O presente trabalho constitui uma análise do processo de reorientação das guerras indígenas no Brasil colonial empreendida mediante a investigação da atividade bélica indígena na capitania da Bahia entre a instalação do governo-geral em 1549 e a invasão holandesa na Bahia de 1624. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos antropológicos clássicos acerca do complexo bélico tupinambá e posterior cotejamento com as diferentes configurações assumidas pela guerra indígena nas fontes quinhentistas e seiscentistas e na historiografia contemporânea. Estabeleceu-se como objetivos de estudo avaliar as contribuições e limites das análises antropológicas sobre o complexo guerra-sacrifício tupi, a fim de ampliar a compreensão sobre o processo de reorientação da guerra indígena e explicar a participação indígena nas guerras realizadas na Bahia, bem como avaliar em que medida a atuação dos missionários cristãos como mediadores culturais auxilia a compreensão desse processo. No âmbito teórico, focalizou-se a atuação dos missionários como mediadores das relações interculturais durante a missão jesuíta na Bahia com o aporte da teoria da mediação cultural. Como diretriz metodológica, optou-se pelo gênero narrativo-descritivo para transcrever as narrativas que abordam o processo de transformação das guerras intertribais em guerra coloniais, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes perspectivas teóricas sobre a guerra indígena. Analisaram-se criticamente as representações das guerras nas diferentes fontes, a partir das quais se elaborou a reconstituição de dois processos: a adaptação do sistema bélico tupi para o atendimento das necessidades bélicas coloniais e a construção de uma nova ideologia de guerra com a ênfase na belicosidade indígena e na antropofagia para justificar as novas demandas geradas no contexto da colonização. Identificaram-se como principais resultados do estudo, a utilização da prática bélica indígena como instrumento de colonização e exploração econômica, a exacerbação da belicosidade indígena nos discursos europeus para justificar a necessidade da colonização e a reconfiguração das guerras realizadas no Novo Mundo, que a partir do encontro ultrapassaram as antigas rivalidades intertribais e tornaram-se conflitos coloniais. / This study is an analysis of the reorientation process of the Indian Wars in colonial Brazil undertaken by investigating the indigenous war activity in the captaincy of Bahia between the implementation of Government-General in 1549 and the Dutch invasion in Bahia 1624. Before achieving this goal we make a literature review of the major anthropological studies about Tupinamba Wars confronting these with the references given by the sources and the contemporary historiography that shows that the Indian war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries assumed different configurations. It was established as study aims to evaluate the contributions and limits of anthropological analyzes of the Tupi war-sacrifice complex, in order to broaden the understanding of the reorientation process of the Indian war and explain the indigenous participation in wars conducted in Bahia, as well as to evaluate if the focus in missionary activity between Indians helps the understanding of this process. In the theoretical realm, we analyzed the performance of missionaries as cultural brokers for the Jesuit mission in Bahia with the contribution of the theory of cultural mediation. As a methodological guideline, we opted for the narrative-descriptive genre to transcribe the stories that address the transformation process of intertribal wars in colonial war in order to highlight the different theoretical perspectives on indigenous war. We analyzed critically the representations of wars in different sources which made possible the reconstruction of two processes: the adaptation of the Tupi war to answer the colonial war needs and the construction of a new ideology of war with emphasis on Indian bellicosity and cannibalism to justify the new demands generated in the context of colonization. It was identified as the main results of this study, the use of indigenous war practice as colonization and economic exploitation instruments, the intensification of the indigenous bellicosity in European speeches to justify the need for colonization and the reconfiguration of the wars carried out in the New World, that since the encounter overcame the intertribal rivalries and became colonial conflicts.

The acquisition of the Indian land by the Cherokee Commission between 1890 to 1892 was a series of events that changed the future of many indian nations and parts of american history. In the midst of these great changes, Kiowa interpreter for the Cherokee commission: Joshua H Given, ended up in a controversial position. He was accused of having deliberately cheated and mislead the Indians to get them to sign the agreements to allot their land to the goverment. This led to several attempts by the Indian tribes to annul the agreements with the commission and the condemnation of Joshua Given by many Kiowas. This essay is an attempt to clarify parts of Joshua H Givens life, actions and death through a source-critical analysis of the sources used in the research of Joshua Given. The views of two historians, C. Blue Clark and William T. Hagan, is used to contrast and compare the actions and life of Given to get a fuller view of the complicity of this individual. Hagans views is more focused on the image of a trying mediator, while Clark focuses on the images of a deceiving interpreter, By the work and theories of Nancy L. Hagedorn and Margaret Connell Szasz on the cultural broker as an cultural intermediate, Givens complexe relation to the clashing cultures and tradition of his own Kiowa nation and his newly learned western and Christian culture can be undersood as a failiure to gain the extremely important trust required for such mediation between the parties.

