Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4556_1.pdf: 380828 bytes, checksum: a8c151b4a15b25b76bb62047379c7843 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / A produção de plantas pode ser otimizada pelo uso de bioinsumos, entre os quais se incluem os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), que tornam as plantas mais aptas para suportar estresses bióticos e abióticos. Para avaliar a eficiência micorrízica em substratos usados na aclimatização de Alpinia purpurata (alpinia) e Zingiber spectabile (sorvetão) e a tolerância de plantas de alpinia micorrizadas, ao ataque de nematóides, foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial, com quatro tratamentos de inoculação (sem ou com Gigaspora albida, Glomus etunicatum e Acaulospora longula), três substratos (solo; solo:vermicomposto e solo:areia:vermicomposto) com oito repetições. Após 100 dias não houve interação entre FMA e substratos relacionada ao crescimento das duas espécies, porém o substrato solo:vermicomposto beneficiou a produção vegetal. No segundo experimento, plantas de alpinia micorrizadas foram inoculadas com Meloidogyne arenaria. Após 270 dias plantas infestadas com o nematóide e associadas com G. etunicatum e com A. longula tiveram maior massa seca aérea e área foliar em relação aos demais tratamentos. A micorrização com G. albida e A. longula reduziu o número de galhas, enquanto o número de ovos do nematóide foi menor no tratamento com G. albida. A presença de M. arenaria afetou a colonização micorrízica. Concluiu-se que na fase de aclimatização, substratos orgânicos favorecem a formação de mudas vigorosas de alpinia e sorvetão, dispensando a inoculação com FMA, e que a micorrização de A. purpurata com A. longula induz tolerância a M. arenaria, constituindo alternativa para diminuir os prejuízos da meloidoginose

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-20T11:44:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese Catarina Maria Aragao de Mello.pdf: 5575765 bytes, checksum: b3c4ea02e6cc1d75d2d5ecf461a8b707 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T11:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese Catarina Maria Aragao de Mello.pdf: 5575765 bytes, checksum: b3c4ea02e6cc1d75d2d5ecf461a8b707 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / FACEPE / O conhecimento da diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em raízes de plantas cultivadas é um pré-requisito para o manejo efetivo e a sustentabilidade de sistemas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar qualitativa e quantitativamente as comunidades de FMA em agrossistemas plantados com milho, em Pernambuco. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foram realizadas coletas em três estações experimentais do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco: uma localizada em área úmida (Zona da Mata - Itambé) e duas no semiárido (Agreste – Caruaru; Sertão - Serra Talhada) em 2010 e 2011. A análise morfológica dos esporos permitiu a diferenciação de 57 espécies de FMA, das quais duas novas para a ciência. Maior densidade de esporos ocorreu na área do agreste, que apresentou menor riqueza de espécies de FMA. Na área mais úmida foi registrada maior riqueza. A estrutura das comunidades de FMA diferiu entre os locais, segundo o teste de procedimento de permutação multi-resposta (MRPP), em função de diferenças nos atributos químicos e granulométricos dos solos. Duas novas espécies foram descritas: Fuscutata aurea, registrada em Itambé e Paraglomus pernambucanum, encontrada em amostras coletadas em Caruaru e Serra Talhada. Foi proposta uma nova combinação para Paraglomus (P. bolivianum) e revisada a ocorrência mundial dos representantes de Paraglomus e Pacispora. Na segunda etapa do estudo (2012) foram realizadas coletas em três propriedades privadas irrigadas, localizadas também nas Zonas da Mata, Agreste e Sertão, respectivamente nos municípios de Igarassu, Passira e Serra Talhada, em dois períodos de desenvolvimento do milho (60 – floração e 90 dias – colheita). A análise morfológica dos esporos revelou a presença de 43 espécies de FMA. Também foram realizadas análises moleculares da raiz, sendo sequenciados 433 clones do SSU rDNA, dos quais 93 pertencentes a indivíduos das ordens Diversisporales, Gigasporales, Glomerales e Paraglomerales. Dentre os 259 clones do LSU rDNA, 153 corresponderam a gêneros incluídos em Diversisporales, Gigasporales e Glomerales. Os demais clones foram relacionados a outros grupos de eucariotas. Em todas as áreas predominaram representantes de Acaulospora e Glomus. Houve diferença