The following work consists of a careful analysis of the translation of the Iliad by Homer prepared by Melchiorre Cesarotti. Caught amidst the dilemma of loyalty to the original and the beauty of translation, Cesarotti decided to compose two versions: one in blank verses and the other in prose. This work is therefore none other than a comparison between Cesarotti's version in poetry and the version in prose. / The first part deals briefly with a few details on the criticism that Cesarotti's work raised. / The second part consists of the comparison work, which is subdivided in "Canti" (as Cesarotti's version in poetry) because the work proposes to compare the version in poetry to the version in prose and not vice-versa. / The last part examines the artistic value of Cesarotti's translations and the place they occupy in Europe in the eighteenth century.

Revision of thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cambridge. / Includes indexes. Bibliography: p. 280-296.

H παρούσα διατριβή ανήκει στο πεδίο της συγκριτικής μορφολογίας. Μελετάται η μορφολογική διαδικασία της σύνθεσης στη Νέα Ελληνική και τη Γερμανική, σε δύο γλώσσες που μοιράζονται πολλά κοινά μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά και στις οποίες το συγκεκριμένο φαινόμενο είναι ιδιαίτερα παραγωγικό. Συγκεκριμένα, τα θέματα που εξετάζονται είναι τα ακόλουθα: α) τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των λεγόμενων «πρωτοτυπικών συνθέτων» σε σύγκριση με τις «οριακές περιπτώσεις», όπου και η διαδικασία της παραγωγής εμπλέκεται στο σχηματισμό τους, β) η εμφάνιση συνδετικού στοιχείου και γ) ο σχηματισμός διαφόρων τύπων συνθέτων, όπως για παράδειγμα των εξωκεντρικών και των παρατακτικών συνθέτων. To θεωρητικό πλαίσιο που υιοθετείται είναι αυτό της γενετικής μορφολογίας. Τα κυριότερα συμπεράσματα της διατριβής αφορούν τον καθορισμό των παραμέτρων, βάσει των οποίων μπορούν να ερμηνευθούν οι διαφορές στο σχηματισμό συνθέτων των δύο αυτών γλωσσών. Οι πιο σημαντικοί παράμετροι που εξηγούν τις διαφορές των νεοελληνικών και γερμανικών συνθέτων είναι α) το είδος της μορφολογίας που προτιμά η κάθε γλώσσα, αν δηλαδή βασίζεται στο θέμα ή στη λέξη και β) τα πλούσια ή περιορισμένα ονοματικά κλιτικά παραδείγματα. Μέσω της συγκριτικής ανάλυσης ήρθαν στο φως και νέα συμπεράσματα που αφορούν επιμέρους ζητήματα της διαδικασίας της σύνθεσης των δύο αυτών γλωσσών, όπως για παράδειγμα ο μορφολογικός χαρακτήρας του συνδετικού στοιχείου και το είδος της κεφαλής των εξωκεντρικών συνθέτων της Γερμανικής, καθώς επίσης και τα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των ονοματικών παρατακτικών συνθέτων της Νέας Ελληνικής. / This thesis belongs to the field of contrastive morphology: it examines the morphological process of compounding in Modern Greek and German, two languages which share many common morphological features and in which the specific phenomenon is especially productive. In more detail, the topics examined are the following: a) the structural features of the so called “prototypical compounds” in contrast to the “borderline cases”, where the process of derivation is also involved in their formation, b) the appearance of the linking element and c) the formation of different types of compounds as for example the exocentric and the copulative ones. The theoretical framework adopted is that of generative morphology. The main conclusions of the thesis concern the definition of parameters that can explain the differences in the formation of compounds in these two languages. The most important parameters that determine the basic differences in the formation of Modern Greek and German compounds are a) the stem vs. word-based morphology and b) the rich vs. limited nominal inflectional paradigms. Through this contrastive analysis various new outcomes came into light concerning special issues in the process of compounding of these two languages, as for instance the morphological status of the linking element in German, the type of head that the German exocentric compounds display and the morphological features of the nominal copulative compounds in Modern Greek.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:02:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2002590 bytes, checksum: 1cf0b65b7aa4ef3d01cfab2a703ce00c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Nostratic is a hypothetical language infered by Holger Pedersen in the beginning of the 20th century. Since the hypothesis was set up in the scientific world, several generations of linguists have been trying to solve the problem it created. Ancestral language of Greek and Hebrew, the Nostratic indicates in its vocabulary a lifestyle forgotten lifestyle by both cultures, but though its marks did not disappear in their lexicon. Spoken in the Mesolithic, when the Early Stone Age was in transition to the Polished Stone Age, this language followed in its existence the change from a hunting and gathering economical culture to an agricultural and urbanized one. The study of the nostratic root *ʕ̱oṭ∇- breathe, blow allowed to perceive it as cognate for the Greek ἀηκóο blow, breath, air and the hebrew root √qṭr incense, scent , whereas in its sister languages, in both linguistic families, it has often meant soul, phantom, spirit, deity . The Greek, an example of the Eurasiatic Branch of the Nostratic Languages, more specifically the Indo-European, still keeps in its vocabulary some relation