A parede celular vegetal, estrutura essencial para as plantas, é extremamente importante para a economia humana, já que apresenta diversas utilidades, como por exemplo, fabricação de papel, fibras de vestuário, construção civil, entre outras. A maior parte da parede celular vegetal primária (aproximadamente 90%), é formada por polissacarídeos como celulose, hemiceluloses e pectinas. Os monossacarídeos, unidades formadoras dos polissacarídeos, são sintetizados, nas plantas, a partir de diferentes açúcares nucleotídeos, sendo que, o suprimento desses, pode afetar a biossíntese dos polissacarídeos da parede celular. Visando analisar o impacto da alteração do fluxo metabólico do carbono na composição da parede celular, o presente projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo alterar a composição dos polissacarídeos da parede celular de Nicotiana tabcum, através da modulação da expressão do gene uxs, responsável pela codificação da enzima UDP-D-glucuronato descarboxilase (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) que converte UDP-D-glucuronato em UDP-D-xilose, importante açúcar nucleotídeo, precursor do monossacarídeo xilose. Para isso, após a clonagem do gene uxs de ervilha, foram obtidas plantas transgênicas de tabaco superexpressando esse gene. Diversas análises foram realizadas para determinação da composição química da parede celular primária e secundária dessas plantas. Pela análise de FTIR da parede celular primária, verificou-se que três linhagens transgênicas apresentaram espectrotipos consistentes, indicando uma redução na quantidade de pectinas e ligações ésteres carboxílica nessas linhagens transgênicas. Apesar de não terem sido detectadas alterações na proporção dos monossacarídeos ramnose, xilose, arabinose, manose e galactose, e na quantidade de celulose, na parede celular primária das plantas transgênicas, foram observadas diferenças na proporção de galactose não esterificada, nas linhagens que apresentaram espectrotipo. Com relação à parede celular secundária, observou-se que algumas linhagens transgênicas apresentaram maior concentração de lignina solúvel relacionada a uma redução no conteúdo de lignina insolúvel. / The plant cell wall is not only an essential structure for plants, but also an extremely important raw material in human economy. The plant cell wall has diverse utilities, for example, papermaking, textile fiber, civil construction. Polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, are the major components of the primary plant cell wall (approximately 90%). These polysaccharides are formed by monosaccharides, which are synthesized in the plant from different nucleotide sugars. The suppliment of the nucleotide sugars can affect plant cell wall polysaccharides biosynthesis. Aiming at analyzing the impact of the alteration in the metabolic carbon flux on cell wall composition, the objective of this research project was to alterate the plant cell wall polysaccharides composition by the modulation of the uxs gene. This gene encodes the UDP-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase enzyme (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) that promotes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronic acid to UDP-D-xylose, an important sugar nucleotide precursor of xylose monosaccharide. To achieve this goal, the pea uxs gene was cloned and transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing this gene were obtained. Several analyses were performed to determinate the primary and secondary cell wall composition of those transgenic plants. The primary cell wall analysis by FTIR identified three transgenic lines that show different spectrotypes compared to wild type and those transgenic spectrotypes had the same features. The results indicate a reduction of pectin and ester carbonyl binding in the transgenic plants. No alterations were detected in the monosaccharide (rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, manose and galactose) proportions and the amount of cellulose in the primary cell wall of the transgenic plants. Nevertheless, differences in the proportion of unesterified galactose were observed in the same transgenic lines that showed spectrotypes. With regard to secondary cell wall, some transgenic lines showed an increase in soluble lignin which is related to a reduction in insoluble lignin.

