O Mapa Invertido da América do Sul (1943) é um mapa diferente. Primeiro, porque não foi feito pelos cânones da ciência cartográfica, mas pelas mãos de um artista uruguaio, chamado Torres-García. Segundo, porque não utilizou a orientação convencional ao Norte, mas inverte o posicionamento do Sul para o topo da imagem. A presente pesquisa foi motivada pela visão de mundo diferenciada que esse mapa artístico apresenta, onde o objetivo é compreender os diversos contextos que reproduzem esse mapa, contribuindo para sua notoriedade até os dias atuais. Para tanto, é necessário entender os significados, os questionamentos e as ideologias expressas nessa inversão, pois contribuem na identificação com a obra em tempos além de sua elaboração. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa foi embasada em um exame bibliográfico de correntes de pensamento que propõem uma visão crítica sobre os processos de formação histórica do Sul global, destacavelmente o póscolonialismo e o pósdesenvolvimento. Tais subsídios teóricos auxiliam em um entendimento de mapa que seja tão plural quanto às visões de mundo podem ser, trilhando uma relação entre geopolítica, cartografia e arte / The "Inverted Map of South America" (1943) is a different map. Firstly, because it was not created by the canons of cartographic science, but by the hands of a Uruguayan artist, called Torres-García. Secondly, because it did not use the conventional orientation to the North, but reversed the Souths position to the top of the image. This paper was motivated by the different worldview this artistic map displays, where the purpose is to understand the different contexts that reproduce this map, contributing to its prominence until latterly. In order to do so it is necessary to understand the meanings, questions and ideologies expressed in this inversion, since they contribute to the recognition with this art construction to times beyond its formulation. In this sense, the research was based on a literature survey of schools of thought that propose a critical view to the historical formation process of the global South, notably postcolonialism and the postdevelopment. Such theoretical subsidies help to understand a map that is as plural as worldviews may be, treading a relationship between geopolitics, cartography and art

A presente dissertação de mestrado busca contribuir para o debate em desenvolvimento sobre a emergência de países do Sul Global, a partir do estudo das relações de poder hierarquizadas em que estes esses países estão inseridos. Nesse sentido, questiona-se como estruturas de assimetria material atuam sobre o comportamento de distintos atores do sistema internacional. As oportunidades e constrangimentos de tais estruturas materiais se manifestam especificamente para distintos atores? Como essa variação se articula com as possibilidades de emergência de países do Sul Global? A partir da resposta a essas perguntas, busca-se propor um caminho para identificar episódios históricos de constituição, por parte de países do Sul Global, de capacidade transformativa de sua posição nas relações internacionais em que se inserem. Para tanto, mobiliza-se um diálogo entre a literatura sobre diferenciação estrutural e sobre a hierarquia nas relações internacionais, como modo de articular analiticamente o processo de socialização entre estruturas políticas e econômicas. Desse diálogo estrutural, pretende-se compreender os mecanismos de exclusão que perpetuam assimetrias materiais no sistema internacional e os meios instrumentalizáveis para sua ruptura. / This master's thesis aims to contribute to the debate on the rise of countries from the Global South, proposing the study of hierarchical power relations that they entail. In this sense, it questions how structures of material asymmetries act conditioning the behavior of actors throughout the international system. Are the opportunities and constraints deriving such structures specifically varying for different actors? How is this variation related to the possibilities of rise in the Global South? From the answers to these questions, it is hoped to propose an alternative to identify historical episodes of constitution, by countries the Global South, of transformative capacity of their position in the international relations that they operate. Therefore, the work mobilizes a dialogue between the literature on structural differentiation and hierarchy in international relations, as a way of analytically articulate the process of socialization of political and economic structures. This structural dialogue focuses on identifying mechanisms of exclusion that perpetuate materials asymmetries in the international system and the means to their rupture.