with the shamanic religion. On the other hand, the Hebrew, example of the Afrasiatic Branch, from the Semitic family, already suffered deep changes due to the advent of agriculture, which reached that people in more archaic periods than the indo-europeans. To illustrate this, there was a selection of the older literary texts in each language, which allowed us to analyse the most primitive reccurrence of this lexicon, for comparison. For this comparison, a semantic study was accomplished in order to check which elements of its semantics are more persistent and which are lost in the evolve of these languages, and thus it was possible to chart which archaic concepts for soul in the Nostratic religion are still present today. / O Nostrático é uma língua hipotética deduzida por Holger Pedersen no início do século XX. Desde que a hipótese foi levantada no mundo científico, várias gerações de linguistas vêm tentando resolver o problema que ela criou. Ancestral do Grego e do Hebraico, o Nostrático aponta em seu vocabulário para um modo de vida esquecido pelas duas culturas, mas cujas marcas não desapareceram de seu léxico. Falada no Mesolítico, quando a cultura da Pedra Lascada estava em transição para a Pedra Polida, essa língua acompanhou ainda em sua existência a transformação de uma economia de caça e coleta para uma agrícola e paulatinamente urbanizada. O estudo da raiz nostrática *ʕ̱oṭ∇- respiração, sopro permitiu perceber como cognatos o vocábulo grego ἀηκóο sopro, bafo, ar e a raiz hebraica √qṭr incenso, aroma , enquanto que em suas línguas irmãs, em ambas as famílias linguísticas, vinha frequentemente significando também alma, fantasma, espírito, divindade . O grego, representante do ramo Eurasiático das línguas nostráticas, mais especificamente o Indo-Europeu, ainda mantém em seu vocabulário alguma relação com a religião xamânica. Por outro lado, o hebraico, representante do Afrasiático, da família Semita, já sofreu profundas transformações devido ao advento da agricultura, que atingiu aquele povo em períodos mais arcaicos que entre os indo-europeus. Para ilustrar isso, fez-se a seleção dos textos literários mais antigos de cada língua, permitindo analisar a recorrência mais primitiva desse léxico e só então compará-los. Para essa comparação, vale-se de um estudo semântico que permite verificar quais elementos de sua semântica são mais persistentes e quais foram perdidos na evolução dessas línguas, assim sendo possível mapear que conceitos arcaicos para alma na religião nostrática ainda estão presentes na atualidade.

Orientador: Marcos Aurelio Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fortes_FabiodaSilva_D.pdf: 2771238 bytes, checksum: 7a06bb102f796bda45206df1abd22a5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Em nossa tese, examinamos os dois livros finais (XVII e XVIII) das Institutiones grammaticae de Prisciano (séc. VI), intitulados De constructione, a partir de dois eixos fundamentais: (1) a maneira pela qual os temas gramaticais desenvolvidos por Prisciano na constituição de sua "sintaxe" se relacionam com os temas das artes grammaticae dos séculos III, IV e V; 2) as relações textuais e teóricas entre o De constructione e o seu modelo...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: In our thesis, we examine the two final books (XVII and XVIII) in Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae (c. VI AD) - De constructione - from two fundamental perspectives: (1) the way grammatical themes developed by Priscian for the constitution of his "syntax" relates to grammatical subjects within the artes grammaticae from c. III, IV and V AD; 2) the textual and theoretical relationship between his De constructione and its model...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Les emprunts sémitiques en grec, au-delà des questions idéologiques qui leur sont liées, posent une série de problèmes méthodologiques. En effet, la plupart des études sur le sujet qui ont été menées jusqu’à aujourd’hui ont omis la mise en contexte historique et n’ont pas suffisamment développé l’analyse du processus d’adaptation menant de l’étymon à l’emprunt, aboutissant ainsi à des incohérences chronologiques et linguistiques.<p>Le présent ouvrage fournit donc, après un chapitre de définitions relatives à l’emprunt et à l’étymologie et un autre consacré aux différentes études existantes sur les emprunts sémitiques en grec, une présentation générale du contexte historique et économique de la Méditerranée orientale au IIe millénaire a.C. ainsi que des langues en présence, suivie d’un chapitre reprenant les modifications phonétiques, morphologiques, sémantiques et accentuelles qu’un mot peut subir lorsqu’il est emprunté par une autre langue.