significativa entre as áreas para a maioria dos atributos químicos e composição granulométrica dos solos. A estrutura das comunidades de FMA foi significativamente diferente entre as áreas, de acordo com a ordenação (NMS) e o método estatístico (PERMANOVA). A maior porcentagem de raiz colonizada ocorreu em plantas coletadas em Igarassu (Mata), enquanto a maior riqueza de espécies foi encontrada em solos de Passira (Agreste). A diversidade de FMA no solo difere daquela encontrada no sistema radicular de plantas colonizadas. Representantes dos gêneros Claroideoglomus, Diversispora, Dominikia, Intraornatospora, Redeckera e Rhizoglomus não foram identificados no solo rizosférico, enquanto Ambispora e Paradentiscutata foram observados apenas a partir da análise morfológica dos esporos presentes no solo, não sendo obtidas sequências desses gêneros. A rizosfera de plantios de milho, mesmo em áreas com diferentes características edafoclimáticas, abriga diversificada comunidade de FMA, com dominância dos gêneros Glomus e Acaulospora. O estádio fenológico do milho pode influenciar a diversidade, e a composição das comunidades de FMA pode ser melhor determinada com o uso conjunto de ferramentas moleculares e morfológicas para identificação dos fungos. / The effective management and sustainability of agricultural systems depends on the knowledge of the diversity of AMF in roots of cultivated plant. The aim of this study was to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the AMF communities in corn agrosystems, in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. In the first stage of this work collections were carried out in three experimental stations of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco: one located in an Atlantic rain forest area (Forest Zone - Itambé) and two in semiarid areas ("Agreste" - Caruaru and "Sertão" - Serra Talhada), in 2010 and 2011. Fifty seven taxa were found, two of which are new species. In the “agreste” area we found higher number of spores and lower richness of AMF species. The highest species richness was registered in the most humid area. The structure of the AMF communities differed among the sites, according to the multi-response permutation procedure test (MRPP), due to differences in chemical and physical soil attributes. The new species described are: Fuscutata aurea, registered in Itambé (humid area) and Paraglomus pernambucanum found in samples from the semiarid areas. A new combination for Paraglomus (P. bolivianum) was proposed, and a survey of the global occurrence of Paraglomus and Pacispora was performed. In the second stage of this study (2012), samples were taken in three private properties, with irrigated fields of corn also located in the three areas: rain Forest (Igarassu), "Agreste" (Passira) and "Sertão" (Serra Talhada). The collections were performed in two periods of corn development (60 days – flowering, and 90 days - harvest). The morphological analysis revealed the presence of 43 AMF taxa. Molecular root analyses were performed, and 433 clones sequenced (SSU rDNA), of which 93 belonged to individuals of the orders Diversisporales, Gigasporales, Glomerales and Paraglomerales. Among the 259 clones of the LSU rDNA, 153 corresponded to genera included in Diversisporales, Gigasporales and Glomerales. The remaining clones were related to other eukaryotic groups. Species of Acaulospora and Glomus predominated in the areas. Significant differences among the areas for most chemical and physical soil attributes were found. The structure of the AMF communities was significantly different among the areas, according to the ordination (NMS) and the statistical method (PERMANOVA). The highest percentage of root colonization occurred in plants collected in Igarassu (Forest), while the highest species richness was found in Passira soils (Agreste). The diversity of AMF in the soil differs from that found in the root system of colonized plants. The genera Claroideoglomus, Diversispora, Dominikia, Intraornatospora, Redeckera and Rhizoglomus were only detected through molecular analysis, while Ambispora and Paradentiscutata were observed just from morphological analysis. The rhizosphere of corn crops in areas with different soil and climatic characteristics has a diverse community of AMF, with dominance of Glomus and Acaulospora species. The growth stage of corn plants can influence the diversity of AMF fungi, which decreased in the rhizosphere of older plants. The simultaneous use of morphological and molecular approaches can improve the knowledge about the composition of AMF communities.

La symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscule (MA) est une association mutualiste s’établissant entre les racines des plantes et des champignons du sol appartenant à l’embranchement des Gloméromycètes. Dans cette association, le champignon agit comme un fertilisant naturel, fournissant à la plante divers minéraux (phosphore, mais aussi azote et soufre …) en échange de sources de carbone indispensables à son développement. Une caractéristique originale de ces champignons est leur très large spectre d’hôte : de l’ordre de 80% des espèces végétales ont l’aptitude à former cette symbiose, et certains espèces de champignons MA ne semblent pas avoir de limitation de spectre d’hôte. Les champignons MA possèderaient-ils des « clés universelles » de compatibilité cellulaire avec leur hôte, ou de contournement de l’immunité végétale ? Pour aborder cette problématique, nous avons entrepris l’étude du sécrétome du champignon MA Rhizophagus irregularis dont plusieurs données génomiques étaient disponibles. Les microorganismes eucaryotes sécrètent en effet dans leur environnement des protéines agissant sur leurs structures exogènes (paroi cellulaire), leur environnement, et pouvant agir sur l’immunité des cellules hôtes. Ces protéines sécrétées (SPs) sont dans ce dernier cas appelées « effecteurs ». Sur la base de deux assemblages différents, un catalogue de 872 SPs de R. irregularis (RiSPs) a été défini pour lesquelles les profils d’expression dans trois plantes hôtes ont été comparés. Nous avons également comparé ces SPs à celles que nous avons définies sur une autre espèce de champignon MA, Gigaspora rosea. Après enrichissement du catalogue de RiSPs avec des séquences de petite taille identifiées sur un assemblage transcriptomique propre, puis sélection des candidats dont les cadres de lecture sont robustes et présentant un niveau d’expression élevé (FC>10) dans les 3 hôtes testés, un jeu de 33 RiSPs d’intérêt a été défini, dont 18 ont été sélectionnées pour effectuer des analyses fonctionnelles. En absence de protocole de transformation de ces champignons, l’analyse fonctionnelle a porté sur la cytolocalisation de protéines de fusion RiSP:citrine dans les cellules végétales par surexpression dans des feuilles de tabac et des racines de luzerne tronquée. Différents compartiments cellulaires sont ciblés par ces RiSPs, très souvent le compartiment vacuolaire. Des approches par surexpression in planta de plusieurs candidats RiSP ont permis d’identifier une activité stimulatrice de 3 RiSPs sur l’établissement de la symbiose. Parallèlement, des essais de stimulation de la symbiose MA par apport exogène de différents SPs sur plantules en cours de mycorhization en chambre ont été initiés. Ils devront être poursuivis sur les 3 candidats issus du crible de surexpression. En perspective, l’évaluation de la spécificité d’action de ces SPs sur la symbiose MA comparativement à d’autres interactions plante-champignon ouvrira la voie à des essais d’application au champ. / Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic association established between plant roots and soil fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. In this association, the fungus acts as a natural fertilizer, supplying the plant with various minerals (phosphorus, but also nitrogen and sulfur) in exchange to carbon sources essential for its development. An original feature of these fungi is their very broad host spectrum: c.a. 80% of plant species have the ability to form this symbiosis, and some species of AM fungi do not seem to have a restrictive host spectrum. Would MA fungi possess "universal keys" for cell compatibility with their host, or to by-pass plant immunity? To address this problem, we studied the secretome of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis from which several genomic data were available. Eukaryotic microorganisms indeed secrete in their environment proteins acting on their exogenous structures (cell wall), on their environment (nutrient recruitment), and even on host plant cell immunity. These last secreted proteins (SPs) are defined as effectors. Based on two different assemblies, a repertoire of 872 SPs of R. irregularis was defined for which transcriptional expression profiles obtained in three hosts were compared, as well with SPs from another species of AM fungus, Gigaspora rosea. After adding sequences of small size identified from an in-house transcriptomic assembly, screening unambiguous open reading frame, and selecting strongly expressed candidates (FC> 10) in the 3 plant hosts analyzed, a set of 33 RiSPs of interest was defined, of which 18 were selected for functional analysis. As genetic transformation protocol is unavailable for AM fungi, RiSP:citrine fusion proteins were overexpressed in tobacco leaves and barrel medic roots for plant cell localization. Different cell compartments were targeted by these RiSPs, and often localised in the vacuolar compartment. In planta overexpression of several candidates allowed identifying 3 RiSPs that stimulate the establishment of the symbiosis. In the same time, attempts to enhance MA symbiosis by addition of exogenous RiSPs on seedlings during mycorrhizal establishment were initiated. Such assays should be pursued on the 3 active candidates revealed by overexpression assays. Evaluating the specificity of action of these RiSPs on AM symbiosis compared to other plant-fungus interactions will open the way to field trials.