This thesis examines the applicability of pre-dominantly Western theories of inclusive school development in countries of the Global South. Firstly, the findings of a review of research literature are used to develop a typology to describe the common features of inclusive schools, incorporating ways in which they might be supported. This typology was then used to explore the ways in which schools in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Thailand developed inclusive practices. Engagement with school systems in these countries over a period of six years between 2003 and 2009 provided opportunities to work at several different levels with schools that in some way defined themselves as being 'inclusive'. Using data generated through field work with schools in an Inclusive Education Project in Laos and one school in Thailand, tensions were identified between the theoretical framework and my initial research findings. A revision of the typology was undertaken, drawing on a wider literature to take account of additional factors such as local and national culture and the impact of the policy context in these countries. The researcher often had the role of consultant, creating tensions in the way he constructed his position and also in the schools’ response. Reflecting on these tensions became a productive process in terms of understanding the factors which effectively promoted the development of inclusion in these different contexts. In particular, the process highlighted the relatively neglected significance of local context and knowledge and the way in which these factors impact on inclusive school development. In order to explore these issues in greater detail, further research was then undertaken in one school in Laos, creating a case study developed over four years. This detailed engagement revealed more clearly the limits of typologies in general and of Western theories in particular. Whilst they may offer a lens for examining inclusive school development they do not 'adequately' account for variable factors rooted in the local context. In conclusion, policy initiatives designed to support the development of more inclusive schools must allow for the creation of space at local levels for meanings to be constructed which will support teachers in developing their own sense of agency and making changes in their practice of which they have ownership.

This study, entitled African modernism and identity politics: curatorial practice in the Global South with particular reference to South Africa, postulates that perceptions of African identity in curatorial exhibitions are changing, moving towards the intercultural views generated by Africans themselves. African identity politics is investigated in relation to critical ideas on African modernism and post-Africanism, in conjunction with similarities with Nicholas Bourriaud’s concept of altermodernism. The research focus falls within the Global South as a geo-political location, with particular reference to South African artworks and their curation. In this qualitative study, an investigation is launched of curated exhibitions dealing with identitarian issues. A critique is set up on curatorial approaches on African identity as presented at seminal exhibitions, from the 1985 exhibition, Tributaries: a view of contemporary South African art (curated by Ricky Burnett), through the 1990s Johannesburg Biennials, to more recent exhibitions such as Documenta XI (2002, curated by Okwui Enwezor) and Africa remix: contemporary art of a continent (2004-2007, curated by Simon Njami), as well as the Tate Liverpool exhibition Afro modern: journeys through the black Atlantic (2010, curated by Tanya Barson and Peter Gorschlüter). Along with a critique of curatorial intentions, these exhibitions are reviewed in order to explore the representation of African modern identity. This study considers how, after postcolonialism and postmodernism, binary differences such as Western/African and black/white have become less pronounced, due to globalising processes, resulting in interculturalism and transnationalism. This study captures the shift away from the centrality thinking of postmodernism and postcolonialism, not in terms of white superiority, but in terms of a reconstruction of the modern, in order to situate Africa as a product of globalisation. The study hypothesises that transmutation has occurred, rendering society as culturally intermixed, and thus dismantling essential racial stereotypes. The study rather investigates identity exchange in terms of translation, where the understanding of difference is considered in terms of changing understandings of difference itself through globalisation. In order to surpass stereo-racial boundaries, this study postulates that identitarian understanding is now transconscious, pluralised to the point of being racially exchanged. The exhibition Trans-Africa: Africa curating Africa challenges and transmutes stereotypes of backwardness, exoticism and dislocation in perceptions of Africa within the curatorial realm, and aims to elicit new frameworks to interpret African art. The curatorial objective is to posit a contemporary understanding of African identity within the public domain: in a space where terms like race, culture, tradition or self/other need not form the basis of identitarian understanding in Africa. The outcome of such an understanding is explained through the concept of the transmutation of culture, that problematises differences in cultural translation and trans-consciousness. This results in a transnational and global understanding, no longer limited to the understanding of African identity with regard to diasporic or nomadic conditions. As such, cultural intermixing and trans-consciousness conveys that within changing curatorial perceptions, the issue of who has the right to comment on whom is fading. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Visual Arts / unrestricted

