica dos estudos de imigração de Louis Wirth, sociólogo de origem alemã, naturalizado norte-americano, associado à tradição da Escola Sociológica de Chicago. A análise centrou-se em seus escritos de formação: Culture Conflict in the Immigrante Family (1925), sua dissertação de mestrado, e The Ghetto (1928), a publicação de sua tese de doutorado, complementados por alguns artigos. Os principais elementos reconstruídos foram, não necessariamente nessa ordem: a condição do imigrante de desorganização e reorganização pessoal e de grupo; a teoria da assimilação; os conflitos culturais e a delinquência entre a segunda geração de imigrantes; a psicologia social do imigrante e seus tipos sociais e de personalidade; a possibilidade de aplicação do conhecimento sociológico para intervenção na realidade social; e, o conceito de gueto, na interpretação do isolamento espacial, cultural e social. Esses elementos foram analisados não apenas nas formulações do autor, mas também pelas influências que sofreu de William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park e Ernest W. Burgess. Quanto ao conceito de gueto, especificamente, foi realizado também o exame de sua incorporação na sociologia e nos estudos raciais norte-americanos, posteriores ao autor, na reavaliação e crítica elaborada por Loïc Wacquant. / This thesis has as main purpose the conceptual and theoretical reconstruction of the studies of immigration from Louis Wirth, sociologist of German origin, naturalized American, associated with the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology. The analysis focused on the author\'s formation writings: Culture Conflict in the Immigrant Familiy (1925), his master thesis, and The Ghetto (1928), the publication of his doctoral thesis, supplemented by some articles. The main reconstructed elements were, not necessarily in this order: the immigrant condition of individual and group disorganization and reorganization; the assimilation theory; cultural conflicts and delinquency in the second generation of immigrants; the social psychology of the immigrant and its social and personality types; the possibility of applying sociological knowledge to change social reality; and the concept of ghetto for the interpretation of spatial, cultural and social isolation. These elements were analyzed not only in the author\'s formulations but also in the influences that he had suffered from William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Regarding the concept of ghetto, specifically, it was also examined its development in American sociology and racial studies, later to the author, in the review and critique elaborated by Loïc Wacquant.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a reconstrução conceitual e teórica dos estudos de imigração de Louis Wirth, sociólogo de origem alemã, naturalizado norte-americano, associado à tradição da Escola Sociológica de Chicago. A análise centrou-se em seus escritos de formação: Culture Conflict in the Immigrante Family (1925), sua dissertação de mestrado, e The Ghetto (1928), a publicação de sua tese de doutorado, complementados por alguns artigos. Os principais elementos reconstruídos foram, não necessariamente nessa ordem: a condição do imigrante de desorganização e reorganização pessoal e de grupo; a teoria da assimilação; os conflitos culturais e a delinquência entre a segunda geração de imigrantes; a psicologia social do imigrante e seus tipos sociais e de personalidade; a possibilidade de aplicação do conhecimento sociológico para intervenção na realidade social; e, o conceito de gueto, na interpretação do isolamento espacial, cultural e social. Esses elementos foram analisados não apenas nas formulações do autor, mas também pelas influências que sofreu de William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park e Ernest W. Burgess. Quanto ao conceito de gueto, especificamente, foi realizado também o exame de sua incorporação na sociologia e nos estudos raciais norte-americanos, posteriores ao autor, na reavaliação e crítica elaborada por Loïc Wacquant. / This thesis has as main purpose the conceptual and theoretical reconstruction of the studies of immigration from Louis Wirth, sociologist of German origin, naturalized American, associated with the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology. The analysis focused on the author\'s formation writings: Culture Conflict in the Immigrant Familiy (1925), his master thesis, and The Ghetto (1928), the publication of his doctoral thesis, supplemented by some articles. The main reconstructed elements were, not necessarily in this order: the immigrant condition of individual and group disorganization and reorganization; the assimilation theory; cultural conflicts and delinquency in the second generation of immigrants; the social psychology of the immigrant and its social and personality types; the possibility of applying sociological knowledge to change social reality; and the concept of ghetto for the interpretation of spatial, cultural and social isolation. These elements were analyzed not only in the author\'s formulations but also in the influences that he had suffered from William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Regarding the concept of ghetto, specifically, it was also examined its development in American sociology and racial studies, later to the author, in the review and critique elaborated by Loïc Wacquant.

