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L'écoulement d'un fluide au-dessus d'un lit granulaire peut provoquer son érosion lorsque la contrainte exercée dépasse une valeur seuil. La présence d'un obstacle immergé dans l'écoulement induit une perturbation, entraînant une survitesse locale du fluide et une plus grande contrainte. L'érosion est alors localement renforcée, phénomène également appelé affouillement. Dans ce travail, nous étudions expérimentalement cette situation d'érosion complexe à l'échelle du laboratoire. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à la question du seuil d'affouillement, c'est-à-dire la vitesse d'approche du fluide minimale nécessaire à l'apparition de l'érosion au voisinage de l'obstacle. Ce faisant, nous observons que deux motifs d'érosion différents peuvent se développer au voisinage d'un obstacle : si le classique affouillement en fer à cheval au pied de l’obstacle domine aux vitesses d'écoulement élevées, on observe pour des vitesses plus faibles un nouveau motif en aval, que nous appelons affouillement en oreilles de lapin. Les seuils d'apparition de ces deux motifs d'érosion sont mesurés visuellement pour différents grains et obstacles. En complément de ces observations, nous utilisons une technique de relevé topographique par profilométrie laser. Le suivi temporel de la topographie du lit au cours du processus d'affouillement nous permet de caractériser la morphologie des deux types de motifs, et de comprendre la compétition entre leurs dynamiques d'apparition par la mesure des temps caractéristiques de formation. L'affouillement en oreilles de lapin est dans la plupart des cas perturbé dans son développement par la formation plus rapide de l'affouillement en fer à cheval. L'étude de l'écoulement, s'appuyant notamment sur des mesures de vélocimétrie par image de particules (PIV), nous renseigne sur les contraintes exercées par le fluide sur les grains, avec ou sans obstacle. Nous pouvons ainsi expliquer les valeurs de seuil d'apparition mesurées pour les deux motifs d'affouillement, qui sont associés à différentes structures de l'écoulement. / Erosion occurs when a fluid flowing over a granular bed exerts a large enough shear stress. When the fluid encounters an obstacle, the modification of the flow leads to a local over speed, and thus on an increase of the shear stress in the vicinity of the obstacle. As a result, the erosion is locally enhanced and is called scouring. In this work, we investigate this complicated situation experimentally at the laboratory scale. In particular, we address the question of the scouring threshold, i.e., the minimum critical approach velocity of the fluid leading to erosion in the vicinity of the obstacle. We report the existence of two different scouring patterns: the traditional horseshoe scour at the base of the obstacle, which dominates at large flow velocities, and we also highlight another scouring pattern downstream, which is called rabbit ear scour, at moderate speeds. We determine the onset of both erosion patterns visually using different grains and obstacles. Besides, we measure the bed topography over time using a laser profilometer. By monitoring the bed topography during the scouring process, we characterize the morphology of both scouring patterns and rationalize their competitive dynamics by measuring their formation timescale. In most cases, the rabbit ear scour development is inhibited by the faster horseshoe scour growth. The characterization of the flow using Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV), provides information on the shear stress exerted by the fluid flow on the grains, with and without obstacle. We can thus rationalize the threshold values for both scouring patterns, associated with different flow structures.

This thesis discusses the mesoscopic physics of two examples for soft condensed matter: (i) aeolian sand transport and the ensuing structure formation and (ii) solutions of stiff biopolymers. It emphasizes the impact of a heterogeneous mesoscale structure on the macroscopic phenomenology. For the aeolian sand transport, we start with a coarse-grained description of the collisions between mobile grains and the sand bed. Combining the collision geometry with basic physical principles, like momentum and energy conservation, we derive the full splash statistics as a function of impact velocity and impactor--bed grain-size ratio. This serves as a starting point for attacking the complicated transport statistics of wind-blown sand. Two approaches are proposed: first, a two-species approximation that distinguishes between high-energy rebounding grains and low-energy bed ejecta, second, a statistical description that resolves the full distribution of grain trajectories. While the former provides an ideal framework to accurately predict macroscopic averages, the latter resolves the heterogeneous mesoscale structure of the transport layer. Both approaches are shown to be in excellent agreement with various laboratory and field data. We moreover establish a new perspective on the transport's saturation transients that illustrates the crucial influence of the intermittent turbulent wind fluctuations in the field, thereby resolving a long-standing debate. Eventually, we address the formation of megaripples, an aeolian bedform that is made from strongly polydisperse sand. Combining our proposed theory with long-term field measurements, we clarify the importance of wind-driven sand sorting and, again, intermittent turbulent fluctuations. Our approach suggests to describe the megaripples as down-scaled dunes, as indeed support by various field data for their morphology and migration. In the second part of the thesis, we consider the mesoscale structure and its influence on the viscoelastic response of entangled biopolymer solutions. Their mechanics is determined by the topological entanglements of the filamentous polymers that cannot pass through each other. The tube model for semiflexible polymers represents this effect on a mean-field level, where test filament is confined to a tube-like cage formed by surrounding polymers. We employ it to investigate the solution's mesoscale packing structure and its change under finite shear deformations. Comparing our predictions with systematic computer simulations and experiments, we find the tube deformations to relax quickly after the deformation, while tube alignment and hairpin conformations are found to be long lived. In a second step, we propose a new perspective on the entangled solution's dynamics. Accounting for the nonaffine response at the level of the test filament, and assuming sticky or frictional polymer contacts, we argue that soft bending deformations of the filaments can couple to stiff axial stretching modes. This allows us to explain various experimentally observed similarities of the entangled solutions to crosslinked networks, like the increasing elastic modulus with increasing length and bending rigidity of the filaments or the softening--stiffening transition as a function of polymer concentration, polymer length, deformation rate, and various solvent properties.:I Aeolian sand transport and megaripple formation 1 Introduction 2 The splash process 3 Aeolian sand transport 4 Structure formation 5 Outlook Bibliography II Solutions of stiff biopolymers 6 Introduction 7 Entangled solutions 8 Viscoelastic response Appendix Bibliography Acknowledgments

