With regard to government-owned firm privatization and technology spillovers effect, many papers had investigated before. But the combination of two type of topics, mixed oligopoly and R&D spillover effects ,is unusual. This paper will show how technology spillovers effects markets including both private and public firms. We apply the model of D¡¦Aspremont and Jacquemin (1998) and reassign the objective function of White (1996). In this paper, we present two main results. First, when the commodity is easily replicated due to spillover effect, its production cost must lower. The existence of government-owned firms can higher social welfare and market output. Therefore, government intervention can correct market failure. Second, That government subsidize research cost to public firms can encourage firms to proceed to research and develop. But subsidy cause social welfare reduction under no spillover effect situation. On the contrary, subsidy to public firms higher social welfare in spillover effect situation.

The aim of this study has been to analyse the effects of state subsidies within agriculture. The goal of these policies was to build up long-term sound and profitable farms by means of both general and selective support measures. The investments affecting structure gave rise to the following questions: (a) What were the effects on a farm of a given type of aid? (b) How were the farms and the surrounding community affected? (c) In what respect was a desirable effect achieved, and in what respect were the results problematical? The investigation was carried out in three municipalities in Norrland, and considered three different forms of subsidy (SR-, A- and B-support) which were utilized during the years 1961-1978. In addition to these so-called "subsidized farms", a similar number of "comparative farms" that had not received support were selected. In all, 650 farms were investigated. The evaluation was mainly divided into five areas of interest: (a) Farm reconstruction, (b) Farm development, (c) The farmers, (d) Economic effects, (e) Social effects in the locality. The principal findings were as follows: (1) SR- and A-supported farms were characterized by farmers who were relatively young, had good education and who used a portion of their working-hours for carrying out organizational measures. The comparative farms were distinguished rather by older farmers with less education and with a higher degree of employment outside the farm. (2) All of the SR-and B-supported farms had survived. Some A-supported farms were abandoned, while the number of comparative farms was greatly reduced. (3) All types of subsidized farms exhibited growth in their areas of arable land and forest and in their stock of milk cows, whereas the comparative farms were relatively unchanged. (4) Improved production results within crop husbandry could be derived simultaneously from the increased use of pipe drainage, shorter periods between ploughing, new methods of harvesting, etc. Within all these areas the subsidized farms had higher proportions of improvements than the comparative farms. (5) Since SR-farms in particular (but even A-farms) financed their rationalization measures by means of bank loans, they all became extremely sensitive to risks. In thi s way they all too easily ended up with economic difficulties when major increases in interest rates or changes in costs or revenues occurred. (6) In the short term the rationalization of the size of subsidized farms had little effect on outmigration from the areas concerned. (7) The households were larger on subsidized farms than in the comparative group. This meant that the subsidized farms, which were increasing their relative share of the population, also comprised a stabilizing factor in a locally-dependent service sector. / digitalisering@umu

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15002号 / 工博第3176号 / 新制||工||1477(附属図書館) / 27452 / UT51-2009-R726 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡田 憲夫, 教授 小林 潔司, 教授 多々納 裕一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / In assessing government ECD policy, this thesis focuses on three areas; access, quality, and costs. The study draws on interviews with key stakeholders working within the ECD sector generally, and uses survey data from a case study of Brown's Farm area in Cape Town. The research found that, some ten years down the line, ECD provision is still mostly privately provided by the informal sector through community-based facilities. Both formal and informal ECD facilities are unevenly spatially distributed such that they do not yet reach the most vulnerable poor children, especially in rural areas and informal settlements.

No description available.

