Orientador: José Roberto Trigo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariscal_AdrianoAffonso_M.pdf: 5931496 bytes, checksum: beff506193372fed1f1ae62149a3f37d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Biologia Animal

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic non-essential heavy metal. Soil, water and air contamination by Hg leads to its accumulation in fish, birds and mammals, thus entering human food. Due to the hazardous effects to the ecosystem, it is necessary that contaminated soils be rehabilitated. Phytoremediation is a cheap technique that can be utilizated with this objective, however, it is necessary to be knowledgeable about plant behavior during metal exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize biological and biochemical aspects of Hg toxicity and the role of Zn to alleviate these effects in P. glomerata plants. For both experiments, plants were grown in vitro and acclimated ex vitro, for the application of treatments. Nine days later, growth and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated. In the first experiment, plants were exposed to four concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 25 and 50 μM Hg). In the second experiment, four treatments of Hg and Zn were added to the nutrient solution (without Zn or Hg (control); 50 μM Zn; 50 μM Hg and; 50 μM Zn + 50 μM Hg). The Hg concentration was higher in shoot than in roots only in treatments without Hg (control and 50 μM Zn). Fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot decreased and a high malondialdeide (MDA) concentration was observed at 50 μM Hg, indicating that tissue damage occurred. The antioxidant enzyme activity and non-enzymatic concentration increased with the presence of Zn+Hg. Plants exposed to Zn showed a decrease in fresh and dry weight, but there was no significant increase in MDA production. There was an interaction between Zn and Hg. The antioxidant system of P. glomerata plants was important in oxidative damage regulation, however, at 50 μM Hg these mechanisms were not able to revert the damage caused by Hg. Zinc addition parcially prevented Hg damage, observed by the significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and higher survival percentage. / O mercúrio (Hg) é um metal pesado não-essencial altamente tóxico aos organismos. A contaminação dos solos, ar e água por este metal leva a sua acumulação em peixes, aves e mamíferos e a intoxicação humana, através da alimentação. Devido aos efeitos danosos do Hg ao ecossistema, é necessário que estas áreas sejam reabilitadas. A fitorremediação é uma técnica de baixo custo que pode ser utilizada com tal objetivo. Para que a planta seja utilizada na fitorremediação, no entanto, é necessário haver conhecimento sobre o comportamento vegetal quando exposto ao contaminante. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos da toxidez do Hg e o papel do Zn em aliviar estes efeitos em plantas de P. glomerata. Foram realizados dois experimentos, cujas plantas foram cultivadas in vitro e aclimatizadas ex vitro, quando foram aplicados os tratamentos. Após nove dias de exposição aos tratamentos, foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento e parâmetros bioquímicos ligados ao estresse oxidativo. No primeiro experimento, as plantas foram expostas a quatro concentrações de Hg (0,0, 1,0, 25 e 50 μM). Já no segundo experimento, o Hg e o Zn foram adicionados à solução nutritiva de modo a formar quatro tratamentos (sem Zn e Hg (controle); 50 μM Zn; 50 μM Hg; 50 μM Zn + 50 μM Hg). A concentração de Hg foi maior nas raízes do que na parte aérea das plantas expostas ao Hg e sua presença induziu o estresse oxidativo, bem como causou danos aos tecidos vegetais nas concentrações de 25 e 50 μM Hg. A concentração de Hg foi maior na parte aérea do que nas raízes apenas nos tratamentos em que o Hg não foi adicionado à solução nutritiva (controle e 50 μM Zn). A massa fresca e seca das raízes e da parte aérea diminuiu e foi observado aumento da concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) nos tecidos em relação ao controle, quando expostos a 50 μM Hg, indicando que houve dano aos tecidos. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a concentração de antioxidantes não enzimáticos aumentaram com a presença de Hg e com a adição de Zn. O tratamento de Zn diminuiu a massa fresca e seca das plantas, por outro lado não houve alteração na peroxidação lipídica. Houve interação entre os elementos Zn e Hg quando fornecidos simultaneamente na solução nutritiva. O sistema antioxidante de P. glomerata foi importante na regulação do dano oxidativo. No entanto, em 50 μM Hg, estes mecanismos não foram suficientes para reverter o dano causado por este elemento. O Zn parcialmente evitou os danos causados pelo Hg, observados pela significante diminuição da peroxidação lipídica e pela maior porcentagem de sobrevivência de plantas neste tratamento.