<p>Granular systems are ensembles of inelastic particles which dissipate energy during collisions. Granular systems serve as excellent models for a wide variety of materials such as sand, soils, corn, and powder. A rather remarkable property of granular systems is when excited, whether due to an interstitial fluid or via the boundaries, the granular particlesdisplay fluid-like behavior. As a result, there has been decades of granular research with the overarching goal of formulating a general granular hydrodynamic theory.</p> <p>However, the granular hydrodynamic theory is limited, and the underlying transport coefficients often require modifications which are based on empirical observations, and assuch, are system-specific. It is ideally better to devise a general theory which minimizes the information needed about the systema priori. The main thrust of the work undertaken shown here strives to develop such a model by using kinetic theory as the basis. More specifically, I investigate granular gases via the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) methodand modify the governing equations. In this thesis, two idealized cases of granular gases areconsidered: the homogeneous cooling state and a boundary-heated gas (or the pure conduc-tion case). In the former, the effects of polydispersity are probed. In the latter, the evolutionof the local hydrodynamics due to strong rarefaction effects are divulged. Additionally, amodified, more generalized constitutive relation for the heat flux is proposed and comparedwith DSMC results. Extensions of the DSMC method for dense granular gases and granulargases composed of non-spherical particles are also discussed.</p>

Cone penetration in sands is a complex process: it contains several challenges that geomechanicians face, such as large displacements, large strains, strain localization, and microscale phenomena such as particle crushing and sand fabric evolution. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the penetration process and the mechanisms controlling penetration resistance, capturing these displacement and strain fields and microscale phenomena is necessary. Furthermore, as more sophisticated theoretical models become available for the simulation of the cone penetration problem, the experimental validation of those methods becomes vital.<br><div><br></div><div>This dissertation presents a multiscale study of the cone penetration process in silica sands. The penetration problem is investigated using a combinational approach consisting of calibration chamber experiments, digital image correlation (DIC) analysis, and X-ray computed Tomography (XCT) scans. Three silica sands with different particle characteristics are used in the experimental program. These three sands have similar particle size distributions; however, they differ in particle morphologies and particle strengths. These differences allow a study of the effect of microscale sand properties on the macroscale response of the sands to the cone penetration process. The three silica sands used in this research are fully characterized using laboratory experiments to obtain particle size distributions, particle morphologies, particle crushing strengths, minimum and maximum packing densities, and critical-state friction angles. Subsequently, both dense and medium-dense samples of the three sands are compressed in a uniaxial loading device placed inside an X-ray microscope (XRM) and scanned at multiple stress levels during uniaxial compression. Results from uniaxial compression experiments indicate that: (1) the compressibility of the sands is closely tied to particle morphology and strength, and (2) the anisotropy in the orientations of interparticle contact normals generally increases with axial stress; however, this increase is limited by the occurrence of particle crushing in the sample.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Subsequently, cone penetration experiments are performed under different confinement levels on dense samples of the three sands in aspecial half-cylindrical calibration chamber equipped with DIC capabilities. For each penetration experiment, incremental displacement fields around the cone penetrometer are obtained using DIC analysis, and these incremental displacement fields are further analyzed to compute the incremental strain fields. A novel methodology is developed to obtain the shear-band patterns that develop around the penetrometer automatically. Furthermore, differences in the shear-band patterns in deep and shallow penetration environments are also investigated. Results show that strain fields tend to localize intensely near the penetrometer tip, and the shear bands tend to develop along the inclined face and near the shoulder of the penetrometer. Significant differences in the shear band patterns in deep and shallow penetration environments are also observed.<br></div><div><br></div><div>After each cone penetration experiment, a specially developed agar-impregnation technique is used to collect minimally disturbedsand samples from around the penetrometertip. These agar-impregnated sand samples are scanned in the XRM to obtain 3D tomography data, which are further analyzed to quantify particle crushing around the penetrometer tip. The results show that: (1) for a given sample density, the amount of crushing around the cone penetrometer depends on the confinement and the sand particle characteristics, (2) the level of crushing is not uniform around the penetrometer tip, with more severe crushing observed near the shoulder of the penetrometer, and (3) the regions with more severe particle crushing around the penetrometer approximately overlap with regions of high shear strain and volumetric contraction. A framework is also proposed to obtain the ratio of penetration resistance in more crushable sands to penetration resistance in less crushable sands. Furthermore, a novel resin-impregnation technique is also developed to collect undisturbedsand samples from around the penetrometer tip. The resin-impregnated sand sample collected after one of the penetration experiments is scanned in the XRM to obtain the 3D tomography data, which is then analyzed to obtain the distribution of interparticle contact normal orientations at multiple locations around the penetrometer tip. These analyses indicate that the interparticle contact normals tend to orient themselves with the incremental principal strains around the penetrometer: below the penetrometer tip, the interparticle contact normals orient vertically upwards, while closer to the shoulder of the penetrometer, the interparticle contact normals become more radially inclined.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Data presented in this dissertation on penetration resistance, incremental displacement fields, incremental strain fields, particle crushing, and interparticle contact normal orientations around the cone penetrometer are aimed to be useful to researchers working on the multiscale modeling of penetration processes in granular materials and aid in the further development of our understanding of penetration processes in sands.<br></div>

