The goal of this academic project was to study the effects of different variables on the damage initiation and progression around four bolt holes of a joint in carbon fiber/graphite epoxy composite coupons. The tracked variables included the type of layup, R values, stress levels, and damage mechanisms observed in each specimen. In-situ x-ray of the individual coupons recorded the extent of damage, mostly longitudinal splitting and bearing failure, as a function of the cycle count. The following lay-ups were included: [45/90/-45/02/45/02/-45/0]s, [04/45/03/90/0]s, [±5/65/(±5)2/-65/±5]s, and [±5/65/(±5)2/-65/5/65]s, In particular, the objective was to determine the stress levels at which detectable damage starts developing by applying 50,000 cycles at incremental stress levels. Once damage was initially detected, we typically raised the stress level 2.5 ksi and cycled another 50,000 cycles until damage reached a point where the bolt holes had elongated 10% of the original diameter of 0.25 inches. This type of testing was be continued for several different R ratios and comparisons were be made between the performances of different lay-ups at varying load levels. A finite element model was created in ABAQUS to help understand the stress fields within the laminates.

An in-depth study has been carried out to investigate refractory degradation during continuous steel casting processes. Slag/refractory interactions have been investigated through a study of the wetting behaviour and gas generation phenomena at the slag/refractory interface at 1550oC using sessile drop experiments. The influence of carbon content and slag composition was investigated. Two different steel casting slags (slag1: MnO 50%, SiO2 25%, Al2O3 25%; and slag2: MnO 40%, SiO2 60%) have been studied along with yttria stabilized zirconia refractory substrates respectively containing 10%, 15% and 20% carbon. The gas generation has been measured using the Infrared gas analyser, and its influence has also been investigated by taking optical images at varying times. The total amount of gases emitted has shown the dependence on the compositions of refractory substrates and the existence of casting slags. Under the investigation of zirconia-carbon refractory, a new phenomenon that the gas generated can push the liquid slags away and minimise the contact of slags and refractory substrates has been proven.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0029 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Co-Chair: Conrad, Edward; Committee Co-Chair: First, Phillip; Committee Member: Carter, Brent; Committee Member: de Heer, Walter; Committee Member: Zangwill, Andrew. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Th.--Sci. phys.--Nancy--I.N.P.L., 1985.

Fabrication of scaffold is the key for bone tissue engineering, which is commonly regarded as the most potential route for repairing bone defects. Previously, porous ceramic scaffolds were fabricated through a variety of traditional methods, like moulding and casting, but most of them cannot produce customised tissue-engineered scaffolds. Therefore, 3D printing methods are gaining more attention and are currently being explored and developed to make scaffolds with acceptable biocompatibility. With the considerable development of bone tissue engineering, the bioactivity of scaffolds is becoming increasingly demanded, which leads to new methods and techniques to produce highly biomimetic bone scaffolds. In this study, a new fabrication process to optimise the structures of scaffolds was developed, and intensive researches were performed on the porous scaffolds to confirm their advantages in biological performance. Specifically, by combination of motor assisted extrusion deposition and gas-foaming (graphite as the porogen) technique, hierarchically porous scaffolds with improved microstructures, i.e. multi-scaled pores from nanometre to millimetre (nm-μm-mm), was successfully developed. In this thesis, the optimal content of porogen for scaffolds was studied in terms of compressive strength and in-rod porosities. The most concerned physicochemical properties of scaffolds were carefully examined and the results revealed that such scaffolds exhibit excellent physicochemical properties owing to hierarchically porous structures. Due to additional in-rod micropores and increased specific surface area, along with better hydrophilicity, hierarchically porous scaffolds exerted complete superiority in biological activity, including promoting cellular proliferation of osteoblasts, adhesion and spreading status, as well as the ability to induce cellular differentiation.