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-05T15:13:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 shaianysabrinalopesgomes.pdf: 1892834 bytes, checksum: bffd5bff4b38c8f75f7aca75cbd5160b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:40:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 shaianysabrinalopesgomes.pdf: 1892834 bytes, checksum: bffd5bff4b38c8f75f7aca75cbd5160b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:40:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 shaianysabrinalopesgomes.pdf: 1892834 bytes, checksum: bffd5bff4b38c8f75f7aca75cbd5160b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O gênero Pfaffia (Amaranthaceae) compreende 33 espécies distribuídas na Região Neotropical. Graças a algumas substâncias químicas encontradas no gênero que se assemelham àquelas encontradas no gênero Panax (ginseng coreano), a espécie Pfaffia glomerata é conhecida “ginseng brasileiro ”. Tal planta é utilizada como tônico, afrodisíaco, rejuvenescedor, anti-fadiga, antiestresse e contra distúrbios gástricos. Suas propriedades medicinais são atribuídas a compostos encontrados principalmente em suas raízes tuberosas, sendo a β-ecdisona a mais visada pela indústria farmacêutica e cosmética. Apesar de sua importância econômica e medicinal, são poucos os estudos que investigam aracterísticas genéticas da espécie. Neste trabalho foram feitas análises citométricas e cromossômicas de fáfias diploide e poliploide induzida. A poliploidização se deu por duplicação cromossômica in vitro com uso de agentes antimitóticos (colchicina e orizalina) em diferentes concentrações e tempo de exposição. A quantidade de DNA encontrada foi de 2,41 pg (2n=34) e 4,79 pg (2n=68). O genoma de P. glomerata diploide e tetraploide foi analisado por técnicas de coloração convencional e coloração diferencial dos cromossomos por bandamento com CMA3/DA/DAPI e FISH para DNAr. Embora os cromossomos da espécie sejam pequenos, foi possível identificar suas constrições primárias e encontrar um par de cromossomos com satélite no representante diploide e dois pares no poliploide. Foram montados cariogramas e idiogramas, sendo que as fórmulas cariotípicas foram: 16M + 1SM para o genoma 2n=34 e 32M + 2SM para o genoma 2n=68. Os núcleos interfásicos mostraram-se reticulados. Através do bandeamento com CMA3/DA/DAPI observou-se que todos os cromossomos possuem bandas centroméricas DAPI+, indicando uma região heterocromática ao redor dos centrômeros. Foi localizada uma banda CMA+ no braço curto de um dos cromossomos, sendo registrada diferença na extensão da banda entre os homólogos. O emprego da FISH com as sequências de DNAr 45S e 5S, gerou para cada tipo de sonda, dois sinais em um par de homólogos para o genoma diploide e quatro sinais no genoma poliploide. Os cromossomos homólogos apresentaram heteromorfismo para as regiões de DNAr invetigadas. O teor de β-ecdisona presente no extrato metanólico das raízes de fáfia com quatro meses de cultivo, foi de 0,32% para a planta diploide e 0,48% para a poliploide sugerindo um aumento de 50% na produção do composto no poliploide quando comparado com seu diploide. A estrutura do grão de pólen, determinada por acetólise Erdtman, mostrou-se estável entre acessos diploides da espécie. Este é o primeiro relato da quantidade de DNA no gênero Pfaffia. Também são inéditos os dados obtidos por FISH com sondas para DNAr 45S e 5S para a P. glomerata diploide e poliploide. Os resultados da quantificação do teor de β-ecdisona sugerem a duplicação cromossômica como alternativa para incremento do valor econômico da espécie. / The genus Pfaffia (Amaranthaceae) comprises 33 species distributed in the neotropics. Thanks to some chemicals found in the genus that resemble those found in the genus Panax (Korean ginseng), the species P. glomerata is known as "Brazilian ginseng". P. glomerata is commonly used as tonic, phrodisiac, rejuvenator, anti-fatigue, anti-stress and against gastric disorders. Its medicinal properties are attributed to the compounds mainly found in their tuber roots, being the β-ecdysone the most explored by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite its economical and