This is the first typological study devoted to Medieval Cypriot (MC). The objective of the study is to provide both syntactic and pragmatic factors which are determining for the word order of the language and to open new ways to recording mechanisms of word order change. Cypriot syntax deserves this attention, as it is a language highly interesting for the typologist as for the researcher of other linguistic areas; Modern Cypriot is VOS, and exhibits a series of exceptions to the general rules of V-initial languages. Medieval Cypriot conforms to most of Greenberg�s Universals (1963) which are pertinent to type VSO in that it has V in initial position in all unmarked clauses, in that it is prepositional, that adjectives mostly follow the noun they qualify, and so on. However, the comparison of MC to Greenberg�s Universals is not the aim of this work. Apart form the order of the main constituents, this research mainly focuses on revealing mechanisms of syntactic change not generally known, and on unveiling particular traits of the Cypriot VSO order that are not common to other VSO languages. The analysis can be defined as diachronic for it deals with the language written over a span of many years, as assumed from studying the texts. Some words and structures, used in the beginning of the narrative, seem to decrease in frequency in the end, or vice versa. It is diachronic considering it also allows for comparison with later (colloquial) and earlier (written) constructions of the language. However, it is mostly a synchronic analysis; the patterns observed are from within the same language spoken by the same people living in the same period, more importantly from within the same work. Makhairas is thus the only broad evidence of his period, offered both as a diachronic and a synchronic linguistic testimony of his time. As no language exists in vacuo, my description of MC starts with a historical approach to the language under study; it is almost impossible to realise the problems of colloquial, literary and foreign features without being aware of the earlier history of Greek in general and of Cypriot in particular, in some of its earlier documents. I refrained as far as possible from entering the field of comparative criticism with Medieval Greek. In this way I decided to focus on discussions based exclusively on the Cypriot forms and patterns, as presented and justified by the evidence in Makhairas, and as witnessed by history which, for many centuries, has singled out Cypriot from the rest of the dialects and the Greek language itself. So, alternative views, criticism and discussion of same mechanisms of change recorded within the broader Greek language have been more or less avoided. The exposition of the MC word order patterns is based on my hypotheses that word order, as I understand it, is founded on purposes of communication and that languages with extreme flexibility of order, such as Medieval Cypriot, may adopt patterns that display rigidity of order in a number of their elements. It is within these areas of rigidity that new mechanisms of change may be detected. I also hypothesised that the same syntactic changes within languages of the same branch may be merely coincidental, and that Greek or forms of Greek may well adopt foreign elements, only (but not exclusively) if these acquire the Greek endings, or if they appear as independent affixes, as is the case with the post-medieval referential Cypriot marker �mish� which is from Turkish. Acquiring particular elements from other languages does not mean acquiring their order. However, acquiring patterns that are similar to Greek from a borrowing language which has the same patterns does not exclude syntactic borrowing. Since Modern Cypriot is V-initial, I presumed that this might have also been its order in the Middle Ages. I judge that major mechanisms of syntactic change of the same period may have been triggered by factors internal to Cypriot rather than by the more general, universal mechanisms of change. Moreover, I speculated that MC was a far more marginalised language in the Middle Ages than what history and literature have taught us. Its creative dynamism and potentiality to �juggle� between words and patterns has been its greater forte. Cypriot has not been studied as a dialect, in this work. I avoided having only a partial or a shadowed understanding of its word order patterns. Exhaustive descriptions that show its particularities in the process of completion appear with both rigidity (in some elements) and flexibility of order, and most importantly, they exhibit a long-life endurance. I have also been concerned with forms and /or patterns of Greek such as the future and other periphrastic tenses, although they are already known and have been analysed at length in Greek linguistic studies. I concentrate here on some of these from a Cypriot perspective. Cypriot has never been classified as Balkan Greek or mainland Greek. Following this study, it will be clarified further that any attempt to fit MC into a framework defined along these categorisations will be successful only in some areas of the general Greek syntax. In fact, Cypriot opens the way for a further understanding of Greek syntax with its (almost) boundless flexibility; it is through MC and the unique data of Makhairas that the study of the Greek syntax is being enriched. Areas of fine-grained classificatory criteria result in connecting some MC syntactic traits to those of Greek and accrediting to the language its own word order singularities in what can be righteously called here the Cypriot syntax. Additionally, the study aims to open new areas of investigation on diachronic syntactic issues and to initiate new and revealing answers concerning configurational syntax. To determine the syntactic traits of MC a meticulous work of counting was needed. The counting of the order of the main constituents from both the more general narrative patterns of the Chronicle as well as of those passages thought to be more immediate to the author�s living experience(s) was done manually. The primarily and more difficult task of considering, following and explaining pragmatic word order patterns in the Chronicle has been the stepping stone of this research. Earlier (and forgotten) stages of Greek, and patterns exclusive to Cypriot, assembled in a unique lexicon and with special Cypriot phrasal verbs, have provided answers to explaining the Cypriot structure. In addition to statistics, areas of language contact have also been explored, both in the morphology and in the syntax. More importantly, the extreme word order freedom of MC that illustrates word order processes based entirely on internal structural changes, aims to contribute to discussions regarding morphology and syntax versus morphosyntax. Chapter 1 provides all the background information of the history and language in Cyprus, prior to the Middle Ages. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the data and the methodology used to assess them. Chapter 3 exhibits the MC verbal forms, both finite and non-finite; it examines non-finites more closely, inasmuch as they play an important role in the change of the order of major constituents and uncover and explain the role of V-initial structures. Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this work. It displays Cypriot particularities of word order, reveals data concerned with the word order of the major constituents within the clause and unfolds explanatory accounts of them; lastly, it classifies MC as a V-initial language. Chapter 5 summarises conclusions, adds a further note on the Cypriot morphosyntactic traits while placing the results into the contemporary scholarship on VSO languages, also suggesting additional research areas into the MC patterns. The examples from Makhairas have been written in the monotonic system, where only one accent has been used; other special symbols have been eliminated or modified in the interest of making the text readable in the absence of the right font. However, Ancient Greek words appear with their appropriate accents. Abbreviation C indicates structures or words that remained unchanged in Cypriot over a long period of time, and G means a form or word accepted in both their written and spoken forms over a long period of time in Greek. A morphemic analysis of each form of the glosses has not always been given. I limited myself to glossing some elements only, for the better understanding of some examples.