Government support for applied Research and Development (R&D) persisted in the US despite evidence to the contrary. Many provide government R&D funding for enterprises of particular interest and a number of countries have substantially increased their expenditure on R&D. SBIR as a means of funding high-risk R&D with broad commercial and societal benefits that would not be undertaken by a single company, either because the risk was too high or because a large enough share of the benefits of success would not accrue to the company for it to make the investment. Therefore, the program¡¦s goal is to the development and application of new, enabling technologies that individual firms would not or pursue on their own and thereby encourage the economic growth that comes from the commercialization and use of new technologies in the private sector. However, very few studies of R&D policy toward innovative subsidy program in developing country. Public programs to subsidize high-technology firms have represented a significant but little-studied area of public expenditures. This article assesses the long-run success of firms participating in the SBIR program in Taiwan. The plan of this research is as follows. The purpose of this search in Taiwan is to study the impact of government-industry R&D programs on private R&D. The research has 3 important aspects. First, using a questionnaire to understand the enterprises intention and behavior which have participated in the ¡§Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)¡¨ this paper first examines whether government R&D subsidies influence firm¡¦s innovative activities. Second, this paper examines what the correlation is between government funding and private R&D expenditures. Finally, this research conducted 67 important interviews from enterprises. Not only the multi-methodology comparisons, the empirical results aimed at: 1) Examine the role of public/private partnerships (PP/Ps) as an instrument to leverage public investment in strategy technology and innovation and to achieve other goals of technology and innovation policy; 2) Identify the critical factors determining the success of R&D subsidy program for innovation, with an emphasis on programme design, financial arrangement, and evaluation 3) Government R&D subsidies have a significant positive effect or not on firm¡¦s R&D expenditure / employment / firm-financed R&D spending.

Submitted by Luda Lee (luda.lee.sc@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T20:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_EBAPE_mestrado_Luda Lee_Final.pdf: 1581307 bytes, checksum: 547ae26c1c51f28e87c3cc2c14cc27f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-05-05T12:21:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_EBAPE_mestrado_Luda Lee_Final.pdf: 1581307 bytes, checksum: 547ae26c1c51f28e87c3cc2c14cc27f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T14:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_EBAPE_mestrado_Luda Lee_Final.pdf: 1581307 bytes, checksum: 547ae26c1c51f28e87c3cc2c14cc27f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / This study examines the sequential relationship between a firm’s innovation activity, export intensity and performance in emerging economies. Hypotheses were generated based on this framework, and they also modeled the roles played by government subsidy as moderator. Our hypotheses were tested on a sample that includes Chinese, Indian and Russian manufacturing firms. Results in a sequential model show that (1) innovation activity positively and indirectly affects firm performance through exporting, (2) government subsidy strengthens the positive relationship between export intensity and firm performance in emerging economies. However, although previous studies have theoretically identified that the government has a significant role on the relation between firm innovation and export performance, no empirical evidence could be found through this study. Our findings uphold previous theories that the effort of firms to develop their innovation leads to a firm’s increase of export and profit, and the moderating role of the government substantially affect export intensity in emerging economies.