The Arabidopsis thaliana glycosyltransferase UGT72B1 is one of many enzymes which catalyze the reaction oflinking a glucose moiety from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule, in this case a chloroaniline or a chlorophenol. This is part of a detoxification system of the plant cell, similar to that in humans where a glucuronosyltransferases are enabling drug metabolism. It would be of interest to investigate the activity of the human enzyme towards different pharmaceuticals and determine the effect the linkage of glucose has to properties of the compounds. However, the human enzymes are membrane proteins and thus difficult to purify and crystallize. Here, an attempt was made to instead change the substrate specificity of UGT72B1 from UDPglucose to UDP-glucuronic acid. Combination of the four point mutations G18S, P139R, W367S and AG387ED were introduced in UGT72B1. However, no UDP-glucuronic acid activity was obtained. Single mutants W367S and AG387ED retained similar activity as of the wildtype while P139R had highly reduced activity and G18S was not expressed at all. All other combinations of mutations resulted in even less activity. Four chimeric proteins were also constructed. They were combinations of the UGT72B1 and the human enzyme UGT2B4. These were all soluble proteins but no activity could be determined. / Glykosyltransferaset UGT72B1 från Arabidopsis thaliana är ett av många enzymer som katalyserar reaktionen där en glukosenhet från UDP-glukos länkas till en acceptormolekyl, i det här fallet en kloranilin eller en klorfenol. Det är en del av ett detoxifieringssytem i växtcellen, som liknar det i människan, där ett glukuronosyltransferas möjliggör nedbrytning av bl.a. läkemedel. Det vore intressant att kunna undersöka de humana enzymernas aktivitet mot olika läkemedel och även fastställa effekten glukoslänkningen har på dessa substansers egenskaper. De humana enzymerna är dock membranprotein och är därför svåra att rena fram och att kristallisera. Här har istället ett försök gjorts för att ändra substratspecificiteten hos UGT72B1 från UDP-glukos till UDP-glukuronsyra. Kombinationer av de fyra punktmutationerna G18S, P139R, W367S och AG387ED introducerades i UGT72B1. Ingen aktivitet med UDP-glukuronsyra erhölls dock. Enkelmutanterna W367S och AG387ED bibehöll liknande aktivitet som vildtypen, medan P139R hade starkt reducerad aktivitet och G18S uttrycktes inte alls. Alla andra kombinationer av mutationer resulterade i ännu lägre aktivitet. Fyra chimeriska proteiner konstruerades också. De skapades genom kombination av UGT72B1 och det humana enzymet UGT2B4. Dessa var alla lösliga proteiner men ingen av dem uppvisade någon aktivitet.

In this thesis, the physical properties of certain multi-functional organic crystals were studied in detail. This study involves the growth of single crystals of Glucuronic acidγ-lactone (GAL), Imidazoliumtartarate (IMLT), (Bis)imidazoliumtartarate (BIMLT), and Diisopropylammonium iodide (DPI) and investigations of their optical, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric properties as a function of temperature and dependence on crystal structure in these organic crystals. Piezoelectric resonance was observed at certain frequencies when dielectric constant was monitored along the b-plate of GAL crystals. The electro-mechanical coupling coefficient estimated at the resonance near 1 MHz frequency revealed an exceptionally large value in GAL similar to that in inorganic lead titanate. The dependence of the piezoelectric resonance frequency on temperature was studied in detail. These crystals showed excellent second- and third-order nonlinear optical properties as well as high laser damage threshold. The high values of χ(2) andχ(3), laser damage threshold, and low UV cut-off makes GAL crystals an interesting prospect for NLO and laser applications. Towards this goal, GAL crystals were studied in detail with regard to determination of directions of dielectric axes, optic axes, and collinear phase-matching. Single crystals of another promising NLO organic crystal, IMLT were also grown which showed interesting dielectric, piezoelectric, and NLO properties. The dielectric dispersion with temperature provided an insight to the polarization mechanisms. Like GAL, IMLT also exhibits piezoelectric resonance. The existence of only one easy axis of vibration in IMLT enabled the candidate to identify the first resonance peak as corresponding to the fundamental mode of oscillation in the sample. This also helped to determine many piezoelectric parameters. By angular phase matching, one direction of phase matching in IMLT was identified. The conversion efficiency of IMLT along this direction was determined which was high in comparison to that in a standard KDP crystal. At piezoelectric resonance frequencies, the electro-optic response due to photo-elastic contributions is enhanced. Single crystals of organic ferroelectric BIMLT were grown by mixing two moles of imidazole with one mole of l-tartaric acid. The controversy with regard to the phase transition temperature of BIMLT was clarified by the DSC and structural analysis in this work. Previously, studies on BIMLT were limited to polycrystalline samples and single crystals with inclusions primarily due to the difficulty in growing good quality single crystals from aqueous solution. However, by experimenting the growth process using different solvents, good quality single crystals were achieved without the trapping of mother solution. This remarkable find is a notable result in these crystals for ferroelectric applications. The mechanism of ferroelectricity in BIMLT is mainly attributed to the transfer of protons along N–H---O hydrogen bonds in the direction of b-axis. Interestingly, the values of spontaneous polarization and Curie-temperature in the organic ferroelectric material DPI were significantly high and comparable to several popular inorganic ferroelectrics. The polarization obtained in this material is the highest among reported organic ferroelectrics. In addition to the high Curie temperature and spontaneous polarization, there were unique phase transitions that were revealed in DPI. The mechanism of ferroelectricity is quite complex, mainly being displacive type on account of the change in orientation of dipoles with electric field. Some contribution to ferroelectricity comes from the order-disorder nature of Nitrogen atom.