<p>Viennent ensuite un chapitre expliquant la méthodologie utilisée pour l’analyse de cas concrets, puis les analyses elles-mêmes. Elles sont au nombre de neuf :trois noms de plantes (κ&973;μ&953;ν&959;ν, « cumin », κ&973;π&949;&953;&961;&959;ν, « souchet », σ&941;λ&953;ν&959;ν ,« céleri »), deux noms de récipients (&7936;σ&940;μ&953;ν&952;&959;&962; « baignoire », φ&953;&940;λ&951; un récipient) et quatre noms de métiers ou institution (βασ&953;λ&949;&973;&962; « chef local, roi », damokoro, un fonctionnaire (?), ζ&940;κ&959;&961;&959;&962; un fonctionnaire du temple, &964;&941;μ&949;ν&959;&962; « portion de territoire réservée à un chef ou à une divinité »). Ces mots offrent un large panorama des difficultés liées à l’étude des emprunts sémitiques en grec et des solutions proposées par l’auteur à la lumière des précédents chapitres. <p> / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Η εργασία έχει ως στόχο να διερευνήσει τον βαθμό και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η θεατρική αγωγή μπορεί να αποβεί χρήσιμη για τη διδασκαλία της Αρχαίας και της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας και Γραμματείας στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση. Με βάση το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο του ‘δράματος στην εκπαίδευση’ ως μεθοδολογίας για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων, η διερευνητική εμπειρική μελέτη που ακολούθησε στηρίχθηκε στην επιλεκτική εφαρμογή θεατρικών τεχνικών και συμβάσεων, λαμβάνοντας ωστόσο υπόψη και τους περιορισμούς της σχολικής πραγματικότητας (έλλειψη εξοικείωσης των μαθητών αλλά και των φιλολόγων με τη θεατρική αγωγή, περιορισμένος διδακτικός χρόνος κλπ.). Η γνωριμία με το αντικείμενο της θεατρικής αγωγής αποτέλεσε βασικό κριτήριο σχεδιασμού της έρευνας, ενώ την ίδια στιγμή γινόταν μέσο για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων. Στη δραματοποίηση κατά τη διδασκαλία συγκεκριμένων διδακτικών ενοτήτων, η οποία έλαβε χώρα σε συνεργασία με τον φιλόλογο του εκάστοτε τμήματος αλλά πάντα με την παρουσία της γράφουσας ως βασικής εμψυχώτριας, συμμετείχαν 1040 μαθητές και 30 φιλόλογοι, από όλες τις τάξεις του Γυμνασίου και του Λυκείου (διαφορετικών τύπων σχολείων) από το Νομό του Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Στα ερωτηματολόγια, τα οποία δίνονταν ύστερα από τη διεξαγωγή κάθε διδασκαλίας, απάντησαν 768 μαθητές και όλοι οι φιλόλογοι. Τα αποτελέσματα κατηγοριοποιήθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν στατιστικά (για την επαγωγική ανάλυση των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το κριτήριο x2). Η πλειονότητα των μαθητών και των φιλολόγων διατύπωσε πολύ θετική γνώμη για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μέσα από τις θεατρικές τεχνικές, ενώ απέδωσε την αποτελεσματικότητά της στα εξής: κατανόηση και αφομοίωση του μαθήματος, το οποίο έγινε πιο ευχάριστο, καλλιέργεια επικοινωνίας και συνεργασίας μεταξύ των μαθητών, δημιουργική αλλαγή στη σχέση μαθητή – φιλολόγου, επίδρασή της στην απόδοση των μαθητών, ενεργή και αυτόβουλη συμμετοχή όλων (και δη των ώς τότε χαρακτηριζόμενων ως αδιάφορων ή αδύναμων μαθητών) στο μάθημα, καλλιέργεια δεξιοτήτων και ενδιαφερόντων σε σχέση με το αντικείμενο διδασκαλίας. Τα αποτελέσματα μελετήθηκαν με βάση το φύλο των μαθητών, τη σχολική βαθμίδα, το είδος του σχολείου και το συγκεκριμένο φιλολογικό μάθημα. Η ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι, εφόσον υπάρχει κατάλληλος σχεδιασμός, η δραματοποιημένη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μπορεί να αποβεί ωφέλιμη για την επίτευξη των ειδικών στόχων των συγκεκριμένων μαθημάτων αλλά και των γενικότερων σκοπών της εκπαίδευσης. / This research investigates the level and way with which theatre education can be useful for the teaching of the Ancient and Modern Greek Language and Literature in Secondary Education. Based on the theoretical background of drama in education as a methodology for the teaching of the philological lessons, the exploratory research derived from the selective application of theatre techniques and conventions taking into account both the limitations of the current conditions of Secondary Education (the lack of familiarization of both the students and philologists in theatre’s education, limited didactic time etcetera). The acquaintance with the subject of theatre education constituted basic criteria for the research planning, while at the same time became a medium for the teaching of philological subjects. During the application of dramatization in the teaching of specific didactic units, which took place in collaboration with the philologist of each class but always with the presence of the existing writer as the basic drama teacher, 1040 students and 30 philologists participated, coming from all the six classes of Greek gymnasium and lyceum (varying in school types) from the prefecture of Heraclion-Crete. The questionnaires given after each class were answered by 768 students and all the philologists. The results were categorized and analyzed statistically (for the inductive analysis of data, the criterion used was x2). The majority of students and philologists expressed a positive opinion for the teaching of the philological lessons through theatre techniques, while they attributed its effectiveness on: comprehension, assimilation of the class which became more pleasant, cultivation of communication and collaboration between students, creative change in the relationship between student and philologist and its effect on students output, active and voluntary participation (including the students characterized as “weak”), cultivation of skills and interests in relation to the subject of teaching. The results were studied based on the gender of students, the school level, the school type and the specific philological subject. The interpretation of the results concludes that as long as there is a specific planning, the dramatization of teaching the philological subjects can be effective for the realization of the achievement of specific goals of these subjects and for the general aims of education (paideia).