Συγκριτική συντακτική ανάλυση του Παρακειμένου της Νέας Ελληνικής και των κυριοτέρων ρωμανικών και γερμανικών γλωσσών. / The present thesis is an analysis concerning the periphrases of the present perfect in Modern Greek, and in the main Romance and Germanic languages, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German and Dutch. It consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I present the data concerning the formation and the uses of the present perfect in the aforementioned languages. I particularly insist on the fact that in some languages there is auxiliary selection. French, Italian, German and Dutch, on one hand, generally select the auxiliary verb “have” to form the periphrases of the present perfect of transitive verbs, whereas, they select the verb “be” to form the present perfect of unaccusative verbs. Moreover, two of these languages, French and Italian have participle agreement. The participle used in the formations of these periphrases agrees in gender and number with the subject of the phrase if the auxiliary verb “be” is used, whereas, it agrees with the object if the verb “have” is used, but only on condition that the object precedes the participle. This can occur mainly when the object is a pronoun. In the second chapter, I proceed to the syntactic analysis of the data. I look into Kayne’s (1993) analysis on auxiliary selection. Kayne, following Freeze (1992), supports that the syntactic analysis of the possessive “have” should be adopted for the auxiliary “have” as well. He believes that the only difference between the two constructions is the fact that the complement of the auxiliary “have” should be one appropriate for a participle. Moreover, Kayne (1993) supports that the two auxiliary verbs “have” and “be” are basically the same. “Have” is “be” with a locative. In this chapter I also present some additional, more recent views concerning the constructions of the periphrases of the present perfect, the ones of Iatridou (2007) and D’Alessandro (2010). In the third chapter, I look into participle agreement. I suggest that this kind of agreement is related to, and depends on the position of adjectives in each language. In languages like French and Italian the adjective is usually put after the substantive. As a result, participles only agree with the argument they characterize/determine, depending on the construction, if they are in a structural position which is compatible with the position of the adjective. In languages like German and Dutch, adjectives always precede substantives. However, participles never do so when they are part of a periphrasis of the present perfect. German and Dutch never show participle agreement. In Greek, on the other hand, the adjective can either precede or follow the verb. This seems to be the reason why participles in Greek always show agreement. Finally, in English, adjectives and consequently participles never show any kind of agreement due to the fact that they lack clitic morphology. Following Wasow (1977) and his analysis on verbal and adjectival participles, but also Kibort (2005), I support that past participles that show agreement constitute an intermediate participial category between the verbal and the adjectival ones. They seem to be “resultative” participles which act as verbs but bear adjectival features. I propose that it is possible that the function of these participles in the periphrases of the present perfect is either to produce or to reinforce the perfect of result. I conclude that Modern Greek is the only language, among the ones examined, that has unconditional participial agreement, and can produce two different kinds of the present perfect with most verbs, the perfect of experience, on one hand, and the perfect of result, on the other.