A parede celular vegetal, estrutura essencial para as plantas, é extremamente importante para a economia humana, já que apresenta diversas utilidades, como por exemplo, fabricação de papel, fibras de vestuário, construção civil, entre outras. A maior parte da parede celular vegetal primária (aproximadamente 90%), é formada por polissacarídeos como celulose, hemiceluloses e pectinas. Os monossacarídeos, unidades formadoras dos polissacarídeos, são sintetizados, nas plantas, a partir de diferentes açúcares nucleotídeos, sendo que, o suprimento desses, pode afetar a biossíntese dos polissacarídeos da parede celular. Visando analisar o impacto da alteração do fluxo metabólico do carbono na composição da parede celular, o presente projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo alterar a composição dos polissacarídeos da parede celular de Nicotiana tabcum, através da modulação da expressão do gene uxs, responsável pela codificação da enzima UDP-D-glucuronato descarboxilase (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) que converte UDP-D-glucuronato em UDP-D-xilose, importante açúcar nucleotídeo, precursor do monossacarídeo xilose. Para isso, após a clonagem do gene uxs de ervilha, foram obtidas plantas transgênicas de tabaco superexpressando esse gene. Diversas análises foram realizadas para determinação da composição química da parede celular primária e secundária dessas plantas. Pela análise de FTIR da parede celular primária, verificou-se que três linhagens transgênicas apresentaram espectrotipos consistentes, indicando uma redução na quantidade de pectinas e ligações ésteres carboxílica nessas linhagens transgênicas. Apesar de não terem sido detectadas alterações na proporção dos monossacarídeos ramnose, xilose, arabinose, manose e galactose, e na quantidade de celulose, na parede celular primária das plantas transgênicas, foram observadas diferenças na proporção de galactose não esterificada, nas linhagens que apresentaram espectrotipo. Com relação à parede celular secundária, observou-se que algumas linhagens transgênicas apresentaram maior concentração de lignina solúvel relacionada a uma redução no conteúdo de lignina insolúvel. / The plant cell wall is not only an essential structure for plants, but also an extremely important raw material in human economy. The plant cell wall has diverse utilities, for example, papermaking, textile fiber, civil construction. Polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, are the major components of the primary plant cell wall (approximately 90%). These polysaccharides are formed by monosaccharides, which are synthesized in the plant from different nucleotide sugars. The suppliment of the nucleotide sugars can affect plant cell wall polysaccharides biosynthesis. Aiming at analyzing the impact of the alteration in the metabolic carbon flux on cell wall composition, the objective of this research project was to alterate the plant cell wall polysaccharides composition by the modulation of the uxs gene. This gene encodes the UDP-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase enzyme (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) that promotes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronic acid to UDP-D-xylose, an important sugar nucleotide precursor of xylose monosaccharide. To achieve this goal, the pea uxs gene was cloned and transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing this gene were obtained. Several analyses were performed to determinate the primary and secondary cell wall composition of those transgenic plants. The primary cell wall analysis by FTIR identified three transgenic lines that show different spectrotypes compared to wild type and those transgenic spectrotypes had the same features. The results indicate a reduction of pectin and ester carbonyl binding in the transgenic plants. No alterations were detected in the monosaccharide (rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, manose and galactose) proportions and the amount of cellulose in the primary cell wall of the transgenic plants. Nevertheless, differences in the proportion of unesterified galactose were observed in the same transgenic lines that showed spectrotypes. With regard to secondary cell wall, some transgenic lines showed an increase in soluble lignin which is related to a reduction in insoluble lignin.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Biosensoren mit dem Ziel, mit Hilfe der Kopplung molekular geprägter Polymere (MIPs) als neuartiges Rezeptormaterial und dem sensitiven Nachweisprinzip der Fluoreszenz eine neue Qualität des Analytnachweises zu erreichen. Es wurde eine neue Strategie zur Optimierung der Bindungseigenschaften von molekular geprägten Polymeren in wässrigen Lösungsmitteln entwickelt, die die Kopplung aus Design of Experiments und der Optimierung multipler Zielgrößen umfasst. Damit konnten die Polymerbindungseigenschaften für alle vier betrachteten Parameter wesentlich verbessert werden. Mit Hilfe stationärer und zeitaufgelöster Fluoreszenztechniken wurde die Aufklärung der Wechselwirkung zwischen MIP und Analyt auf molekularer Ebene sowie die Charakterisierung einer neuen Nachweisstrategie basierend auf einen Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer-Mechanismus