medicinal importance, few studies have been done to investigate the genetic aspects of the species. In this work, cytometric and chromosomal analyzes were made with diploid and induced polyploid of P. glomerata. The polyploidization occurred by in vitro chromosome doubling, using antimitotic agents (colchicine and oryzalin) at different concentrations and exposure times. Flow cytometry analysis showed 2.41 pg (2n = 34) and 4.79 pg (2n = 68) of DNA amounts. Both P. glomerata diploid and tetraploid were analyzed by conventional staining techniques and chromosomal differential staining by CMA3/DA/DAPI banding and rDNA FISH. In spite of the small sizes of chromosomes, it was possible to identify their primary constrictions and a pair of satellites chromosomes in the diploid and two pairs in the polyploid. Karyograms and idiograms were assembled. Karyotypic formulas were 16M + 1SM considering the 2n = 34 genome and 32M + 2SM considering 2n = 68. The interphase nuclei seem to reticulated. The fluorochrome CMA3/DA/DAPI banding revealed all chromosomes with centromeric DAPI+ bands indicating a heterochromatic region around the centromeres. A CMA+ band, with different extension between the homologous was observed on the short arm of one chromosome pair. The FISH technique with rDNA 45S and 5S sequences revealed two signals to each probe for the diploid genome and four signals in the polyploid genome. Homologous chromosomes are heteromorphic when considering the rDNA regions here investigated. The content of β ecdysone present in the methanol extract of the roots of P. glomerata with four months of cultivation was 0.32% for the diploid and 0.48% for the tetraploid suggesting an increase of 50% on the tetraploid comparing with the diploid. Pollen structure was determined by Erdtman acetolysis, and no differences were observed between diploid accessions. This is the first report of DNA amount in the genus Pfaffia and data obtained with FISH using 45S and 5S rDNA probes have not been published elsewhere. The β-ecdysone quantification suggests that chromosome duplication is an alternative to increase the economical value of the species.

Orientador: Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_LuciliaVilelade_M.pdf: 3774406 bytes, checksum: 3c653ac94937b307fae09a72aa334f79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: No Brasil, as espécies Mikania glomerata e Mikania laevigata, conhecidas popularmente como guaco, são muito utilizadas na forma de xarope devido ao seu efeito broncodilatador. A comercialização de medicamentos fitoterápicos no Brasil é regida por diversas legislações que primam pela qualidade destes, porém a qualidade da matéria-prima pode interferir de forma fundamental na segurança e eficácia do medicamento. Diante disso, este trabalho realizou um estudo de estabilidade do extrato hidroalcoólico das espécies citadas, conforme preconiza o "Guia para a realização de estudos de estabilidade de medicamentos" publicado pela ANVISA na RE 01, de 29 de julho de 2005. Folhas das duas espécies de Mikania foram secas em estufa a 40 °C e em liofilizador, foram preparados extratos hidroalcoólicos por maceração, que foram submetidos a estudo de estabilidade acelerado por 6 meses, e estudo de estabilidade de longa duração por 12 meses. As amostras ficaram armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas (22°C, 30°C e 40°C), com e sem incidência de luz, e a cada 3 meses foram analisadas por UHPLC-MS, para acompanhar seu perfil químico, quantificar a cumarina e ácido clorogênico. Em todas as condições do estudo, observou-se uma redução do teor do marcador químico desta espécie, a cumarina, maior que 5 %, sendo assim, não é possível atribuir o prazo de validade de 2 anos para extratos hidroalcoólicos desta espécie / Abstract: In Brazil, the species Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata, known popularly as guaco, are widely used in syrup form due to its bronchodilator effect. The marketing of herbal medicines in Brazil is governed by various laws that guarantee the quality of these, but the quality of the raw material can interfere, fundamental safety and efficacy. Therefore, a stability study of the hydro alcoholic extract of the species mentioned was conducted as recommended by the "Guidelines for conducting stability studies of drugs" published by ANVISA in RE 01 of July 29, 2005. Leaves of both species of Mikania were dried in an oven at 40 ° C and by freeze drying, hydro alcoholic extracts prepared by maceration, which underwent accelerated stability study of 6 months, and long term stability study for 12 months. Samples were stored in different temperatures (22 ° C, 30 ° C and 40 ° C) with and without incident light, and every 3 months were analyzed by UHPLC-MS to monitor their chemical profile, quantifying coumarin and chlorogenic acid. At all conditions of the study, we observed a reduction of the content of the chemical marker of this species, coumarin, greater than 5%, so a shelf life of 2 years cannot be assigned to the hydro alcoholic extracts of these species / Mestrado / Fármacos, Medicamentos e Insumos para Saúde / Mestra em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos

