The term "ghetto" has an ambiguous meaning in American society. The term frequently has been used as either a noun or an adjective. As a noun the term "ghetto" is often used to describe a place - Small describes the ghetto as a: "…a particular type of neighborhood; it exhibits a cohesive set of characteristics, such as deteriorating housing, crime, depopulation, and social isolation…"(2008: 78.) This description as a noun is indicative of unsavory social conditions and climate that fosters an unproductive populace. As an adjective the term remains more difficult to solidly define. The bulk of available research often has worked to define what the "ghetto" is in reference to a physical location. The term seems to be more pervasive than simply being a place; it can be used to describe people, particular behaviors and traits as well as objects. The current study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of what a 'ghetto' is and how the word is used in a variety of ways. This study will analyze the multifaceted applications of the term 'ghetto' and how the term works to promote negative socioeconomic racialized ideologies. This study is pertinent because it addresses issues of institutionalized discrimination and prejudiced language. Findings are predicted to address the manners in which discrimination functions through language usage.

This paper suggests a ghettoization of Lodging Homes has developed in Hamiton, Ontario. Through an examination of Residential Care Facilities (R.C.F.s), much can be learned about this phenomenon. Specifically, the processes which cause the ghetto to develop, and its impact on the environment. A model representing the processes which lead to the development of the ghetto clarifies this picture. As a result of deinstitutionalization, there are new client demands which are met by the public and private sectors. Any R.C.F. operator is limited by the physical and social infrastructures. The model suggests these factors combine to create the ghetto. The examination of the pre and post By-law periods in Hamilton provides a two stage test of the model. The findings of this study indicate the Lodging Home Ghetto is seen as a social problem by both government and local citizen groups. This opposition initiated the creation of Lodging Home legislation in Hamilton. However, the ghetto is still present. The client has a minor role in this process, while the social service and land use professionals impact is also not as significant as expected. Hence, problems associated with the use of social programs within a free market structure are apparent. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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Events of social unrest and violent crime increasingly draws attention to the urban periphery of Swedish cities. Media and politicians depict a homogenized image of the suburbs as problem estates and ‘no-go zones’. This aggravates the urban integration process as well as creates a stigma for the individual resident. This could lead to misconceptions among the decision makers and policies based on skew presumptions. Urban marginalization is part of the consequences of political priorities. Despite this fact, there is a lack of research on urban marginalization in Sweden. Studying also the negative consequences of policies is one of the most important missions of political science. Accepting this challenge, this study uses Loïc Wacquant’s analytical concepts ghetto and anti-ghetto, to chart the structure and function of marginalized suburbs in Sweden. This analysis, which is more systematic than Wacquant’s original study, shows that Swedish suburbs can be classified as anti-ghetto, which gives reason to question the homogenized media image and gives important insights for future urban policy. Applying Wacquants theory on the Swedish case also means testing his claim that all Western European cities can be classified as anti-ghetto. The study finds that anti-ghetto is a fruitful concept for the understanding of Swedish marginalization. Consequently Wacquants assertion is strengthened, thus this study constitutes another proof European cities are not converging the American ghetto. Thereby this study makes a substantial contribution to Wacquant’s project of creating a comparative sociology of urban marginality.

Israel Zangwill, novelist, playwright, poet, and essayist, can be understood and appreciated best as an apologist whose chosen mission was to introduce the Jew to the English-speaking reader, a reader who had often see the word Jew on the pages of his literature but seldom had been able to meed an authentic specimen of the group in--or out--of print. This thesis will describe the works of Zangwill from an apologetic standpoint.

210f. / Submitted by Caroline Souza (karol.sz@hotmail.com) on 2013-08-28T13:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa freitas ribeirodissert.pdf: 3337475 bytes, checksum: 94285b0c27f1da038e8c7ae41da46e99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-08-29T15:02:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa freitas ribeirodissert.pdf: 3337475 bytes, checksum: 94285b0c27f1da038e8c7ae41da46e99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-29T15:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa freitas ribeirodissert.pdf: 3337475 bytes, checksum: 94285b0c27f1da038e8c7ae41da46e99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Capes / Este trabalho se propõe a pensar um espaço de sociabilidade homossexual em Salvador, o Beco dos Artistas, refletindo sobre como as pessoas vivem esse espaço, o significado e sentido que lhe atribuem, e sobre as práticas, relações e comportamentos que se dão espaço à dentro. Proponho-me a pensar, também, os motivos da existência de tal espaço e quais as consequências de sua existência tanto para os frequentadores, quanto para o tecido social de forma mais ampla. Para isso, realizo uma etnografia sobre o espaço, descrevo suas características físicas e sociais, sempre com o intuito de utilizar essa descrição como material para reflexões de cunho mais crítico e teórico, tentando sempre perceber quais as questões sociais que aquele espaço particular suscita. Com essa perspectiva, a discussão sobre espaço e sexualidade ganhou um lugar central no meu trabalho. This paper proposes to consider a space of homosexual sociability in Salvador, Beco dos Artistas, reflecting about how people live in this space, the meaning and sense which they attribute to it, and their practices, relations and attitudes. I also propose a reflection on the reasons for the existence of such place and the consequences of its existence, for both the visitors and the wider society. In view of those questions, I do an ethnography of the space, describe its physical and social characteristics, in order to use these data as a material for critical and theoretical reflections, trying to realize what are the social issues raised by that particular space. Therefore, the discussion on space and sexuality takes a central place in this work. / Salvador

Master Thesis "Benjamin Murmelstein" introduces life and work of the last Jewish Elder of Terezin Ghetto who survived. The Thesis describes a formation of Jewish Councils during World War II and their tasks in general. In concrete it describes historical conditions of work of Benjamin Murmelstein before and during the War and also his life after the end of the War and aftermath of his work. Also different perspectives on work of Jewish Councils and Benjamin Murmelstein are introduced.