realisiert. Es wurde ferner ein MIP-Sensor für biologische Proben mit mikrofluidischer Probenzuführung aufgebaut und mittels Fluoreszenzspektrometer als konventionelles Nachweisverfahren etabliert. Darauf aufbauend wurde der optische Nachweis miniaturisiert und somit miniaturisierte Lichtquellen und Detektoren sowie eine faser-optische Lichtleitung eingesetzt. Davon ausgehend erfolgte die Optimierung des Messaufbaus hinsichtlich der Sensitivität und Nachweisgrenze des fluoreszierenden Analyten. Schließlich wurden erstmalig fluoreszenzmarkierte MIP-Partikel zur Lokalisation und Quantifizierung auf Zelloberflächen eingesetzt, d.h. diese dienten als Antikörperersatz der Immunfärbung. / This thesis deals with the development of biosensors with the aim to couple molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as new receptor material with the sensitive detection principle of fluorescence in order to improve analyte detection. A new strategy for optimization of binding parameters of molecularly imprinted polymers in aqueous media was developed which is based on the coupling of design of experiments and the optimization of multiple objective parameters. Due to that the polymer binding properties for all four considered parameters could be optimized considerably. With the help of steady state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques the interaction between MIP and analyte could be clarified on a molecular basis. Furthermore the characterization of a new detection strategy based on a Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism was realized. Moreover a MIP sensor with microfluidic sample handling for biological samples was built-up and established with fluorescence spectroscopy as conventional detection method. Based on that, the optical detection was miniaturized with respect to light sources, detectors as well as optical fibers for light guidance. This set-up was optimized concerning sensitivity and limit of detection of the fluorescent analyte. Finally, for the first time fluorescently marked MIP particles were applied for imaging on cell surfaces – meaning that they were used for immunostaining as antibody mimics.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Biosensoren mit dem Ziel, mit Hilfe der Kopplung molekular geprägter Polymere (MIPs) als neuartiges Rezeptormaterial und dem sensitiven Nachweisprinzip der Fluoreszenz eine neue Qualität des Analytnachweises zu erreichen. Es wurde eine neue Strategie zur Optimierung der Bindungseigenschaften von molekular geprägten Polymeren in wässrigen Lösungsmitteln entwickelt, die die Kopplung aus Design of Experiments und der Optimierung multipler Zielgrößen umfasst. Damit konnten die Polymerbindungseigenschaften für alle vier betrachteten Parameter wesentlich verbessert werden. Mit Hilfe stationärer und zeitaufgelöster Fluoreszenztechniken wurde die Aufklärung der Wechselwirkung zwischen MIP und Analyt auf molekularer Ebene sowie die Charakterisierung einer neuen Nachweisstrategie basierend auf einen Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer-Mechanismus realisiert. Es wurde ferner ein MIP-Sensor für biologische Proben mit mikrofluidischer Probenzuführung aufgebaut und mittels Fluoreszenzspektrometer als konventionelles Nachweisverfahren etabliert. Darauf aufbauend wurde der optische Nachweis miniaturisiert und somit miniaturisierte Lichtquellen und Detektoren sowie eine faser-optische Lichtleitung eingesetzt. Davon ausgehend erfolgte die Optimierung des Messaufbaus hinsichtlich der Sensitivität und Nachweisgrenze des fluoreszierenden Analyten. Schließlich wurden erstmalig fluoreszenzmarkierte MIP-Partikel zur Lokalisation und Quantifizierung auf Zelloberflächen eingesetzt, d.h. diese dienten als Antikörperersatz der Immunfärbung. / This thesis deals with the development of biosensors with the aim to couple molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as new receptor material with the sensitive detection principle of fluorescence in order to improve analyte detection. A new strategy for optimization of binding parameters of molecularly imprinted polymers in aqueous media was developed which is based on the coupling of design of experiments and the optimization of multiple objective parameters. Due to that the polymer binding properties for all four considered parameters could be optimized considerably. With the help of steady state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques the interaction between MIP and analyte could be clarified on a molecular basis. Furthermore the characterization of a new detection strategy based on a Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism was realized. Moreover a MIP sensor with microfluidic sample handling for biological samples was built-up and established with fluorescence spectroscopy as conventional detection method. Based on that, the optical detection was miniaturized with respect to light sources, detectors as well as optical fibers for light guidance. This set-up was optimized concerning sensitivity and limit of detection of the fluorescent analyte. Finally, for the first time fluorescently marked MIP particles were applied for imaging on cell surfaces – meaning that they were used for immunostaining as antibody mimics.