This research takes a social constructivist approach to investigate the relationship between people’s perceptions of disaster risk and their responses in disaster-prone cities of the Global South. This is important because the effects of risk perceptions on the ways that people respond to disaster risk remains unclear and has been labelled ‘weak’ within the disaster studies literature. Furthermore, this lack of clarity has contributed to the marginalisation of people at risk from contributing to interventions that address disaster risk, which this research finds problematic. Therefore, a better understanding of how people perceive their risk and how this shapes their responses would help inform more effective and multi-scalar interventions to address disaster risk. The research takes place in three adjacent neighbourhoods of Cochabamba city, Bolivia. Within this ‘case site’, the house is used as a methodological tool to investigate how people’s risk perceptions shape their responses to disaster risk. In particular, the research explores how risk perceptions influence the way people design and construct self-build houses in order to reduce their risk of a disaster. The focus on housing construction represents a novel way of exploring the relationship between risk perceptions and disaster risk-reduction behaviour. The research takes place in the context of persistent, low-intensity natural hazards that are linked to disaster risk which incrementally increases over time. This marks a shift away from the many studies that investigate rapid-onset, extreme hazards that quickly overwhelm people’s capabilities and which are associated with crisis and urgency. Additionally, the research is concerned with small-scale disasters, which again marks a shift away from the disaster studies literature which principally focuses on large-scale disasters that result in many casualties, large economic loss and which affect a large geographical area. The research ultimately shows that whether a risk perception is high or low is not the most important factor; rather, it is an individual’s awareness and understanding of disaster risk that encourages long-term and anticipatory strategies that require significant investments in the house. Furthermore, the research argues that research which describes the relationship between risk perceptions and responses as ‘weak’ forecloses the nuances and complexity of human behaviour in disaster-prone contexts because it does not capture the subtle yet important ways that risk perceptions shape responses.

Thesis advisor: James E. Cronin / Thesis advisor: Seth Jacobs / Under the banner of a New International Economic Order (NIEO), in the 1970s a coalition of developing countries forced the U.S. and other rich nations to revisit the terms of the post-World War II economic settlement through comprehensive global negotiations. This dissertation argues that this economic showdown reshaped U.S. foreign policy and made global inequality a major threat to American national security. Using newly available sources from presidential libraries, the personal papers of cabinet members and ambassadors, and interviews with former National Security Council officials, it demonstrates how the NIEO and accompanying “North-South dialogue” negotiations became an inflection point for some of the greatest economic, political, and moral crises of the 1970s, including the end of “Golden Age” liberalism and the return of the market, the splintering of the Democratic Party and the building of the Reagan coalition, and the role of human rights in foreign policy. U.S. policy debates and decisions in the North-South dialogue, it concludes, were pivotal moments in the histories of three ideological trends—neoliberalism, neoconservatism, and human rights—that would form the core of America’s post-Cold War foreign policy. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