<div>This study explores the vertical relationships in the supply chain at three different levels, namely, firm-consumer interface, supplier-buyer interface, and firm-government interface. We provide a brief description of the results obtained for the specific problems considered in this study.</div><div><br></div><div><div>The firm-consumer interface is examined in Chapter 2. We explore firms’ selling strategy when dynamically competing for a common stream of consumers. In the situation of pure price competition, a commonly studied case, it is known that the </div><div>seller with a higher stock level can compete more effectively by forcing the seller with a lower stock level to sell out first and enjoy a monopoly power afterward. We show that when the sellers are open to price bargaining as a way of attracting buyers, the </div><div>competition equilibrium can exhibit different outcomes. When the overall stock held by the sellers is limited, there is a good chance that both sellers deplete the inventories before the end of the selling season. In this case, an incoming buyer would prefer a</div><div>high inventory seller, with whom he can bargain down the price. Interestingly, such a phenomenon only appears when the length of selling season is long enough. Thus, our study highlights the unique role of bargaining in consumer markets, as well as the importance of time horizon in characterizing equilibrium for dynamic games.</div></div><div><br></div><div>The supplier-buyer interface is studied in Chapter 3. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have applied the Nash bargaining (NB) solution to study channel relationships. However, this solution concept builds on an unrealistic axiom of independence of irrelevant alternatives. We demonstrate that, indeed, the NB solution can produce unreasonable outcomes in vertical negotiations. For example, a supplier negotiating with a monopoly retailer can end up making a higher profit than the one negotiating with a retailer facing potential competitions. To address this issue, we examine the Kalai-Smorodinsky (KS) solution as an alternative. Our analysis suggests that in competing supply chains, the KS solution appropriately captures the negotiation power shift induced by the decision ownership, the negotiation sequence, the vertical relationship, the competition intensity, the contract contingency, and the contract type. This is the first time the KS solution concept is applied to supply chain negotiations.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The firm-government interface is explored in Chapter 4. From the policymakers’ perspective, incentives firms actions toward increasing the product consumption for the needy group or increasing social welfare has a major influence in many supply chains. For example, agricultural products are subsidized by many governments. In this study, we analyze the design of government subsidy programs to induce socially improved firm decisions. We show that subsidizing on production input can lead to a more balanced distribution of market shares and firm profits than subsidizing on production output. Moreover, firms with efficient production technology prefer output subsidy, while those with inefficient production technology favor input subsidy<br></div>

本研究的樣本資料來自2006年台灣地區第二次產業創新調查，以及後續追蹤調查所建立的資料庫。主要目的為探討政府資助廠商進行創新活動的政策，對於廠商的附加性程度。 在變數的選擇上，本研究以「在民國97-98年獲得政府資助」作為應變數，而以廠商創新能力、廠商技術來源以及前期（民國93-95年）是否曾獲得政府資助，作為本研究的三構面。本研究的分析分為兩階段，第一階段利用Probit迴歸模型，分析三個構面與政府資助之間的相關性，第二階段則是使用Multi-variate Probit模型，分析廠商在無政府資助情況下，對於其創新活動的因應措施。結合兩階段分析結果，定義出四種典型的情境。 實證結果發現： （1）廠商規模愈大、創新能力愈強、技術來源為自行研發或取得外部知識，具以上特質的廠商，與獲得政府資助具正向關係，且廠商規模對於獲得資助具有顯著正向影響。在無政府資助的情況下，具有以上四種特性的廠商較不會改變其創新活動的行為，因此資助政策之附加性低，屬於情境3：所補非人的情況。 （2）技術來源為購買機器設備則與獲得政府資助具有正向關係，當無政府資助時，會「選擇風險較低的創新活動」。代表政府資助對於此類型廠商具有附加性，屬於情境1：雪中送炭的情況。 （3）委外研發對於獲得政府資助具有顯著負向影響，且當無政府資助時，廠商不會「照原訂計畫進行創新活動」，因此資助政策能為此類廠商帶來較高的附加性，屬於情境4：嗷嗷待「補」的情形。 （4）前期獲得政府資助對於後期獲得政府資助並無顯著正向影響。而廠商在無政府資助時，較可能會改變其創新活動的行為，尤其對「縮小創新活動的資金規模」的選項為顯著正相關，因此政府資助對於此類型廠商存在附加性。 本研究著重於廠商成本面的考量，來詮釋補助政策之附加性，然而若要依此制定政策方向，僅以附加性為依據將顯得不足，為此，本研究最後依據建立的架構與實證模型結果，提出若干後續研究方向的建議。 / The study provides insights into the additionality of government subsidy on firms’ innovation activities. Previous research has focused on the relationship between government funding and private R&D input and output, but no consensus were made. Using a sample of 581 observations in the database of Taiwan Technology Innovation SurveyⅡ, the study contains a two-stage analysis. First, the Probit regression model is used, and the dependent variable is "whether a firm gaining government subsidy in 2008-2009 or not". The explanatory variables include firm size, innovation capacity, technology sources and subsidy history. In the second stage, we used the counterfactual scenario about what could happen if there existed no government-sponsored programs intervention. Firms could choose from four alternatives:1. Abandoning innovative activities. 2. Choosing projects which contain lower risk. 3. Downsizing the scale of capital and 4.Keeping the same project. If firms choose the first one, then the additionality of government subsidy is the highest. If firms choose the second or the third one, then the additionality is in the middle. If firms choose the fourth one, then the additionality is the lowest. In this stage, the Multi-variate Probit model is used. The empirical results show that there is a significant positive correlation between firm size and gaining government subsidy, and a significant negative correlation between outsourcing R&D and gaining government subsidy. In the second stage, we find that subsidy toward the firms which "outsourcing R&D and "purchasing machines" have the highest additionality. Besides, subsidy toward firms which received subsidy in 2004-2006 has median additionality.