Submitted by Leonardo Freitas (leonardo.hfreitas@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-08T19:15:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Danielle Karla Silva.pdf: 3446322 bytes, checksum: c7136398f31550999368de0ba552035d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T19:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Danielle Karla Silva.pdf: 3446322 bytes, checksum: c7136398f31550999368de0ba552035d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / CNPq: CAPES / Dunas costeiras apresentam elevada importância ambiental; no entanto, encontram-se ameaçadas por ações antrópicas, sendo a extração de minérios a que causa os maiores danos. A mineração causa modificações físicas, químicas e biológicas no sistema, comprometendo a qualidade do solo, o processo de regeneração natural das espécies nativas e a microbiota edáfica. Os micro-organismos do solo exercem papel fundamental nas comunidades de dunas, e entre esses, destacam-se os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) pela simbiose formada com a maioria das espécies vegetais. Esses fungos são considerados o grupo funcional chave da biota do solo pelos benefícios nutricionais e não nutricionais proporcionados. Com o objetivo de testar a hipótese de que existe elevada diversidade de FMA nas áreas de dunas costeiras e de que as áreas naturais servem como fontes de propágulos desses fungos para as áreas revegetadas adjacentes, o objetivo geral da tese foi determinar a diversidade taxonômica e a estrutura da comunidade de FMA em áreas de dunas naturais e impactadas por mineração. Determinou-se a influência do gradiente vegetacional e da sazonalidade sobre as comunidades de FMA, e a sucessão de espécies de FMA em áreas de dunas naturais e revegetadas após extração de minerais pesados, no litoral da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. De maneira geral, Acaulospora e Glomus foram os gêneros mais representativos em abundância relativa e número de espécies. A similaridade de espécies de FMA entre as áreas revegetadas e a restinga praiana (área natural) foi >60%, suportando a hipótese de que essa área serve de fonte de propágulos. O gradiente vegetacional influenciou as comunidades de FMA, com a área mais próxima ao mar apresentando comunidade distinta das demais e maiores valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon. As populações de FMA responderam diferentemente à influência sazonal com a maioria das espécies esporulando mais no período chuvoso. Mudanças na comunidade de FMA na área de duna em recuperação só foram observadas após 10 meses de revegetação com a predominância de espécies de Gigasporales. As dunas e restingas do litoral norte da Paraíba apresentam elevada diversidade de FMA e devem ser consideradas hot spots de conservação de diversidade desses fungos.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-11T19:39:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rosalba Ortega Fors.pdf: 2620047 bytes, checksum: d7b3d78fdeae080e9bee983dad584881 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T19:39:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rosalba Ortega Fors.pdf: 2620047 bytes, checksum: d7b3d78fdeae080e9bee983dad584881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / CNPq / Brazil is the main sugarcane producer worldwide, with the crop accounting for 15% of the total fertilizers used in the country. In this context, the development and application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Phylum Glomeromycota) inoculants represents a promising alternative for increasing the utilization eficiency of chemical fertilizers, mainly the phosphates In the present work a survey of the AMF community was carried out before planting and after harvesting of the "plant cane" in renewal (rotated or not with Brachiaria ruziziensis) and expansion (previously under pasture) areas. A similar assessment was carried out in sugarcane renovation and expansion areas where two experiments of inoculation with diazotrophic bacterias were being conducted. Under greenhouse conditions, two experiments for selecting AMF strains for sugarcane (Variety SP81-3250) in different soils and substrates were carried out. In renewal areas, after maintained sugarcane