The Baltic Sea is a brackish water that is severely affected by eutrophication. Anthropogenic (human) nitrogen emissions is a contributing factor leading to algal blooms and hypoxic and anoxic seabeds. Municipal wastewater treatment plants account for 27 percent of the nitrogen emissions into the Baltic Proper. According to an article published by Karlsson-Ottosson in the magazine Ny Teknik and the HAVET 2015/2016 report, the increased meat consumption causes difficulties for the sewage treatment plants to purify the nitrogen in the wastewater. This, according to the article and report mentioned, correlates with increased nitrogen emissions from the municipal wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate if this observed correlation could be confirmed. This study has measured the nitrogen content of urine from participants (n=36) categorized by diet. The diet categories that was included in this study were meat (K), lacto-ovo vegetarian (LOV) and vegan (V). The daily protein intake from the participants in the categories mentioned above was analyzed in this study. Furthermore, the growth of green algae (Cladophora glomerata) and presence of phytoplankton was investigated by fertilizing the collected samples with urine. The results show that there is no difference in nitrogen content in urine, neither in the protein intake between the three diet categories, nor in the case of presence of phytoplankton. Regarding the growth of the green algae, there was a significant difference between the diet groups of meat (K) and control (KON), and also between meat (K) and people on a vegan diet (V). The green algae therefore grew better in brackish water with urine from people who had a meat (K) diet than it did in brackish water with urine from people who had a vegan (V) diet. Though the growth results showed a significant difference between these diet groups (K and V), the alleged correlation between increasing meat consumption and increasing nitrogen emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants needs to be further studied. / Östersjön är ett brackvattenhav som är svårt drabbat av eutrofiering. Antropogena (mänskliga) kväveutsläpp är en bidragande orsak som leder till algblomning samt hypoxiska och anoxiska bottnar. Kommunala avloppsreningsverk står för 27 procent av kvävetillförseln till Egentliga Östersjön. I en artikel som publicerats av Karlsson-Ottosson samt i rapporten HAVET 2015/2016, orsakar den ökade köttkonsumtionen svårigheter för avloppsreningsverken att rena avloppsvattnet från kväve. Detta korrelerar, enligt artikeln och rapporten, med de ökade kväveutsläppen från avloppsreningsverken. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om korrelationen kunde fastställas. Denna studie har mätt kvävehalten i urin från deltagare kategoriserade efter kosthållning. Dessa kategorier är kött (K), lakto-ovo vegetarian (LOV) samt vegan (V). Proteinintaget hos deltagarna undersöktes, kategoriserat efter ovan nämnda kategorier. Vidare har tillväxten av grönslick (Cladophora glomerata) samt förekomsten av fytoplankton med tillsatt urin från de insamlade proverna undersökts. Resultaten visade ingen skillnad gällande kvävehalten i urin mellan de tre kategorierna. Det var inte heller någon skillnad gällande proteinintaget mellan dessa. Förekomsten av fytoplankton påvisade inte någon skillnad. Angående tillväxten av grönslick påvisades en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna kött (K) och kontroll (KON) samt mellan kött (K) och vegan (V). Grönslick tillväxer därför mer i brackvatten med urin från människor som äter kött än den gör i brackvatten med urin från människor med vegansk kost. Då resultaten gällande tillväxt på grönslick visade en signifikant skillnad mellan kosthållningarna (K och V) behöver den påstådda korrelationen mellan ökad köttkonsumtion och ökade kväveutsläpp från kommunala avloppsreningsverk studeras vidare.