Este trabajo de investigación tiene el objetivo de determinar el impacto de los subsidios gubernamentales en el marco del COVID-19 en relación con la gestión financiera de las empresas de servicios del sector Telecomunicaciones del distrito de San Isidro en el período de noviembre 2020 a abril 2021. Este tema es porque el Perú, como el resto de los países del mundo, atraviesa las consecuencias de la crisis sanitaria. Dicho impacto se ha visto también en las empresas que han tenido paralizadas sus actividades, por este motivo el Gobierno aprobó el otorgamiento de un subsidio a las empresas del sector privado; el cual consiste en otorgar temporalmente dinero para promover el ingreso de personal a las empresas, preservar los puestos de trabajo e impulsar el regreso al trabajo de los empleados que estuvieron en Suspensión Perfecta de Labores. Este subsidio es solo para las empresas elegibles por el gobierno que cumplan con ciertas condiciones, para lo cual el gobierno utilizará los datos de otras entidades gubernamentales. El trabajo de investigación consta de cinco capítulos: Capítulo I Marco Teórico, compuesto de conceptos acerca de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad (NIC), NIC 20 Contabilización de las Subvenciones de Gobierno e Información a Revelar Sobre Ayudas Gubernamentales, Subsidios Gubernamentales. Capítulo II Plan de Investigación, con el planteamiento del problema, la justificación, los objetivos e hipótesis; así como, los parámetros y limitaciones. Capítulo III Metodología de Trabajo, con la determinación de población y muestra para los análisis de la investigación. Capítulo IV Desarrollo de la Investigación, aplicación y ejecución de las metodologías señaladas en el capítulo III, que se llevaron a cabo a través de entrevistas a profundidad a especialistas y encuestas a las empresas seleccionadas. Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados, revisión de las entrevistas y encuestas. Finalmente, se llega a la conclusión validando las hipótesis, basado en los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y CHI cuadrado. / The present research work aims to determine the impact of government subsidies in the context of COVID-19 on the financial management of telecommunications services companies in the San Isidro district in the period from November 2020 to April 2021. This issue is because Peru, like the rest of the countries of the world, are going through the consequences of the health crisis. This impact has also been seen in companies for having had their activities paralyzed. For them, the Government approved the creation of a subsidy to private sector companies that consists of temporarily granting money to companies to promote the hiring of personnel, preserve jobs and encourage the return to work of employees who were in suspension of work. This subsidy is only for eligible government-eligible companies, for which the government will use data from other government entities. The research work consists of five chapters: Chapter I Theoretical Framework, composed of concepts about the International Accounting Standard (IAS), IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Aid, Government Subsidies. Chapter II Research Plan, with the statement of the problem, the justification, the objectives and hypotheses; as well as the parameters and limitations. Chapter III Work Methodology, with the determination of population and sample for research analysis. Chapter IV Research development, application and execution of the methodologies indicated in Chapter III, which were conducted through in-depth interviews with specialists and surveys of selected companies. Chapter V Analysis of Results, Review of Interviews and Surveys. Finally, the conclusion is reached by validating the hypotheses based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and CHI squared. / Tesis