monocropping, a rotation cycle with B. ruziziensis between the ratoon removal and the new cane planting doesnot influence the AMF species richness. Prolonged monoculture of sugarcane tends to reduce the AMF diversity after the renewal of the sugarcane plantation, but stills quite high compared to other agricultural systems. In pasture areas converted to sugarcane plantation (expansion) the AMF species richness tends to be higher in the first year after the conversion (plant cane) compared to sugarcane renovation areas. The spore density reached the highest values after the "plant cane" harvesting. The AMF isolates with potentiality to compose a mycorrhizal inoculant for sugarcane areAcaulospora colombiana and Claroideoglomus etunicatum which favoured the development of the pre-sprouted seedlings of sugarcane in soil and substrate. Other isolates that promoted the sugarcane seedlings' development ou nutrition, but still need additional studies are Gigaspora margarita, Scutellospora calospora and Rhizophagus clarus. The expansion area soil (with moderate P content) was the most favorable for the sugarcane growth. The Multiplant substrate promoted the highest growth of the seedlings and favored the AMF colonization. The fertillization recommended for sugarcane seedling production inhibited the plants growth, particularly in the substrate Turfa F?rtil. The Sugar Mill substrate stimulated the seedlings growth the least. The rate of dark septate endophytes colonization (DSE) in the sugarcane seedlings of the cultivar SP81-3250 was high, independently of the inoculated AMF isolate. All the AMF isolates tested showed simultaneus colonization with DSE. / O Brasil ? o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-a??car, sendo a cultura respons?vel por 15% dos fertilizantes utilizados no pa?s. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento e aplica??o de inoculantes de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMAs) (Phylum Glomeromycota) representa uma promissora alternativa para incrementara efici?ncia de aproveitamento dos fertilizantes, principalmente os sfatados. No presente trabalho foi realizado um levantamento da comunidade de FMAs pr?-plantio e p?s-colheita da "cana planta" em ?reas de renova??o (rotacionadas ou n?o com Brachiaria ruzizensis) e expans?o (previamente sobre pastagem) do canavial. Uma avalia??o similar foi realizada em ?reas correspondentes a dois experimentos de inocula??o com bact?rias diazotr?ficas. Foram conduzidos, em casa de vegeta??o, dois experimentos de sele??o de linhagens de FMAs para cana-de-a??car (Cultivar SP81-3250) em diferentes solos e substratos. Em ?reas de monocultivo prolongado de cana-de-a??car uma rota??o com B. ruziziensis na ?poca da renova??o n?o influencia a riqueza da comunidade de FMAs. Por?m, a riqueza de FMAs diminui em monocultura prolongada de cana, mas ainda ? elevada comparada com outros sistemas agr?colas. A riqueza de FMAs em pastagem convertida a canavial ? maior na ?cana planta? comparada ? ?reas de renova??o de canavial. As maiores densidades de esporos nas ?reas canavieiras ocorrem ap?s a colheita da ?cana planta?. As linhagens de FMAs com potencialidade para compor um inoculante micorr?zico para cana-de-a??car s?o Acaulospora colombiana Claroideoglomus etunicatum as quais favorecem o desenvolvimento de mudas pr?-brotadas de cana tanto em solo como em substrato. Outras linhagens que precisam de estudos adicionais por promoverem crescimento ou nutri??o de mudas de cana s?o Gigaspora margarita, Scutellospora calospora e Rhizophagus clarus. O solo da ?rea de expans?o, com teores intermedi?rios de P, ? o mais favor?vel para o crescimento da cana-de-a??car. O substrato Multiplant foi o que mais estimulou o crescimento de mudas pr?-brotadas e promove a maior coloniza??o por FMAs. A aduba??o completa recomendada para a produ??o de mudas pr?-brotadas de cana-de-a??car inibiu o crescimento das plantas, particularmente no substrato Turfa F?rtil. O substrato da Usina promoveu o menor crescimento de mudas de cana-de-a??car. A taxa de coloniza??o radicular por DSE nas mudas da cultivar SP81-3250 foi elevada, independentemente da linhagem de FMA inoculada. Todas as linhagens de FMAs avaliadas apresentaram coloniza??o conjunta com DSE.