Orientador: Tiago Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biossistemas, 2012

This research examined the mechanisms by which temperature, water availability and nitrogen (N) affect the dry matter (DM) yield potential of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) dominant pastures. The experiment was a split plot design with main plots of fully irrigated (I) or dryland (D), sub-plots of N fertiliser at 800 kg N/ha in 2003/04; and 1600 kg N/ha in 2004/05 (+N) or 0 kg N/ha (-N). The potential environmental yield of an established 8 year old cocksfoot dominant pasture was 21.9 t DM/ha/y from I+N pastures compared with 9.8 t DM/ha by I-N pastures and 15.1 t DM/ha/y by D+N pastures. The lowest yields were from dryland pastures with no N which produced 7.5 t DM/ha/y in 2003/03 and 5.0 t DM/ha/y in 2004/05. The effect of seasonal temperatures on the DM production, when periods of water stress were excluded, was quantified using thermal time accumulated above a base temperature of 3°C as 7.0 kg DM/°Cd/ha for N fertilised pastures and 3.3 kg DM/°Cd/ha for pastures with no N. The 2.5 t DM/ha difference in yields of D-N pastures in 2003/04 and 2004/05 was the result of the duration, extent and timing of the water stress period. In both years the critical limiting deficit (DL) was calculated as 78 mm from the soil moisture deficit in the 0-0.8 m soil layers. Beyond DL yield decreased at a rate of 1.45%/mm in +N and –N pastures, relative to fully irrigated control pastures. Yields of D+N and D-N pastures were similar during periods of water stress with 0.4±0.1 t/DM/ha produced during the rotation ending 30/12/2003. This was less than from either the I-N (1.2 t DM/ha) or I+N (3.5 t DM/ha) pastures due to the reduction in the amount of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the canopies of the dryland pastures. However, in the rotation ending 2/5/2004, after autumn rain alleviated drought conditions, yield of the D+N pasture was 2.1 t DM/ha compared with 1.7 t DM/ha by I+N pastures. The effect of N on yield was described using a nutrition index which showed that as DM yield increased N% in the herbage declined. This is a function of the ratio between metabolic and structural N requirements rather than caused by ontogeny alone. Specific leaf N was determined at two harvests and appeared constant at a given point in time (1.0-1.6 g N/m² leaf). In contrast, specific pseudostem N increased from 0.8-1.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 0.4 in –N pastures to 2.6-3.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 1.2 in the +N pastures. Differences between the yields of +N and –N pastures were caused by differences in radiation use efficiency (RUE) as determined by the linear relationship (R²=0.76) between RUE and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI). In this thesis, empirical relationships for the effects of temperature, water availability and N were derived and the physiological mechanisms which underlie these descriptions were identified. These relationships provide clear and simple explanations of the effects of environmental variables on the productivity of cocksfoot based pastures which will enhance understanding of the benefits and limitations of cocksfoot, particularly in dryland farming systems.

Estuarine acidification, caused by disturbance of acid sulfate soils (ASS), is a recurrent problem in eastern Australia. Affected waters are characterised by low pH and elevated concentrations of metals, principally aluminium and iron. The effects of acid and elevated metal concentrations associated with ASS, on adult Sydney rock oysters, have not been previously investigated. This study tested links between ASS-affected drainage, subsequent estuarine acidification and Sydney rock oyster production problems on the Hastings and Manning Rivers, mid north coast New South Wales. The primary objective of this thesis was to establish if estuarine acidification causes mortality and slow growth in individual Sydney rock oysters by exposing oysters to low pH, iron and aluminium using field and laboratory experiments. Water quality data showed that estuarine acidification was spatially extensive in the Hastings and Manning Rivers following heavy rainfall and was due to mineral acids originating from drained or excavated ASS. Estuarine acidification regularly affected areas used for Sydney rock oyster production following heavy rainfall. Field experiments showed that Sydney rock oyster mortality rates were significantly higher at sites exposed to ASS-affected waters compared to locations that were isolated from ASS-affected waters. Oyster mortality increased with the time of exposure and smaller oysters (mean weight = 5 g) experienced significantly higher mortality relative to larger oysters (mean weight = 29 g). This was caused by acid-induced shell degradation resulting in perforation of the smaller oysters??? under-developed shells. Additionally, Sydney rock oyster growth rates were dramatically reduced at sites exposed to ASS-affected waters and the overall mean condition index of oysters at ASS-affected field sites was significantly lower than the overall mean condition index of oysters at non-impacted sites. Findings from laboratory experiments showed that ASS-affected water alters oyster valve movements and significantly reduces oyster feeding rates at pH 5.5. Acidic treatments (pH 5.1) containing 7.64 mg L-1 of aluminium or ASS-affected water caused changes in the mantle and gill soft tissues following short-term exposure. Degenerative effects described in oysters in this study were also due to iron contained in ASS-affected waters. Iron precipitates accumulated on the shell, gills and mantle and were observed in the stomach, intestine, digestive tubules and rectum. This study concluded that Sydney rock oysters are unable to tolerate acidic conditions caused by ASS outflows and cannot be viably cultivated in acid-prone areas of the estuary.