Η αναγνώριση και κατηγοριοποίηση ονομάτων οντοτήτων είναι μία ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμη υπό-εργασία σε πολλές εφαρμογές επεξεργασίας φυσικής γλώσσας. Σε αυτήν την εργασία παρουσιάζεται μία προσπάθεια αναγνώρισης και κατηγοριοποίησης ονομάτων προσώπων, ημερομηνιών, περιοχών(πόλεων, χωρών) και οργανισμών(π.χ. Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Ηλεκτρισμού) χρησιμοποιώντας μια νέα μέθοδο επιβλεπόμενης μάθησης για ταξινόμηση δεδομένων, τα «Τυχαία Δάση». Η μέθοδος κατηγοριοποίησης αυτή, χρησιμοποιεί ένα σύνολο δέντρων απόφασης, όπου το κάθε ένα «ψηφίζει» μια κατηγορία. Η τελική και οριστική κατηγοριοποίηση γίνεται με το «τυχαίο δάσος» να διαλέγει την κατηγορία με τις περισσότερες ψήφους. Σε μια συλλογή ελληνικών κειμένων, εφαρμόστηκαν τεχνικές επεξεργασίας κειμένων για διαχωρισμό και κατηγοριοποίηση των λέξεων, όπου το αποτέλεσμα που προέκυψε ήταν ένα σύνολο χαρακτηριστικών για κάθε λέξη. Το σύνολο των χαρακτηριστικών χωρίστηκε σε ένα «σύνολο εκπαίδευσης» και ένα «σύνολο ελέγχου». Το «σύνολο εκπαίδευσης» χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκπαίδευση του «τυχαίου δάσους». Το τελευταίο, θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αναγνώριση της κατηγορίας στην οποία ανήκει μια λέξη. Το Τυχαίο Δάσος που αναπτύχθηκε, ελέγχθηκε με βάση το «σύνολο ελέγχου» και προέκυψαν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα, πιο συγκεκριμένα για την κατάταξη ημερομηνιών και οργανισμών η απόδοση ήταν 96% ενώ η ακρίβειά του ήταν 93%. Επιπλέον, για το πρόβλημα που διερευνάται, συγκρίθηκαν τα αποτελέσματα της χρήσης Μηχανών Διανυσμάτων Υποστήριξης και Νευρωνικών Δικτύων με αυτά των Τυχαίων Δασών. / Name entity recognition and categorization is a very important subtask in several natural language processing applications. In this master thesis, we present an attempt to recognize and categorize person names, temporal expressions(i.e. dates), areas (cities/countries), organizations (e.g. Public Electric Company) by using a new supervised learning method for classification, Random Forests. This classification method, uses a group of decision trees where each tree, votes for one classification category. The Random Forest results to the classification category with the most votes. In a Greek corpus (collection of texts), text processing techniques were applied such as stemming and tokenization. The result obtained was a set of features for each word. The set of features was divided to a “train dataset” and a “test dataset”. The “train dataset” was used in order to train the Random Forest. The latter will classify each word to one of the four categories mentioned before. The Random Forest, was tested against the “test dataset” and the results were very satisfactory, in particular the performance for classifying dates and organizations was 96%, in addition classification accuracy was 93%. Furthermore, for the problem examined, the results of using Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks, where compared with the ones of Random Forests.

No description available.

It is now widely acknowledged that the Greek epic tradition, best known from Homer, dates back into the Mycenaean Age, and that certain aspects of epic language point to an origin for this type of verse before the date of the extant Linear B tablets. This thesis argues that not only is this so, but that indeed before the end of the Mycenaean Age epic verse was composed in a distinctive literary language characterized by the presence of alternative forms used for metrical convenience. Such alternatives included dialectal variants and forms which were retained in epic once obsolete in everyday speech. Thus epic language in the 2nd millennium already possessed some of the most distinctive characteristics manifest in its Homeric incarnation, namely the presence of doublets and the retention of archaisms. It is argued here that the most probable source for accretions to epic language was at all times the spoken language familiar to the poets of the tradition. There is reason to believe that certain archaic forms, attested only in epic and its imitators, were obsolete in spoken Greek before 1200 B.C.; by examining formulae containing such forms it is possible to determine the likely subject-matter of 2nd millennium epic. Such a linguistic analysis leads to the conclusion that much of the thematic content of Homeric epic corresponds to that of 2nd millennium epic. Non-Homeric early dactylic verse (e.g. the Hesiodic corpus) provides examples of both non-Homeric dialect forms and of archaisms unknown from Homer. This fact, it is argued, points to the conclusion that the 2nd millennium linguistic heritage of epic is evident also from these poems, and that they are not simply imitations of Homer, but independent representatives of the same poetic tradition whose roots lie in the 2nd millennium epic.