This study shows the importance of leading toward missional change within BUSA in post-1994 contexts incorporating global, afro-centric missional perspectives as South African Baptists. As my research will indicate, BUSA is at a crucial junction, and I contend that BUSA’s main problem is primarily a missiological problem, with ecclesiastical challenges that urgently need to be addressed by BUSA’s leaders. The importance of BUSA’s critical self- reflection and analysis is paramount. Does BUSA and her mission have a future, or will it fade into obscurity? Utilizing the South African Baptist faith heritage as an important interlocutor with a view to retrospective and prospective Baptist ecclesiology in post- 1994 South African society. Special recognition is given to the contribution of emerging Afro-centric missional voices within the current South African/African context. In doing so, this study seeks to be leadership-oriented, biblically-based and Afro-centric in its approach to missional change with South African Baptist Union churches. Toward missional leadership within BUSA churches this study: <ul> <li>1. Uncovers the importance of an Afro-centric missional ecclesiology, taking into consideration both local and global trends and conversations.</li> <li>2. Uncover a retrospective view of Baptist Ecclesiology within the Southern African context, with its relevance to the history and present-day context of ministry within BUSA.</li> <li>3. Analyses existing statistical data found within the Baptist Annual Handbook, to establish denominational trends since 1994, with a view to identifying significant ministry trends operable within BUSA.</li> 4. Collects, analyses and interprets data from a number of churches from within the Baptist Union of Southern Africa that stand out as significant in three or more ‘missional indicators’ in the first tier of research and analysis. In reading through the pages to follow, you will journey alongside the researcher in:</li> </ul> <ul> <li> Analysing and interpreting the history of Baptists in South Africa with reference to BUSA, BCSA, SABMS and the ABK through a ‘missional lens’</li>. <li> Critically examining current trends visible within BUSA churches since 1994 to the present-day.</li> <li> Undertaking qualitative research to identify phenomenology of people’s shared experience in BUSA</li> <li> Interpreting and objectifying statistical results drawn from qualitative research at local church level; making further recommendations towards an Afro-centric missional ecclesiology relevant to BUSA churches in post-1994 contexts.</li> </ul> / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

‘Global South’ has no widely agreed definition, nevertheless, this term has become apopular abstraction to refer to everything else that is not ‘the developed world’. In climatechange discursive framework ‘global South’ alludes to the climate vulnerable developingcountries. Historically these countries and societies marked by the colonial legaciescontributed to the current climate crisis least but are exposed to its worst impacts. Based onindividual interviews with leading climate change experts from climate vulnerabledeveloping countries, this study explores their perceptions about this term. Postcolonialconceptual framework helps to analyze the collected data, taking an inductive reasoningapproach. Concepts are not neutral and textual analysis tracks down how the term ‘globalSouth’ is employed in international climate change language. The study reveals that theterm ‘global South’ is well established in academia and climate relevant developmentcooperation areas, however, it is strategically excluded from the official language of climatediplomacy. Moreover, findings from the individual ‘global South’ accounts disclose thatclimate change discourses are not free from postcolonial issues such as white-supremacy,binaries of difference, and othering. Other common themes that emerged from theinterviews are a shared identity, agency, and voice. Finally, I formulate recommendationsfor a better, more inclusive, more sensitive, and more self-reflexive way to speak about the‘global South’ countries and their call for climate justice.

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Metro Manila, Philippines is one of the densest and fastest growing metropolitan regions in the world, of which informal urbanization is a significant contributor. This rapid informal urbanization is a dynamic yet uncoordinated force shaping the city-region, in conflict with the vision of a modern, globally-competitive city-region painted in formal planning instruments. Despite manifold efforts, urban planning and housing mechanisms have been unable to adequately address the issue of informal settlements in the metropolis. In this degree project, I investigate how formal planning policy and housing governance practices in Metro Manila can better engage with urban informality towards sustainable and just urban development.While informality is a complex phenomenon that still eludes definition, theories suggest that it is a mode of urbanization that works between the gaps of formality in the production of the city. As they are recreated through the same structural conditions, it is possible to use informality as a lens to critically analyze urban formality and the direction of urban development. Building on this, I examine the generative context, social construction, and interactions of structure and human agency that shape formal and informal urbanization in Metro Manila through interviews and document review.Through this study, I propose three points to consider in the urban development of Metro Manila. First, I posit that urban planning based on land use regulation cannot enhance spatial justice when property is inaccessible to the urban poor. In a market-led property setting, land use planning becomes an instrument for gentrification. Second, I problematize the concept of property ownership being the basis of ‘formality’ in Philippine policy and consequently the perceived solution to the issues of informal settlements. Reconsidering informality as a way of claiming the right to the city, I argue that spatial justice entails addressing access to housing tenure, employment, welfare and social networks rather than ‘formalizing the informal’. Finally, I question the ability of current processes of democratic governance in securing the common good within a context of unequal power relations. Instead, I propose that political will should be constructed from the grassroots to redefine the desired direction of urban development.