O presente trabalho constitui uma análise do processo de reorientação das guerras indígenas no Brasil colonial empreendida mediante a investigação da atividade bélica indígena na capitania da Bahia entre a instalação do governo-geral em 1549 e a invasão holandesa na Bahia de 1624. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos antropológicos clássicos acerca do complexo bélico tupinambá e posterior cotejamento com as diferentes configurações assumidas pela guerra indígena nas fontes quinhentistas e seiscentistas e na historiografia contemporânea. Estabeleceu-se como objetivos de estudo avaliar as contribuições e limites das análises antropológicas sobre o complexo guerra-sacrifício tupi, a fim de ampliar a compreensão sobre o processo de reorientação da guerra indígena e explicar a participação indígena nas guerras realizadas na Bahia, bem como avaliar em que medida a atuação dos missionários cristãos como mediadores culturais auxilia a compreensão desse processo. No âmbito teórico, focalizou-se a atuação dos missionários como mediadores das relações interculturais durante a missão jesuíta na Bahia com o aporte da teoria da mediação cultural. Como diretriz metodológica, optou-se pelo gênero narrativo-descritivo para transcrever as narrativas que abordam o processo de transformação das guerras intertribais em guerra coloniais, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes perspectivas teóricas sobre a guerra indígena. Analisaram-se criticamente as representações das guerras nas diferentes fontes, a partir das quais se elaborou a reconstituição de dois processos: a adaptação do sistema bélico tupi para o atendimento das necessidades bélicas coloniais e a construção de uma nova ideologia de guerra com a ênfase na belicosidade indígena e na antropofagia para justificar as novas demandas geradas no contexto da colonização. Identificaram-se como principais resultados do estudo, a utilização da prática bélica indígena como instrumento de colonização e exploração econômica, a exacerbação da belicosidade indígena nos discursos europeus para justificar a necessidade da colonização e a reconfiguração das guerras realizadas no Novo Mundo, que a partir do encontro ultrapassaram as antigas rivalidades intertribais e tornaram-se conflitos coloniais. / This study is an analysis of the reorientation process of the Indian Wars in colonial Brazil undertaken by investigating the indigenous war activity in the captaincy of Bahia between the implementation of Government-General in 1549 and the Dutch invasion in Bahia 1624. Before achieving this goal we make a literature review of the major anthropological studies about Tupinamba Wars confronting these with the references given by the sources and the contemporary historiography that shows that the Indian war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries assumed different configurations. It was established as study aims to evaluate the contributions and limits of anthropological analyzes of the Tupi war-sacrifice complex, in order to broaden the understanding of the reorientation process of the Indian war and explain the indigenous participation in wars conducted in Bahia, as well as to evaluate if the focus in missionary activity between Indians helps the understanding of this process. In the theoretical realm, we analyzed the performance of missionaries as cultural brokers for the Jesuit mission in Bahia with the contribution of the theory of cultural mediation. As a methodological guideline, we opted for the narrative-descriptive genre to transcribe the stories that address the transformation process of intertribal wars in colonial war in order to highlight the different theoretical perspectives on indigenous war. We analyzed critically the representations of wars in different sources which made possible the reconstruction of two processes: the adaptation of the Tupi war to answer the colonial war needs and the construction of a new ideology of war with emphasis on Indian bellicosity and cannibalism to justify the new demands generated in the context of colonization. It was identified as the main results of this study, the use of indigenous war practice as colonization and economic exploitation instruments, the intensification of the indigenous bellicosity in European speeches to justify the need for colonization and the reconfiguration of the wars carried out in the New World, that since the encounter overcame the intertribal rivalries and became colonial conflicts.

壹、研究目的 （１）透過本研究瞭解房地產仲介的型態及發展。（２）透過本研究發掘台灣不動產 市場中現存的仲介問題，並以公平性及效率性作為分析的重點，加以評估。（３）為 建立「房地產仲介制度」提出具體的建議，以供政府日規範房地產交易制度的參考。 貳、文獻回顧 （１）國內方面﹕包括有關房地產方面的期刊，及住商研究室對房屋仲介市場經營等 相關方面的研究報告。 （２）國外方面﹕則搜集有關Broker方面的研究期刊，繼有Greshem （１９７４）， Owen（１９７７），Villani and Simonson（１９８２）自不同觀點探討brokers 在 房地產市場中所扮演的角色與功能；１９８１年Yinger則透過模型，分析broker的佣 金結構和房價的關係；David W and Peter F.（１９８６）則建立模型研究仲介制度 和住宅市場的關係；Johnson and Loucks（１９８６）主張政府可透過對佣金和執照 的管制來管理仲介市場，並提高服務品質。 參、研究方法與內容 （１）文獻的探討一以瞭解各國仲介制度的情形。（２）資料的搜集一搜集台北都會 區內有關房屋仲介的各種報導，並藉由訪談及問卷的方式，瞭解各經營型態的代表性 公司的營運情形，以深入探討房屋仲介的情況。（３）個案的分析一透過深入訪京及 問卷的趼究方法，對個案做深入分析，以瞭解仲介關係中的公平及效率。 肆、研究結果 （１）透過問題的發掘與探討，以瞭解成屋及中古屋的交易方式與過程。 （２）透過公平／效率指標，評估台灣房地產仲介的公平性與效率性。 （３）就所發掘的課題提出策略，以供政府或民間業者欲成立房地產仲介制度的參考 。