On the early medieval sites in South Bohemia, the graphite pottery can be found very often. This kind of pottery can be considered as a topic arising many questions and problems. With the help of the interdisciplinary way, the diploma thesis aims to summarize these issues for the early middle age, especially in South Bohemia.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

Dentre as atividades realizadas pelas indústrias metalúrgicas, destaca-se o forjamento, onde o aço é processado em prensas sob altas temperaturas, resultando na conformação do mesmo no formato desejado. Durante o forjamento, é necessária a aplicação de um lubrificante sobre a peça a fim de reduzir o atrito metal-metal, possibilitando a remoção da peça forjada do interior da matriz. O lubrificante também tem a função de arrefecer, proteger e prolongar a vida útil das matrizes. O lubrificante à base de grafite, por possuir baixo custo, é o mais comum, sendo empregado em cerca de 80% das forjarias. Esses lubrificantes são, historicamente, produzidos em base óleo e, atualmente, também em base água. Após alguns ciclos no processo de conformação, esses lubrificantes são descartados e se juntam à água de lavagem de máquinas, matrizes, pisos e demais águas residuais, gerando um efluente de considerável complexidade que precisa ser tratado a fim de que sejam atendidos os parâmetros de emissões estabelecidos pela legislação. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi desenvolver um tratamento para efluente oriundo da forjaria empregando lubrificantes grafíticos em base água. Amostras de efluentes foram coletadas e caracterizadas em relação aos parâmetros previstos na licença de operação (LO) - pH, sólidos suspensos, sulfetos, DQO, DBO, P, N, Al, B, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn e óleos e graxas. Estudos mais detalhados foram realizados em uma amostra, onde se mediram a tensão superficial, a distribuição granulométrica, o potencial zeta e o ângulo de contato entre as fases grafite/água/ar. Essa amostra foi submetida a estudos de tratamento de efluentes por coagulação-floculação seguido de sedimentação ou flotação por ar dissolvido para a remoção dos sólidos suspensos. O lodo gerado foi caracterizado em termos do teor de água e a fase sólida em relação a análise imediata, composição elementar, composição cristalina e poder calorífico. Os resultados demonstraram que o efluente de forjaria base água apresenta uma alta concentração de sólidos suspensos, basicamente partículas de grafite na faixa granulométrica de 1,9 a 13,6 μm. O processo de tratamento do efluente deve iniciar pela remoção do material suspenso, que pode ser realizado por coagulação-floculação. A coagulação foi realizada com sucesso empregando uma concentração de 360 mg Al/L na forma de PAC e 25 mg/L de polímero floculante (poliacrilamida catiônica). Testes com coagulantes a base de ferro também foram realizados com resultados satisfatórios, mas apresentando coloração ao final do tratamento. A separação dos flocos pode ser realizada tanto por sedimentação como por FAD, entretanto a alta concentração de sólidos exige deste último uma alta taxa de reciclo e uma pressão de saturação elevada. O lodo gerado do tratamento em laboratório, tanto PAC quanto cloreto férrico, apresenta teores de carbono acima de 70%. O material é enriquecido em grafite, o que abre um leque de possibilidades para sua destinação, que pode ser em: lubrificantes, eletrodos, material energético para cimenteiras e termoelétricas e síntese de diamantes. A análise elementar demonstrou um teor de cinzas de 20%, teor de matéria volátil de 8% e carbono fixo de 72%. O poder calorífico é da ordem de 6200 cal/g. Testes em escala industrial comprovaram a eficiência do tratamento por coagulação-floculação com PAC e polímero catiônico, seguido das etapas de sedimentação e filtração, com valores de eficiência de tratamento superiores a 90% para a maioria dos parâmetros previstos na licença de operação. Conclui-se que há benefícios operacionais, ambientais e econômicos na substituição do lubrificante de grafite base óleo pelo lubrificante base água, pois há a redução da carga poluidora, simplificação do processo de tratamento, economia em reagentes e a possibilidade de obtenção de um lodo rico em grafite. / Among the activities performed by metallurgical industries, forging excels, where the steel is processed in presses using high temperatures, resulting in a conformation of the desired format. During forging, it is necessary to apply a lubricant over the part in order to reduce metal-to-metal friction, making it possible to remove the forged part from the inner die. Lubricant also has the function of cooling, protecting and prolonging the life of the dies. Because graphite based lubricant has the lowest cost, it is the most common lubricant, being used in about 80% of the forging. Historically, these lubricants have been produced on an oil-based basis and are now also produced in based water. After a few cycles in the forming process, these lubricants are disposed and are mixed to the water of washing the machines, dies, floors and other waste water. It generates an effluent of considerable complexity that needs to be treated in order to meet the emission parameters established by the agency laws. In this context, the objective of this research was to develop a treatment for the effluent from the forging using graphite water based lubricants. Samples of the effluent were collected and characterized in the parameters of the operating license (LO) - pH, suspended solids, sulfides, COD, BOD, P, N, Al, B, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn and oils and greases. More detailed studies were carried out in one sample, where were measured surface tension, particle size distribution, the zeta potential and contact angle between the graphite / water / air phases. This sample was submitted to effluent treatment by coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation or flotation by dissolved air for the removal of suspended solids. The sludge generated was characterized in terms of the water content and the solid phase in immediate analysis, elemental composition, crystalline composition and calorific value. The results showed that the water based forging effluent presents a high concentration of suspended solids, basically graphite particles in the size range of 1.9 to 13.6 μm. The treatment of the effluent should begin by the removal of the suspended material, which can be carried out by coagulation-flocculation. Coagulation was successfully performed using a concentration of 360 mg Al / L in PAC (aluminum polychloride) and 25 mg / L of flocculating polymer (cationic polyacrylamide). Tests with iron-based coagulants were also performed with satisfactory results, but presented coloration at the end of treatment. The separation of the suspension can be achieved either by sedimentation or by DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation). However the high concentration of solids requires a high recycle rate and a high saturation pressure. The sludge generated from the laboratory treatment, both PAC and ferric chloride, contained carbon above 70%. The material is enriched in graphite, which opens a range of possibilities for its destination, which can be in: lubricants, electrodes, energy material for cement and thermoelectric and diamond synthesis. The elemental analysis showed an ash content of 20%, volatile material content of 8% and fixed carbon of 72%. The calorific value is of the order of 6200 cal/g. Industrial scale tests proved the efficiency of the coagulation-flocculation treatment with PAC and cationic polymer, followed by sedimentation and filtration steps, with efficiency values above 90% for most of the parameters provided in the operating license. It is concluded that there are operational, environmental and economic benefits in the substitution of oil-based graphite lubricant for water-based lubricant, as there is a reduction of the pollutant load, simplification of the treatment process, savings in reagents and the possibility of obtaining a graphite rich sludge.