Social mixing går ut på att ’mixa’ befolkning av olika klasser i ett bostadsområde med syfte att förändra områdets sociala sammansättning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka social mixing som urban utvecklingsstrategi i Köpenhamn utifrån boendes egna upplevelser av sina bostadsområden. I Danmark definieras 29 bostadsområden som ”ghetton” utifrån kriterier rörande de boendes anknytning till arbetsmarknaden, ”icke-västliga” härkomst samt kriminalitet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med 16 invånare i tre av Köpenhamns marginaliserade bostadsområden och genererat empiri kring deras erfarenheter av social mixing. Empirin samt bostadspolitiken som avser att ”skapa en bättre balans i boendesammansättningen” diskuteras mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning som anammar ett revanchistiskt alternativt emancipatoriskt förhållningssätt till social mixing och gentrifiering. Studien identifierar komplexa aspekter av social mixing; majoritetsbefolkningens än mer privilegierade ställning och ”resurssvagas” försämrade situation på bostadsmarknaden; majoritetsbefolkningens försprång i den lokala maktens rum; minoriteters upplevelser av vissa segregerade rum som fristäder; kampen om rummet när fristäderna utmanas; samt flera aspekter som försvårar möten mellan boende och gentrifierare. Alternativa förhållningssätt identifieras från de boendes berättelser. De empiriska fynden nyanserar dessutom tidigare forskning om betydelsen av ’det egna valet’ i relation till bosättning i marginaliserade bostadsområden.

Cette thèse porte sur l’émergence de Harlem comme métropole noire dans les années 20, sur son déclin progressif dans les années 30 et sur les répercussions sur la communauté qui y réside, qui le transforme et le pratique à travers des actions et des discours. Durant ces deux décennies, le quartier subit des mutations importantes dans sa structure et par conséquent dans ses représentations. Harlem se transforme en quartier noir à population éclectique, et en métropole culturelle, artistique et intellectuelle qui génère aussi bien succès et fierté identitaire que débats et dissensions. Harlem devient aussi un ghetto aux conditions de vie fortement dégradées mais qui déclenchent la mobilisation politique des Harlémites qui s’expriment et affirment leur volonté de peser sur la scène nationale malgré leurs divisons. Lieu de paradoxes, lieu hétérogène aux multiples facettes, en proie aux tensions intracommunautaires et intercommunautaires, Harlem garde malgré tout une certaine unité et se construit autour de ses contradictions comme un lieu emblématique de la communauté afro-américaine.A travers une approche pluridisciplinaire et à travers un examen approfondi de sources primaires comme la presse, noire et blanche, locale et nationale, ainsi qu’un travail sur les productions artistiques, notamment celles de la Harlem Renaissance, et des ouvrages sociologiques et historiques de l’époque, cette thèse cherche à rendre compte des transformations de Harlem, espace géographique et espace-imagé, et à analyser la naissance, la renaissance et les représentations de cet espace urbain si particulier. / This Ph.D. dissertation deals with the rising of Harlem as a Black Metropolis in the 1920s, its progressive decline in the 1930s and the consequences regarding the inhabitants practicing this urban space through their actions and discourses. During these two decades, the neighborhood underwent profound changes in its structure as well as in its representations. Harlem became a black neighborhood with a heterogeneous population, and a cultural, artistic and intellectual metropolis which fostered success and identity pride as well as debates and dissent. Harlem turned also into a ghetto where living conditions deteriorated drastically; nevertheless Harlemites continued to express themselves and asserted their will to gain as a group on the national scene despite strong divisions. A heterogeneous neighborhood with multiple facets, rife with intra- and interracial tensions, Harlem nevertheless kept some unity and built itself around its contradictions.This Ph.D. dissertation adopts a multidisciplinary approach privileging a thorough examination of primary sources, in particular the Black and White press, both local and national. It also engages in a detailed study of artistic productions of the time, among them those of the Harlem Renaissance, as well as historical and sociological studies of that period. This study attempts to analyze the transformations of Harlem, the geographical and the imaginary space, and to follow the birth, the renaissance and the representations of this unique urban space.

Summary: Without a doubt, Hans Krása belongs amongst the most important figures in Czech music. In my thesis, I would like to focus on his opera for children, Brundibar, which represents an important bridge between free cultural expression and life behind the walls at the Terezin concentration camp. Clearly, it will be fruitful to compare both the Prague and Terezin versions of this piece. With this work, I would like to delve into the personality of the composer, his output, and musical life in the Terezin ghetto. Key words: Analysis, Brundibar, holocaust, interpretation, opera, orchestra score, piano reduction, Terezin Ghetto, Terezin Initiative.