Analisar a desterritorialização de uma comunidade carente reflete a organização socioeconômica imposta às cidades como um todo. No Brasil, a prática de remoções surge concomitantemente ao processo de urbanização e tal prática perpetuou-se ao longo de nossa história. Para analisar como esta prática ocorre e alguns de seus impactos, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o processo de produção do espaço urbano de Porto Alegre tendo como objeto de estudo a remoção da Vila Chocolatão, ocorrida em 2011. Internacionalmente, o projeto de reassentamento da Vila Chocolatão é considerado um exemplo a ser reproduzido em outras municipalidades. Contudo, carecem estudos que analisem os impactos da remoção da comunidade citada. Este trabalho busca mudar este panorama. Para tanto, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas referentes à produção espacial e à remoções de comunidades carentes e ainda, produziu-se o perfil socioeconômico da Vila Nova Chocolatão para os anos de 2013 e 2014. Os dados do perfil socioeconômico apresentados neste trabalho foram comparados aos dados da Vila Chocolatão de 2009-2010, divulgados através do Projeto de Trabalho Técnico Social realizado pelo Departamento Municipal de Habitação de Porto Alegre. Por fim, buscou-se desenvolver junto à comunidade atividades que solucionassem os principais problemas encontrados ao longo da pesquisa e que foram elencados pelos moradores a fim de atuar em conjunto com a Vila Chocolatão na consolidação de direitos sociais. / The analysis of the deterritorialization of a poor community reflects the socioeconomic organization imposed to all cities. In Brazil, the removal of poor communities came up concomitantly with the process of urbanization and such practice has been perpetuated throughout our history. To analyze how this kind of practice occurs and their impacts, this dissertation had as an objective to verify the process of production of urban space of Porto Alegre having as studding object the removal of Vila Chocolatão, in the year of 2011. Internationally, the project of removal and resettlement of Vila Chocolatão is considered an example to be reproduced in other cities. However, there are not many studies that analyze the removal of this community. To change that, we realized a research related to the production of space and removal of poor communities and we produced a socioeconomic profile from the New Vila Chocolatão to the years of 2013 and 2014. The data from the socioeconomic profile presented in this work was compared with the data from the Vila Chocolatão from the years of 2009-2010, publicized in the Project of Social and Technical Work made by the Municipal Department of Housing of Porto Alegre. Lastly, activities where developed with the community to solve the major problems find in this research and brought from the community, so we could act together in the consolidation of social rights.

During World War Two, the European Jewish population was faced with this during Shoah (the Holocaust). From Kristallnacht in November 1938 to the collapse of the Nazi Regime in May 1945, they relied heavily on each other and their instincts to discover ways to survive while in the ghettos, labor camps, and partisan units, if they managed to escape and head for the forests. Even with some Jews turning on their own to help the Nazis, the vast majority stuck together and did everything they could to persist and survive. While only two uprisings were viewed as successes, the ghetto and camp revolts that failed still showed the Jewish people were not going to lie down to the Germans and that they were never going to give up. This thesis details some of the ways Jews fought for survival in the ghettos, concentration/extermination camps, and as partisan fighters.

This diploma thesis aims to analyze the varied aspects linked with the themes of immigration and assimilation in the fiction of the Jewish-Lithuanian immigrant writer Abraham Cahan. The protagonists of his fiction are all Jewish immigrants struggling to adapt to the American cultural life economically, but also linguistically, socially, as well as in appearance. The thesis examines struggles such as alienation from and suppression of many cultural features of the old country, and analyzes one novel (The Rise of David Levinsky), two novellas (The Imported Bridegroom and Yekl, A Tale of the New York´s Ghetto) and four short stories ("A Providential Match", "A Sweatshop Romance", "Circumstances" and "A Ghetto Wedding").