O comportamento eletroquímico do inseticida fipronil, 5-amino-[(2,6-dicloro)-4-trifluormetil-fenil]-4-trifluormetil-sulfinil-1H pirazol-3-carbonitrila, foi investigado pelas técnicas de voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada, eletrólise a potencial controlado e voltametria de redissolução de onda quadrada utilizando o eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana. O fipronil apresentou um comportamento de um sistema irreversível com potencial de pico de 0,95 V. O processo de transferência de carga apresentou um controle misto de difusão e adsorção de espécies na superfície do eletrodo. O pH 8,0 foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eletroanalítica para determinação do composto. Os estudos por eletrólise a potencial controlado mostraram que a oxidação do inseticida envolve a participação de um elétron. Na voltametria de onda quadrada, o melhor sinal de corrente foi obtido com os valores de freqüência de 100 s-1, amplitude de 50 mV e incremento de varredura de 2 mV. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram calculados pelo método da IUPAC e pelo método de extrapolação da curva analítica. A metodologia desenvolvida foi comparada com o método oficial de análise, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de ultravioleta por meio do método de curvas de calibração por meio de adição externa de padrão e foi observada concordância entre os dois métodos no intervalo de concentração estudado. Nos estudos de pré-concentração, as melhores condições encontradas foram um potencial de acumulação de 0,5 V e tempo de acumulação de 120 s. Amostras de águas naturais, formulação veterinária e leite foram analisadas pelos procedimentos propostos. / The electrochemical behavior of the insecticide fipronil, 5-amine-[(2,6-dichloro)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-sulfynil-1H pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, controlled potential electrolysis and square wave stripping voltammetry using the graphite-polyurethane composite electrode. The electrochemical behavior of fipronil is a typical irreversible system and a peak potential at 0.95 V was observed. The charge transference process is controlled by diffusion and adsorption of species at electrode surface. The pH value 8.0 was chosen in order to develop an electroanalytical methodology for the determination the compound. Controlled potential electrolysis studies showed that the fipronil oxidation involves the participation of one electron. Square wave voltammetry investigations showed that the best current intensity was obtained using the values of a frequency of 100 s-1, pulse amplitude of 50 mV and scan increment of 2 mV. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated the IUPAC equations and statistics equations. The developed methodology was compared to the official analysis method, high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using the calibration curves method. Both procedures are in agreement with the concentration-studied range. Stripping analysis studies were done in order to determine fipronil traces in natural water. The best conditions found were the accumulation potential of 0.5 V and accumulation time of 120 s. The electroanalytical methodology, based on the square wave voltammetry, was applied for the analysis of natural water samples, a commercial veterinary formulation and milk samples.