Les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA) appartiennent au phylum Glomeromycota. Ces champignons forment une association symbiotique (obligatoire pour les champignons) avec plus de 80 % des espèces de plantes vasculaires, incluant la plupart des plantes cultivées. Cette symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire, très répandue dans la nature, a été retrouvée dans presque tous les écosystèmes terrestres aussi bien dans des déserts chauds et froids que dans des forêts tropicales ou tempérées. L’emploi d’outils de biologie moléculaire et des fossiles ont permis d’estimer la date de l’origine de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire à environ 450 millions d’années avant notre ère. Cette date coïncide avec l’apparition des premières plantes terrestres primitives. Il existe plusieurs types de mycorhizes impliquant différents champignons et différentes plantes hôtes. Ces différents faits suggèrent que les plantes vasculaires et les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ont co-évolué, et que les Glomeromycota ont influencé la capacité des plantes à coloniser le milieu terrestre. Plusieurs études ont montré que les contaminants organiques peuvent influer négativement cette relation mutuellement bénéfique qu'entretiennent la plante et le champignon conduisant à une diminution de la croissance du CMA mais aussi à une modification des interactions au sein de la communauté de CMA elle-même. Ainsi, mon projet de maîtrise vise à quantifier la diversité mycorhizienne arbusculaire de deux espèces de plante Eleocharis obtusa et Panicum capillare qui poussent dans un bassin hautement contaminé par des hydrocarbures pétroliers de façon très hétérogène et étudier les structures des communautés des CMA dans des échantillons de sol rhizosphérique et de racines de celles-ci. L'un des résultats important de mon étude est la découverte d’une très grande diversité des CMA associés à E. obtusa et P. capillare dans ce milieu contaminé. En effet, pas moins de 26 unités taxonomiques opérationnelles (OTU) de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ont été recensés. La quasi-totalité des familles de Glomeroycota sont représentées à l'exception de Ambisporaceae, Geosiphonaceae et Pacisporaceae. Ainsi, le genre Diversispora domine la communauté des CMA par son abondance relative, cependant le genre Claroideoglomus est le plus abondant des genres des CMA. Ensuite, mon projet a déterminé l'influence de la plante hôte sur la composition de la communauté de CMA. D'après l'analyse de la diversité alpha, les plantes présentent une structure de diversité différente. Les valeurs de Local Contributions to beta Diveristy (LCBD) élevées étaient souvent liées à un site avec un grand nombre de taxons de CMA. En utilisant une analyse en composante principale (ACP), j’ai constaté que les échantillons récoltés en 2011 auraient sensiblement la même composition en OTU. J’ai pu observer également une variation de la communauté des OTU de CMA d'une année à l'autre pour les plantes. La rhizosphère des plantes récoltées la même année avait une communauté d'OTU similaire globalement, pourtant au niveau racinaire, j’ai observé une spécificité chez des certains OTU. Cette étude fournit une vue d’ensemble de la diversité des CMA associés à des végétaux localisés dans les sédiments très polluées. Elle suggère aussi que les CMA peuvent être des candidats microbiens potentiellement importants dans la restauration des sols contaminés par le pétrole. / The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belong to phylum Glomeromycota, a group of early divergent fungal lineage. These fungi form a mutualistic symbiotic association with more than 80% of vascular plant species, including most important crops. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is widespread and has been found in almost all terestrial ecosystems on earth such as hot and cold deserts, as well as tropical and temperate forests. The use of molecular biology tools and fossil records dated back the origin of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to 460 million years ago, which coincides with the emergence of terrestrial plants. There are several types of mycorrhizas depending on fungal groups and host plants. It has been suggested that vascular plants and AMF have co-evolved and that Glomeromycota helped plant ancestors to colonize the land. It has been reported that organic contaminants can negatively impact this mutually beneficial symbiosis between plant and fungi reducing the growth of the AMF and changing the structure of AMF communities. The objective of my master project was to determine the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with