While translation can be studied with a view to throwing light on a number of aspects in life, in this thesis translation has been researched with a view to outlining the development of written Zulu from its earliest stages, using twelve texts of the Book of Matthew. The Book of Matthew has been chosen in this undertaking because it was the first book of the Bible to be translated into Zulu and was thought to be the most apposite instrument with which the development of written Zulu could be measured. The polysystem theory and the descriptive approach to translation studies are the theoretical models that inform the arguments presented in this study. Polysystem theory sees translated literature as a system operating in the larger social, literary and historical systems of the target culture, while with the descriptive approach translations are regarded as facts of the target culture. Against this premise the focus of this study is mainly on the twelve translations of the Book of Matthew and no comparisons between source and target texts are undertaken here. Corpus-based research provided tools such as WordSmith Tools 3.0 for linguistic analysis. Biblical texts were obtained, scanned and presented in electronic format ready to be analysed. From the findings drawn, written Zulu developed all the way through Bible translation, with some translations revealing slight developments and others showing enormous ones. As the findings of this study reveal, Zulu developed gradually, as evidenced by the change to conjunctive writing which occurred over a considerable period, along with the appropriate representation of Zulu speech sounds and grammar conventions. It could also be established at what point during the development of the language, processes such as consonantalisation and palatalisation were introduced into the written language. It is also clear that words of Greek and Hebrew origin were brought into the Zulu language through Bible translation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that it is feasible to use corpus-based research for analysis in the indigenous languages of South Africa. / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à l’édition critique de l’œuvre Métaphysique ou Première Philosophie rédigée par Vikentios Damodos à Chavriata de Céphalonie en 1736. Il s’agit de la première édition (editio princeps) de cette œuvre dont témoignent sept manuscrits de différents endroits en Grèce et ailleurs. Vikentios Damodos, enseignant de philosophie, a reçu son éducation en Italie et y a fait la connaissance des érudits importants de son temps. Le résultat de ces rencontres apparait à travers son œuvre foisonnante d’idées philosophiques et scientifiques nouvelles du Siècle des Lumières. Il devient ainsi un précurseur des Lumières néo-helléniques. Son intérêt pour l’éducation, la langue, l’instruction des grécophones, occupés par les Vénitiens et les Ottomans, afin d’atteindre le niveau des autres nations européennes rend cet érudit important pour l’histoire néo-hellénique. L’édition est précédée d’une introduction qui tente d’éclairer les aspects considérables de sa production et de sa contribution intellectuelle à la philosophie de la Grèce contemporaine. / This thesis is devoted to the critical edition of the work Metaphysics or First Philosophy written by Vikentios Damodos at Chavriata in Kefalonia in 1736. This is the first edition (edition princeps) of this work as evidenced by seven manuscripts in different places in Greece and elsewhere. Vikentios Damodos, philosophy teacher, was educated in Italy and has met there important scholars of his time. The result of these meetings appears through his work rich in philosophical and scientific ideas Enlightenment. It becomes a precursor of the Modern Greek Enlightenment. His interest in education, the language, the instruction of the Greeks, occupied at the time by the Venetians and Ottomans, in order to reach the level of the other European nations makes this scholar stand out in Modern Greek history. The edition is preceded by an introduction that attempts to illuminate the significant aspects of its production and its intellectual contribution to the philosophy of contemporary Greece.