Le procédé d'agglomération humide trouve des applications dans des secteurs industriels d'importance (e.g. agroalimentaire, pharmaceutique, génie civil, etc.) et s'appuie encore fortement sur le savoir-faire des opérateurs. Ce travail porte sur l'étude des contributions des apports hydriques et mécaniques à l'agglomération humide d'une poudre réactive (transformation de la semoule de blé en grains de couscous). Une approche découplée des apports d'eau et d'énergie mécanique est proposée. L'apport d'eau est étudié par la modélisation de l'influence des paramètres formulation et procédé de l'atomisation liquide sur la taille des gouttes pulvérisées. Les apports d'énergie mécanique sont étudiés à l'aide d'un équipement modèle de malaxage. La répartition des contraintes verticales dans le milieu granulaire à l'état statique est identifiée via une "cartographie 2D des isocontraintes". Le comportement de la poudre au malaxage est étudié au cours du déplacement de la pale dans le malaxeur modèle, par l'analyse des champs de vitesses des particules (obtenus par vélocimétrie par images de particules), et par la mesure des contraintes verticales au niveau de la pale. Une étude de la sthénique et de la cinématique des écoulements granulaires permet d'identifier des longueurs caractéristiques impliquées dans le comportement du milieu granulaire à l'état statique et sous sollicitation mécanique. L'étude couplée des apports hydriques et mécaniques est réalisée par suivi des dynamiques d'agglomération humide dans un malaxeur à pale. Elles sont décrites par des mesures en continu de la consommation énergétique et des mesures in situ des spectres d'absorption proche infra-rouge. / The wet agglomeration process presents large applications in different industrial fields (e.g. food, pharmaceutics, civil engineering, etc.) and is still mainly based on technical know-how and empiricism of operators. This thesis work investigates the contributions of water and mechanical energy inputs to the wet agglomeration of a reactive powder, in the particular case of the transformation of durum wheat semolina in couscous grains. A uncoupled approach of both water and mechanical energy inputs is carried out. The water addition is studied through a modelisation of the influence of operating and formulation parameters of the liquid atomization process on the droplet size. Mechanical energy inputs are studied using a model experimental mixing equipment. Vertical stress distribution in the granular bed in static conditions is identified thanks to the establishment of a "2D iso-stress cartography". The granular medium behaviour under mechanical solicitation is studied during the blade motion in the model mixing equipment thanks to the analysis of granular flows and velocity fields (obtained by particle image velocimetry) and to vertical stress measurements directly on the blade. A sthenic and kinematic study of granular flows allows to identify characteristic lengths involved in the granular medium behaviour under mechanical solicitation. The coupled study of water and mechanical inputs is conducted by following in-line the wet agglomeration dynamics in a pilot mixing device using energetical consumption measurements as well as in situ acquiring of near infrared absorption spectra.

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