Estuarine acidification, caused by disturbance of acid sulfate soils (ASS), is a recurrent problem in eastern Australia. Affected waters are characterised by low pH and elevated concentrations of metals, principally aluminium and iron. The effects of acid and elevated metal concentrations associated with ASS, on adult Sydney rock oysters, have not been previously investigated. This study tested links between ASS-affected drainage, subsequent estuarine acidification and Sydney rock oyster production problems on the Hastings and Manning Rivers, mid north coast New South Wales. The primary objective of this thesis was to establish if estuarine acidification causes mortality and slow growth in individual Sydney rock oysters by exposing oysters to low pH, iron and aluminium using field and laboratory experiments. Water quality data showed that estuarine acidification was spatially extensive in the Hastings and Manning Rivers following heavy rainfall and was due to mineral acids originating from drained or excavated ASS. Estuarine acidification regularly affected areas used for Sydney rock oyster production following heavy rainfall. Field experiments showed that Sydney rock oyster mortality rates were significantly higher at sites exposed to ASS-affected waters compared to locations that were isolated from ASS-affected waters. Oyster mortality increased with the time of exposure and smaller oysters (mean weight = 5 g) experienced significantly higher mortality relative to larger oysters (mean weight = 29 g). This was caused by acid-induced shell degradation resulting in perforation of the smaller oysters??? under-developed shells. Additionally, Sydney rock oyster growth rates were dramatically reduced at sites exposed to ASS-affected waters and the overall mean condition index of oysters at ASS-affected field sites was significantly lower than the overall mean condition index of oysters at non-impacted sites. Findings from laboratory experiments showed that ASS-affected water alters oyster valve movements and significantly reduces oyster feeding rates at pH 5.5. Acidic treatments (pH 5.1) containing 7.64 mg L-1 of aluminium or ASS-affected water caused changes in the mantle and gill soft tissues following short-term exposure. Degenerative effects described in oysters in this study were also due to iron contained in ASS-affected waters. Iron precipitates accumulated on the shell, gills and mantle and were observed in the stomach, intestine, digestive tubules and rectum. This study concluded that Sydney rock oysters are unable to tolerate acidic conditions caused by ASS outflows and cannot be viably cultivated in acid-prone areas of the estuary.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-14T09:45:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3806262 bytes, checksum: 7171ac96932a9b0129a753982c0a71da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T09:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3806262 bytes, checksum: 7171ac96932a9b0129a753982c0a71da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi verificar a influência das trocas gasosas e do enriquecimento com CO 2 na propagação in vitro de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen (Amaranthaceae). Neste estudo foram utilizados como explantes segmentos nodais, a partir de culturas-estoque de vitroplantas de fáfia, mantidas sob subcultivos mensais. Foram avaliadas características relacionadas ao crescimento, aspectos anatômicos da folha, pigmentos fotossintéticos, teor de β-ecdisona (20E), atividade da Rubisco, amido, fenóis e açúcares. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da atmosfera ambiente e enriquecida com CO 2 (360 ou 720 μmol mol -1 de CO 2 ), vedação do recipiente de cultura e presença ou não de sacarose no meio de cultura durante o crescimento e desenvolvimento de explantes nodais de P. glomerata. Todas as características de crescimento das vitroplantas de fáfia aumentaram em condições de elevação de CO 2 . Nessas condições de atmosfera enriquecida com CO 2 foram produzidas vitroplantas de P. glomerata com características desejáveis para produção clonal massal, sendo uma alternativa para o estabelecimento de plantios comerciais que visem uniformidade e objetivem a produção de 20E para suprir a demanda industrial. A menor perda relativa de água das folhas oriundas de vitroplantas cultivadas em meio de cultura com ou sem sacarose e em condição de elevação de CO 2, mostra que um sistema fotoautotrófico ou fotomixotrófico com enriquecimento de CO 2 é atrativo para a aplicação na produção comercial massal de mudas dessa espécie, possivelmente reduzindo as perdas que ocorrem durante a aclimatização ex vitro, devido à desidratação das vitroplantas. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de novos tipos alternativos de membranas para vedação com as membranas MilliSeal ® , sobre a morfogênese e crescimento in vitro de fáfia. Dentre as membranas testadas, foi possível selecionar uma que mostrou características desejáveis para um sistema de propagação in vitro de plantas em larga escala, pois, aumentou o crescimento das vitroplantas de fáfia e apresenta custo unitário reduzido em comparação com membranas comercializadas atualmente. No terceiro capítulo é relatado o uso de substrato poroso combinado com o enriquecimento da atmosfera com CO 2 . Todas as características de crescimento das vitroplantas cultivadas em condições de elevação de CO 2 e em Florialite ® aumentaram. Em atmosfera enriquecida com CO 2 foram produzidas plantas de P. glomerata com alto acúmulo de biomassa e de 20E e apresentando alterações ultraestruturais. O presente estudo mostra que um sistema fotoautotrófico com enriquecimento de CO 2 pode ser atrativo para a aplicação na produção massal de mudas de fáfia ou ainda, para a produção de biomassa de fáfia com teor elevado de β-ecdisona. / The overall objective of this study was to investigate the influence of gas exchange and CO 2 enrichment on the in vitro propagation of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen (Amaranthaceae). Nodal segments from Pfaffia vitroplants maintained by monthly subculture were used as explants. Characteristics related to growth, leaf anatomy, photosynthetic pigments, β-ecdysone (20E) content, Rubisco activity, starch, phenols and sugars were evaluated. The objective of the first chapter was to evaluate the influence of the ambient atmosphere and the atmosphere enriched with CO 2 (360 or 720 μmol mol -1 CO 2 ), the closure system of culture vessels and presence or absence of sucrose in the culture medium during growth and development of Pfaffia nodal explants. All growth characteristics of Pfaffia vitroplants increased under high CO 2 . Under conditions of CO 2 -enriched atmosphere, P. glomerata vitroplants were produced with good characteristics for clonal mass production, which is an alternative for the establishment of homogeneous commercial plantations aiming to the production of 20E to meet the industrial demands. The low relative water loss from leaves of vitroplants grown in culture medium with or without sucrose and high CO 2 , shows that a photoautotrophic or photomixotrophic system with CO 2 enrichment is beneficial for mass production of seedlings of this species, possibly reducing losses during acclimatization due to dehydration of vitroplants. The second chapter aimed to compare the effectiveness of new alternative types of membranes for closure with the MilliSeal ® membrane on the growth and morphogenesis in vitro of Pfaffia. Among the membranes tested, the M3 showed the desirable characteristics for a system of large-scale in vitro propagation of plants, because it increased the growth of Pfaffia vitroplants and has reduced unit cost compared with currently marketed membranes. The third chapter reports on results obtained using porous substrates combined with atmosphere CO 2 enrichment. Vitroplants grown under high CO 2 and Florialite ® had all growth characteristics increased. Seedlings of P. glomerata produced in CO 2 -enriched atmosphere had high accumulation of biomass and 20E and showed ultrastructural alterations. The present study shows that a photoautotrophic system with CO 2 enrichment can be beneficial for either mass production of Pfaffia seedlings or the production of Pfaffia biomass with high 20E content. / Tese antinga