two plant species, Eleocharis obtusa and Panicum capillare, which spontaneously growing a highly petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated basin with an heterogeneous pattern of contamination, and to describe the structures of their communities in their rhizosphere soils and roots. My results revealed an unexpected high diversity of AMF OTUs associated with two plant species. Indeed, we identified 26 OTUs of AMF. This diversity covered the most important families of Glomeroycota except Ambisporaceae, Geosiphonaceae and Pacisporaceae. Genus Diversispora dominated the AMF community by its relative abundance, however the genus Claroideoglomus was the most represented in the samples. My study determined the influence of the host plant on the composition of the AMF community. Based on the analysis of the α diversity, we found that the rhizospheric soil and root samples showed different community structures between the two plants species. β diversity analysis showed that high Local Contributions to β Diveristy (LCBD) values (high uniqueness of species composition) were often linked to the sample with a large number of AMF taxa. Using a principal component analysis (PCA), we found that the samples collected in 2011 have approximately the same composition of OTUs. It is likely that a turnover of AMF OTU and 4 plants may occur from one year to another. This study provides an overview of the diversity of AMF associated with plants located in heavily polluted sediments. It also suggests that AMF may be potentially important microbial candidates in the remediation of oil-contaminated soils.

La symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules, dont l’apparition est conjointe à celle des plantes terrestres il y a 460 millions d’années, est une association mutualiste à bénéfices réciproques qui s’instaure entre la plupart des plantes terrestres, y compris celles cultivées, et des microorganismes ubiquitaires du sol que sont les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA, phylum des Glomeromycota). Lors cette symbiose, le fort potentiel d’amélioration de la nutrition minérale des plantes, et donc de la production végétale, est un atout dans le contexte mondial actuel d’augmentation de la demande de la production agricole. Afin d’optimiser les services écosystémiques des CMA dans les écosystèmes et en particulier les agroécosystèmes, la maîtrise de cette symbiose en ingénierie écologique nécessite la compréhension des mécanismes complexes qui régissent la dynamique de cette symbiose dans ces écosystèmes. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la diversité des communautés et des populations de CMA dans les agroécosystèmes à différentes échelles spatiales et sous l’influence de différentes pratiques culturales par des techniques d’empreintes moléculaires: séquençage haut-débit et polymorphisme de longueur de fragments de restriction. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la structuration de la diversité des CMA est influencée par le type d’usage de sol (prairie vs. culture), les pratiques culturales (retournement du sol, fertilisation et système de culture) ainsi que par les facteurs abiotiques (e.g. pH du sol). En conclusion, ces différents facteurs sont à prendre en compte dans l’optimisation des services écosystémiques des CMA. / The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which appeared at the same time as land plants, 460 million years ago, is a mutualistic beneficial association between most land plants, including those cultivated, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF, from the Glomeromycota phylum, are widespread soil microorganisms needing a photosynthetic host to complete their life cycle (obligate symbionts). The great potential of plant mineral nutrition improvement and crop production increased during this symbiosis, make AMF an asset in the context of an increase in the demand of world food crop production. The control of that symbiosis by ecology engineering in order to improve ecosystem services, especially in agroecosystems, needs to better understand the mechanisms regulating its dynamic. Therefore, we studied community and population diversity of AMF under influences of different agricultural practices at several spatial scales using genetic fingerprinting methods: high-throughput sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results show that AMF diversity is structured by land use type (grassland vs. arable fields), cultural practices (soil disturbance, fertilizations, culturing systems) as well as environmental factors (e.g. soil pH). In conclusion, those different factors have to taken in account in AMF ecosystemic service managing.