The goal of the thesis is to trace the sequence of materials of different origin in the synoptic Gospels through stylistic features. The question is whether an author's style is typical in the way it employs syntax. Using syntax, the thesis tests whether a sample can be correctly associated with one author, rather than incorrectly associated with another author. 'Syntax,' in this thesis, quite specifically intends 'an assessment of a very broad range of syntax.' The thesis reviews the literary debate over the 'synoptic problem,' finding that Luke knew and depended the triple tradition known to Mark. Luke did not know or use the unique parts of Mark. This set of materials, then, can be used to test whether syntax indicates a similar relationship. Regarding the literature on style in authorship attribution, the thesis develops principles for measuring style through syntax, and compares the distribution of the occurrence-the 'weighted sum of the logs of the ratio'--of syntax in each of three blocks of text. Such a distribution associates a reference block of text with the correct distribution from the distributions in two alternative texts offered. That is, a reference block drawn from the editorial layer in Mark proves to be closer to the remaining editorial layer in Mark (which is correct), than it proves to be to the editorial layer in Luke (which would be incorrect). This is at least a first step towards using this method with sources that appear in New Testament documents, even when they are small or fragmentary. The thesis then applies such an analysis to one of the clearest sources in the synoptic Gospels, namely, the 'triple tradition' as presented by Luke. The analysis is congruent with the results of literary criticism. This supports the idea that syntax can discern or define a source, and so it can help us understand more about the evolution of the New Testament. Nevertheless, the thesis finds that although Luke knew the 'triple tradition' that Mark used, yet Luke appears not to have fully relied on the version of the triple tradition that we know in, and as edited by Mark. / New Testament Studies / D.Th. (New Testament)

No description available.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Helena Petáková, Greek as a source of enrichment of the Czech vocabulary Abstract: The Masterʼs thesis examines the influence of the Greek language on the Czech vocabulary from different angles. In the introduction, we define basic terms, which we use in the text, especially "loanword" and with it synonymous "lexical borrowing". Next chapter is devoted to the issues of lexical borrowing in general (motivation, ways of involvement of foreign words in the system of the recipient language, and the sorting options of the loanwords). The third chapter maps borrowing of the Greek words into the Czech language in various periods of development. Furthermore, we are interested in the Czech reception of the Greek language (the admiration of Greek, comparison of Czech with Greek) in the crucial moments of modern history and its connection with national and linguistic defensive trends. After this cultural-historical insight, in the fifth, sixth and seventh chapter we return to the lexical borrowings from Greek. We follow various means by which they entered the Czech language, the way of their involvement in the Czech vocabulary, and finally the semantic and stylistic spheres, in which the Graecisms were most applied in our country. As a separate attachment following the final summary, we attach a list of words of Greek...

The Greek Parliament is a critical institution for the Greek Democracy, where important decisions are made that affect the lives of millions of people. It consists of representatives from different political parties, and each party has a unique political ideology, stance, and agenda. The proposed research aims to automatically classify parliamentary proceedings to their respective political parties based on the content of their speeches, debates, and discussions. The goal of this research is to assess the feasibility of classifying Greek parliament proceedings to their respective political party via machine learning and neural network algorithms. By using machine learning algorithms and neural networks, the system can learn from large amounts of data and make accurate predictions about the category of a given proceeding. One possible approach is to use supervised learning algorithms, where the system is trained on a dataset of parliamentary proceedings labeled with the respective political parties. The machine learning algorithms can then learn the underlying patterns and features in the text data and accurately classify new proceedings to their respective parties. Another potential approach is to use deep learning neural networks, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), to classify the proceedings. These networks can be trained on large amounts of labeled data and can learn the complex relationships between the text features and political parties. The results of this research can be used to gain insights into the political landscape and the positions of different parties on various issues. The ability to automatically classify parliamentary proceedings to their political parties can also aid in political analysis, including tracking the voting patterns of different parties and their representatives and generally the potential revolutionization of social and human sciences is existent. Moreover, the proposed research can have implications for policy-making and governance. By analyzing the proceedings and identifying the political parties' positions and priorities, policymakers can better understand the political landscape and craft policies that align with the values and priorities of different parties. In conclusion, the classification of parliament proceedings, in our case Greek, to their political parties via NLP with machine learning algorithms is a promising research topic that has potential applications in political analysis and decision-making. The ability to automatically classify parliamentary proceedings to their respective parties can enhance transparency and accountability in the democratic system and aid in policy-making and governance.