This PhD comprises a work of fiction and a dissertation, both of which explore childhood, children and parenthood. The Imagined Child, the novel, closely examines the nature of parenthood, the expectations inherent in the parent-child relationship, and the responsibilities that society imposes on parents. It explores the strains of guilt and blame that surround all primary relationships: every child is damaged in some way – through nature and nurture. How they deal with that damage determines the kinds of adults – and ultimately the kinds of parents – they become. The dissertation approaches childhood as a literary device. It explores the ways in which four novelists from different historical periods have characterised and thematised childhood. It presents ‘childhood’ as a social construct and considers the ways in which childhood and parenting have changed in recent, Western history. It then focuses on the research into and literary representations of children in Africa to explore the versions of childhood inherited by African, and particularly South African, children and how this differs from American or European models. Textual analysis was employed to examine the representation of childhood in four texts: Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield (1850), L.P. Hartley’s The Go-Between (1953), Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), and Michiel Heyns’s The Children’s Day (2002). An examination of research and literature shows a very different trajectory for childhood in Africa than in Europe, and reveals that childhood on the continent has never been consistent, in life or literature. There is, in other words, no universal “African childhood”. The literary children of South Africa are examined not only to show how differently childhood is experienced in diverse segments of society, but also to measure the temperature of the times. The differing versions of literary childhood, and their varying treatments, provide a gauge for the zeitgeist in South African society from the 1990s. The dissertation argues that an examination of literary children provides insight into the development of a new democracy. The dissertation and the novel, taken together, suggest that through the real and imagined children of literature can be gained a sense of ourselves.

Cette recherche porte sur le développement international des tournées musicales entre 1850 et 1930, période caractérisée par l’affirmation de la fonction d’intermédiation et par une approche commerciale de plus en plus assumée du concert. En adoptant la perspective des intermédiaires qui ont porté cette évolution, nous nous proposons d’étudier comment le changement d’échelle de ces échanges culturels et économiques que constituent les tournées musicales a provoqué de profondes mutations. En particulier, la dimension transatlantique qu’acquiert le commerce musical à partir de 1850 a des conséquences décisives sur le concert. En effet, non seulement la structure des échanges doit être adaptée à cette nouvelle échelle, mais les répercussions sont sensibles également sur les objets artistiques et sur les pratiques sociales qui entourent l’activité musicale. Traitant le concert comme un spectacle, les imprésarios américains promeuvent une approche résolument commerciale qui, a priori, s’oppose aux conceptions artistiques européennes. Cependant, par le jeu des concurrences et des coopérations transnationales, les innovations apportées par les intermédiaires américains transforment le commerce musical dans son ensemble. Elles suscitent notamment l’émergence, par réaction mais aussi par réappropriation, de directions de concerts modernes à partir des traditionnelles maisons d’édition musicale européennes. En outre, parce que les œuvres musicales sont aussi des objets symboliquement connotés, socialement et nationalement, leur commerce reflète les tensions entre démocratisation et distinction d’une part, et entre enjeux nationaux et tentation universaliste d’autre part. / This research concerns the international development of musical tours between 1850 and 1930, a period characterized by the affirmation of the intermediation function and by an increasingly commercial approach to concerts. By adopting the perspective of the intermediaries who have brought about this evolution, we propose to study how the change in scale of those cultural and economic exchanges that musical tours are has caused profound changes. In particular, the transatlantic dimension that the music trade acquired from 1850 onwards had decisive consequences for the concert. Indeed, not only the structure of the exchanges had to be adapted to this new scale, but the repercussions were also sensitive on the artistic objects and on the social practices which surround the musical activity. Treating the concert as a show, the American impresarios promoted a resolutely commercial approach which, a priori, was opposed to European artistic conceptions. However, through transnational competition and cooperation, the innovations brought by American intermediaries transformed the music trade as a whole. In particular, they led to the emergence, by reaction but also by reappropriation, of modern concert directions based on traditional European music publishing houses. Moreover, because musical works are also symbolically, socially and nationally connoted objects, their trade reflects the tensions between democratization and distinction on the one hand, and between national issues and universalist temptation on the other.